Coarazuphium xikrin Pellegrini, Ferreira & Vieira, 2022

Pellegrini, Thais Giovannini, Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, Zampaulo, Robson de Almeida & Vieira, Leticia, 2022, Three new troglobitic Coarazuphium (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Zuphiini) species from a Brazilian hotspot of cave beetles: exploring how the environmental attributes of caves drive ground-beetle niches, Subterranean Biology 43, pp. 97-126 : 97

Coarazuphium xikrin Pellegrini, Ferreira & Vieira sp. nov.

Figs 8-11 , 12-17

Type material.

Holotype: Brazil: Pará, Serra dos Carajás, Cave N1N8/N1-0020 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°01'57.7"S, 50°16'18.6"W, 639 m a.s.l., ♂, 17.VII-04.VIII.2014, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49180).

Paratypes (10 specimens). Brazil: Pará, Serra dos Carajás, Cave N1N8/N1-0022 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°01'57.0"S, 50°16'18.6"W, 642 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, 17.VII-04.VIII.2014, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49181); the same locality as for preceding, 1 ♂, 17.VII-04.VIII.2014, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49182); Brazil: Pará, Serra dos Carajás, Cave N1N8/N1-0008 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°02'19.9"S, 50°16'13.1"W, 700 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, 24.II-13.III.2015, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49183); Brazil: Pará, Serra dos Carajás, Cave N1N8/N1-0073 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°01'13.5"S, 50°17'17.4"W, 507 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, 02-29.IV.2015, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49184); BRAZIL: Pará, Serra dos Carajás, Cave N1N8/N1-0037 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°01'49.9"S, 50°16'27.7"W, 723 m a.s.l., 1 ♂, 24.II-13.III.2015, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49185); Brazil: Pará, Serra dos Carajás, Cave N1N8/N1-0016 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°01'09.7"S, 50°16'40.9"W, 531 m a.s.l., 1 ♂, 04.IX-06.X.2014, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49186); Brazil: Pará, Serra dos Carajás, Cave N1N8/N1-0168 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°01'16.3"S, 50°18'05.1"W, 675 m a.s.l., 1 ♂, 17.VII-04.VIII.2014, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49187); Brazil: Pará, Serra dos Carajás, Cave N1N8/N1-0240 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°01'18.5"S, 50°16'26.1"W, 638 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, 04.IX-06.X.2014, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49188); Brazil: Pará, Serra dos Carajás, Cave N1N8/N1-0101 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°01'08.7"S, 50°16'46.2"W, 541 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, 04.IX-06.X.2014, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49189); Cave N1N8/N1-0037 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°01'49.9"S, 50°16'27.7"W, 723 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, 04.IX-06.X.2014, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49190).

Additional material examined

(seven specimens). Brazil : Pará, Serra dos Carajás, Cave N 1N8/N1-0062 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°01'09.6"S, 50°16'44.4"W, 533 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, 04.IX-06.X.2014, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49191); Brazil: Pará, Serra dos Carajás, Cave N 1N8/N1-0016 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°01'09.7"S, 50°16'41.0"W, 535 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, 04.IX-06.X.2014, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49192); Brazil: Pará, Serra dos Carajás, Cave N 1N8/N1-0240 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°01'18.5"S, 50°16'26.1"W, 599 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, 04.IX-06.X.2014, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49193); the same locality as for preceding, 1 ♂, 02-29.IV.2015, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49194); Brazil: Pará, Serra dos Carajás, Cave N 1N8/N1-0025 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°01'49.5"S, 50°16'19.8"W, 621 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, 02-29.IV.2015, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49195); Brazil: Pará, Serra dos Carajás, Cave N 1N8/N1-0037 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°01'49.9"S, 50°16'27.7"W, 723 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, 04.IX-06.X.2014, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49196); BRAZIL: Pará, Serra dos Carajás, Cave N 1N8/N1-0052 Flona Carajás, PA, 6°01'49.5"S, 50°16'19.8"W, 771 m a.s.l., 1 ♀, 24.II-13.III.2015, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49197) .

Etymology.

The species name honors the Xikrin ethnic group (Brazilian Indians), which live in the Carajás region. The Xikrin Indians speak the Kayapó language, which emphasizes listening and speaking. To sharpen these qualities, the Xikrin pierce, as early as infancy, the corresponding organs (ears and lips). For this ethnic group, listening is related to knowing, to acquiring knowledge. Oral communication, in turn, is a highly valued social practice for the Kayapó groups in general, who define themselves as those who speak well and beautifully. This noun should be treated as in apposition.

Differential diagnosis.

