Phalloceros, Lucinda, 2008
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.1590/S1679-62252008000200001 |
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DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10064543 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D2787D4-1D68-FF9B-DCE5-5761C516FA28 |
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treatment provided by |
Julia |
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scientific name |
Phalloceros |
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Key to species of Phalloceros View in CoL View at ENA :
1. Female urogenital papilla slightly left turned and with a lateral ramus ( Fig. 16 View Fig ). Hooks of the gonopodial appendix large and sickle like ( Figs. 14 View Fig , 17 View Fig , 20 View Fig ) ................................. 2
1’. Female urogenital papilla turned to the right ( Fig. 52 View Fig ) or straight along midline ( Fig. 53 View Fig ) Lateral ramus absent. Hooks of the gonopodial appendix absent or present, but never large and sickle like (e. g. Fig. 28 View Fig ) ....................................... 4
2. Lateral spot present .............................................................. 3
2’. Lateral spot absent ............................ Phalloceros aspilos View in CoL (Rio Parati-Mirim drainage, Rio de Janeiro)
3. Lateral spot densely pigmented, rectangle like, horizontally covering the length corresponding to two or three scales length ( Fig. 15 View Fig ) .............................. Phalloceros leptokeras View in CoL (lower portions of rio Paraíba do Sul drainage)
3’. Lateral spot normally pigmented, vertically elongated, and horizontally covering the length corresponding to one scale length ( Fig. 13 View Fig ) .................... Phalloceros tupinamba View in CoL (rio Itamambuca and rio Macacu drainages)
4. Female urogenital papilla straight, located along midventral line and between the anus and the base of first anal-fin ray ( Fig. 53 View Fig ) ................................................................................ 14
4’. Female urogenital papilla curved to the right, located laterally ( Fig. 52 View Fig ). Border of the anal aperture in contact with the first anal-fin ray or very close to it .............................. 5
5. Caudal peduncle spot absent .............................................. 6
5’. Caudal peduncle spot present ( Fig. 48 View Fig ) .................................... ............................................................. Phalloceros spiloura View in CoL (Rio Tubarão, rio Itajaí-Açu, rio Iguaçu, rio Itapocu, rio Mampituba, rio Cubatão [Norte], rio Tramandaí drainages, coastal drainages of Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina)
6. Gonopodium appendix normally developed, not expanded in wing like projections ........................................................ 7
6’. Gonopodium appendix greatly expanded in wing like projections ( Fig. 37 View Fig ) ........................... Phalloceros megapolos View in CoL (drainages of the rio São João, rio Cubatão [Norte] and small adjacent drainages, which flows to the Baía de Guaratuba in Santa Catarina)
7. Halves of gonopodial paired appendix slender, not sickle like, and similar to each other, bearing a medial corner. Hook on both halves of gonopodial paired appendix. Both hooks large, downward directed, and located at the corner of gonopodial appendix ( Figs. 33 View Fig , 35 View Fig ) ..................................... 8
7’. Halves of gonopodial paired appendix sickle like; medial corner absent. Hook on left half of gonopodial paired appendix only. Right hook absent. Left hook small, directed downward or up- and forward, and located close to the base of gonopodial appendix ( Figs. 39 View Fig , 43 View Fig , 45 View Fig , 47 View Fig , 51 View Fig ) ...... 9
8. Gonopodial appendix long and strongly arched at the distal tip. Distal portion bent upward. Left and right halves free not coalescent at the base ( Fig. 35 View Fig ) ........................ ........................................................... Phalloceros malabarbai View in CoL (Itapoá, Santa Catarina)
8’. Gonopodial appendix long and straight at the distal tip. Distal portion straight and oblique, forming a 45 º angle with the vertical axis. Left and right halves coalescent at the base ( Fig. 33 View Fig ) ....................... Phalloceros alessandrae View in CoL (flooded areas on margins nearby Antonina [Paraná] and rio Dois de Fevereiro, which flows into the Baía de Paranaguá)
9. Halves of gonopodial paired appendix wide and distinct from each other; right half wider than left one ( Figs. 39 View Fig , 41 View Fig , 45 View Fig , 47 View Fig , 51 View Fig ) ............................................................................. 10
9’. Halves of gonopodial paired appendix slender and similar to each other ( Fig. 43 View Fig ) ...................... Phalloceros buckupi View in CoL (rio Jacareí drainage and neighbouring, which flows to the Baía de Paranaguá in the coast of Paraná State of Brazil)
10. Lateral spot of large specimens absent or when present narrow, elliptical to roundish, or vertically elongated but never square-shaped ( Figs. 38 View Fig , 44 View Fig , 46 View Fig , 50 View Fig ) ....................... 11
10’. Lateral spot wide and square-shaped in large specimens ( Fig. 40 View Fig ) ....................................................... Phalloceros uai View in CoL (rio das Velhas, rio São Francisco)