All characteristics of C. xikrin sp. nov. are consistent with the description of the genus Coarazuphium . This species differs from all other members of the genus by the following combination of characters: elytral outline subparallel, elytra with maximum width in the posterior half, with apical margin truncate, without subapical sinuosity; location of setigerous punctures on the head dorsally: one pair of anterior supraorbital, one pair of postocular, one pair of posterior supraorbital and one pair of occipital; metafemur without a spine medially at its ventral side; antennae long, about 0.80 times as long as body length; median lobe of aedeagus about 2.81 as long as left paramere and 4.55 as long as right paramere.

Description.

Size and proportions. OBL: 3.89 mm (3.82-3.99 mm ♂♂, 3.79-4.06 mm ♀♀); EW: 1.36 mm (1.27-1.39 mm ♂♂, 1.29-1.45 mm ♀♀); HW/PW: 0.99 (0.99-1.02 ♂♂, 1.04-1.09 ♀♀).

Habitus. Body with uniform pale to dark brown color (Fig. 9 ).

Integument. Dorsally covered with short recumbent hairs.

Head. Subtrapezoidal (Fig. 9 ), HW/HL: 0.93 (0.87-0.95 ♂♂, 0.89-0.98 ♀♀). Head almost as wide as pronotum. Setigerous punctures on the head dorsally: one pair of anterior supraorbital above the eyes; one pair of postocular immediately behind the eyes, laterally; one pair of posterior supraorbital posteriad the eyes; and one pair of occipital in the posterior margin of the head. There is also a pubescence evenly distributed on the head. The pubescence bristles are slightly bigger on the vertex of the head. Ventrally are four pairs of setae, three close to the gular region and the other located lateromedially (Fig. 8 ). Eyes reduced, depigmented, and flattened, situated laterally at the end of the genal sulcus, ommatidia are not visible at 50 ×. Antennae filiform and flagellar (Fig. 9 ), AL: 3.10 mm (3.08-3.18 mm ♂♂, 3.00-3.16 mm ♀♀), AL/PL: 4.89 (4.69-5.13 ♂♂, 4.58-4.97 ♀♀), A1L/A2-4L: 0.73 (0.75-0.86 ♂♂, 0.75-0.88 ♀♀), of almost the same length in both genders. First antennomere (scape) with a long seta distally close to the apical portion and a row of several semi-erect setae; 2nd one very short. Third antennal segment elongate, antennal segments 4-10 subequal and almost round in cross-section, except for the tip of the terminal antennomere, which is laterally flattened.

Prothorax. Pronotum trapezoidal, PL/PW: 0.65 (0.63-0.70 ♂♂, 0.65-0.70 ♀♀) (Figs 8 , 9 ). Maximum pronotum width closely behind the anterior margin, which is almost as wide as the head. Anterior angle rounded. Posterior angle acute. Dorsal surface with two pairs of lateral marginal erect setae: one very long (0.8 times as long as pronotum), close to the antero-lateral angles, and the other shorter (0.5 times as long as pronotum), close to the postero-lateral angles. Prosternum with a pair of submedial setae (Figs 8 , 11 ).

Pterothorax. Metasternum longer than wide. Metepisternum wider than long.

Elytra and hind wings. Elytra are free, with almost parallel sides (Fig. 9 ), EL/EW: 1.61 (1.56-0.70 ♂♂, 1.49-1.68 ♀♀). Maximum elytral width in the posterior third, EW/PW: 1.40 (1.34-1.50 ♂♂, 1.38-1.52 ♀♀). Elytral apex is truncate, not sinuate. Elytral chaetotaxy: no discal setae present; the umbilicate series of the 8th stria with seven large setae (about 0.58 as long as elytra) on each elytron, situated as follows: three close to the anterior angle, two marginal in the lateral posterior half, and two on the posterior margin. Hind wings very reduced (Fig. 10 ), 0.204-mm long, HWL/EL: 0.09.