11. Hook on left half of gonopodial appendix with a rounded or pointed tip ( Figs. 45 View Fig , 47 View Fig , 51 View Fig ) ........................................... 12
11’. Hook on left half of gonopodial appendix with a rectangular tip ( Fig. 39 View Fig ) .......................... Phalloceros lucenorum View in CoL (rio Juquiá drainage)
12. Hook on left half of gonopodial appendix located approximately midway to the distal third of gonopodial appendix ( Fig. 51 View Fig ). Lateral spot of adult females absent, small, or elliptical to roundish, but never forming a vertical bar ( Fig. 50 View Fig ) ......................................................................................... 13
12’. Hook on left half of gonopodial appendix near its tip, located approximately between distal quarter and distal third of gonopodial appendix ( Fig. 45 View Fig ). Lateral spot of adult females very narrow, forming a vertically elongated bar covering at most the length corresponding to two scales length in horizontal direction and 2-4 scales in vertical direction ( Fig. 44 View Fig ) ......................... Phalloceros anisophallos View in CoL (drainages of rio Parati, rio Barra Grande, rio São Roque and rio Itinguçu - small coastal drainages of the State of Rio de Janeiro)
13. Hook on left appendix very small, visible only in large males and under a high magnification ( Fig. 47 View Fig ). Lateral spot always present and evident, not covering more than two scales in horizontal or vertical directions ( Fig. 46 View Fig ) ............. ............................................................... Phalloceros pellos View in CoL (Paranaguá, Paraná)
13’. Hook on left appendix larger ( Fig. 51 View Fig ). Lateral spot absent or small and discrete not covering the length corresponding to one or two scales length in horizontal or vertical directions ( Fig. 50 View Fig ) ................................. Phalloceros reisi View in CoL (headwaters of rio Tietê, rio Paraíba do Sul, and rio Ribeira de Iguape)
14. Well-defined ocellated lateral spot, roundish to rounded (very rarely absent) ( Figs. 2 View Fig , 5 View Fig , 30 View Fig ) .................................... 15
14’. Non-ocellated lateral spot, elliptical, vertically elongated, or absent ( Figs. 8 View Fig , 10 View Fig , 21 View Fig , 23 View Fig , 25 View Fig , 27 View Fig ) ................................... 17
15. Ten, rarely 9, anal-fin rays in females ............................. 16
15’. Eleven anal-fin rays in females.................................. .................................................... Phalloceros mikrommatos View in CoL (rio João de Tiba drainage, a coastal drainage in the Bahia State)
16. Postorbital length 39.2-42.2 % SL (females) and 36.7-42.3 % SL (males) ....................................... Phalloceros leticiae View in CoL (the upper rio Araguaia)
16’. Postorbital length 24.8-39.3 % SL (females), and 29.3-38.2 % SL (males) ................................... Phalloceros ocellatus View in CoL (coastal drainages of Bahia and Espírito Santo States between Prado and Sooretama)
17. Gonopodial appendix hook absent ( Fig. 10 View Fig ) .................. 18
17’. Gonopodial appendix hook present ( Fig. 28 View Fig ) ................. 19
18. Sexual dimorphism on number of dorsal-fin rays: males with 8 rays (very exceptionally seven) and females with seven rays (very exceptionally 8). Lateral spot absent ( Fig. 9 View Fig ) ................................................... Phalloceros heptaktinos View in CoL (tributaries of arroio dos Ratos, Jacuí basin, in Mariana Pimentel, Rio Grande do Sul)
18’. Eight dorsal-fin rays in both sexes. Lateral spot usually present ................................. Phalloceros caudimaculatus View in CoL (laguna dos Patos system, drainages of rio Ibicuí and Negro [affluent to rio Uruguai], Tramandaí, Mampituba, coastal drainages of Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay and Argentina).
19. Eight dorsal-fin rays (very rarely seven or nine) ........... 20
19’. Nine dorsal-fin rays ........... Phalloceros enneaktinos View in CoL (córrego da Toca do Boi, Rio de Janeiro)
20. Symphyseal papillae absent ............................................ 21
20’. Symphyseal papillae present ( Fig. 26 View Fig ) ..................... ................................................................ Phalloceros titthos View in CoL (coastal drainages flowing to Baia de Guaratuba and Baia de Paranaguá in Paraná State)
21. Small size. Appendix hook minute in adults, forming a lateral minute protuberance ( Fig. 22 View Fig ). Hook absent or tiny (rarely) in juveniles, never situated on the appendix corner. Juveniles never with skin covering the tip of appendix. Distal half of appendix approximately as wide as (or slightly narrower than) proximal half ( Fig. 22 View Fig ) ....................... .......................................................... Phalloceros elachistos View in CoL (drainages of rio Doce, rio Santa Maria da Vitória, rio Jucu, and rio Timbuí, coastal drainages of Espírito Santo)
21’. Small to large size. Appendix hook medium or large in adults ( Fig. 28 View Fig ). Hook present in juveniles and located on the appendix corner. Juveniles with skin covering the tip of appendix. Distal half of appendix conspicuously narrower than proximal half ( Fig. 28 View Fig ) ...................... ........................................................... Phalloceros harpagos View in CoL (Rio Paraná-Paraguai basin and coastal drainages from rio Itaboapana in Espírito Santo to rio Araranguá in Santa Catarina)
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