Legs. Profemur 1.05 (1.02-1.13 ♂♂, 1.03-1.20 ♀♀) times as long as mesofemur and 0.75 (0.70-0.77 ♂♂, 0.68-0.77 ♀♀) times as long as metafemur. Protibia 1.20 (1.02-1.20 ♂♂, 1.02-1.19 ♀♀) times as long as mesotibia and 0.77 (0.65-0.76 ♂♂, 0.69-0.79 ♀♀) times as long as metatibia. Protibia 1.33 (1.16-1.35 ♂♂, 1.20-1.43 ♀♀) times as long as protarsus. Mesotibia 0.85 (0.89-0.98 ♂♂, 0.87-0.96 ♀♀) times as long as mesotarsus. Metatibia 0.94 (0.97-1.03 ♂♂, 0.97-1.04 ♀♀) times as long as metatarsus. First pro-, meso-, and metatarsomere each almost equal to tarsomeres 2-4 combined. Length of protibia and protarsus combined 2.48 (2.32-2.48 ♂♂, 2.28-2.56 ♀♀) times as long as pronotum, length of mesotibia and mesotarsus combined 2.56 (2.54-2.74 ♂♂, 2.36-2.69 ♀♀) times as long as pronotum, while length of metatibia and metatarsus combined 3.77 (3.56-3.78 ♂♂, 3.50-3.75 ♀♀) times as long as pronotum.

Abdomen. Ventrites 2-7 with a very fine pubescence. Seventh ventrite with a pair of short ventral setae at its posterior margin. Male genital segment triangular, GSL: 0.81 mm, GSW: 0.49 mm.

Aedeagus. Median lobe of aedeagus slightly curved ventrally and elongate, narrowed apically, apical margin rounded (Figs 12-14 ), MLA: 0.73 mm, OML: 0.27 mm. Left paramere subtriangular, conchoid, about twice as long as wide, LPL: 0.26 mm; right paramere styliform, about three times as long as wide, distinctly shorter than the left one, RPL: 0.16 mm.

Female reproductive tract. Ovipositor (Figs 16 , 17 ): with a broad laterotergite; basal gonocoxite 1 longer than apical gonocoxite 2, with three and four long trichoid setae apicoventrally, respectively (from left and right gonocoxites 1); gonocoxite 2 strongly curved, falciform in lateral aspect, with slightly rounded apex, with preapical setose organ circuloid ventrally, with four nematiform setae, laterodorsal surface with many marginal pit pegs (medially, on the lateroventral surface, the marginal pit pegs are located more apically). Female genital tract totally membranous (Fig. 15 ). Bursa copulatrix bulbous, without any expansion in a bursal saculus. Apically to the bursa copulatrix is the insertion point of common oviduct, which has a sharp curve to the right basally. Spermathecal insertion is in the helmonthoid sclerite, in the junction of common oviduct and bursa copulatrix. Spermatheca is markedly elongated and slender, widening distally. Spermathecal gland duct and spermathecal gland were not visualized. No secondary spermathecal gland observed.

Distribution.

The species is widely distributed in caves from plateaus known as the N1N8 area in the northwestern part of the "Serra Norte de Carajás”, although a few specimens were also found in caves located southeast of the same plateaus at location "Serra Norte de Carajás”, state of Pará, Brazil (Figs 2 , 4 , 6 ).

Figures

Figures 8 - 11. Coarazuphium xikrin sp. nov., external morphology 8 head and prothorax, lateral view 9 habitus, dorsal view 10 a detail of hind wings, dorsal view 11 prothorax, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (9); 0.5 mm (8); 0.2 mm (11); 0.1 mm (10).

Figures 12 - 17. Coarazuphium xikrin sp. nov., male and female genitalia 12 aedeagus, left lateral view 13 aedeagus, dorsal view 14 aedeagus, right lateral view 15 female reproductive tract, dorsal view 16 gonocoxite, dorsal view 17 preapical setose organ, dorsal view bc bursa copulatrix co common oviduct gc 1 gonocoxite 1 gc 2 gonocoxite 2 hs helminthoid sclerite Lt laterotergite mpp marginal pit pegs pso preapical setose organ sp spermatheca spg spermathecal gland spgd spermathecal gland duct. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (15, 17); 0.125 mm (16); 0.1 mm (12 - 14).

Figures 2 - 7. Geographic distribution of C. xikrin sp. nov., C. kayapo sp. nov. and C. xingu sp. nov. 2 location of the caves with occurrences of the new species in the state of Para, Brazil and South America 3 Coarazuphium kayapo sp. nov., a living specimen 4 location of the caves (circles) where Coarazuphium species have been collected. Shaded regions correspond to the different highlands in the area 5 photograph of the Sao Felix do Xingu region, where is situated the type locality (Cave SFX- 0057) of C. xingu sp. nov. 6 photograph of the N 1 N 8 area from the Serra Norte highland, where most of caves with occurrences of C. xikrin sp. nov. are located 7 photograph of a lake found in the Serra Sul highland, where caves with occurrences of C. kayapo sp. nov. are located. Photo credits: Ativo Ambiental (3), Fundacao Casa de Cultura de Maraba (5), Marcelo Rosa (6), and Robson de Almeida Zampaulo (7).