Belonuchus Nordmann 1837

Chani-Posse, Mariana, Newton, Alfred F., Hansen, Aslak Kappel & Solodovnikov, Alexey, 2018, Checklist and taxonomic changes for Central and South American Philonthina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), Zootaxa 4449 (1), pp. 1-95 : 9-30

Belonuchus Nordmann 1837

Belonuchus Nordmann 1837: 129 . Type species: Staphylinus haemorrhoidalis Fabricius, 1801 , by monotypy.

= Musicoderus Sharp 1885: 455 . Type species: Musicoderus cephalotes Sharp 1885 , des. by Lucas 1920: 425. Notes: as subgenus of Belonuchus ( Bernhauer 1916c: 266) ; as synonym of Belonuchus ( Blackwelder 1943: 421) .

Notes: There are 165 valid species of Belonuchus distributed in CASA. A recent study ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) shows Belonuchus as a genus of Neotropical origin and generic limits so far undefined. The current concept of the genus is that of Smetana (1995), Chani-Posse (2014a) and Chani-Posse et al. (2018) but most of its Neotropical endemic species were never revised after being described and they do not fit into this concept. Species that may belong to the so called ‘ Belonuchus haemorrhoidalis clade’ ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) are here denoted with an asterisk *.

* Belonuchus abnormalis ( Sharp 1885) , comb. nov. ( Figs. 1–2 )

Philonthus abnormalis Sharp 1885: 397 . Type locality: Mexico: Oaxaca. Type depository: BMNH 2 ST: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ [MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala. Note: distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Remarks. Sharp explicitly mentioned two specimens (male and female) as part of the type series. The two specimens listed below agree with the original description by Sharp (1885) and considered to have been syntypes prior to the present lectotype designation.

Type material examined. Lectotype ♂, here designated ( BMNH, Figs. 1–2 ): card-mounted, “ ♂ (in ink) Philonthus abnormalis Type D.S. Oaxaca. Mexico. Höge [in Sharp’s hand] // Type (round white label with red margin) // Oaxaca, Mexico. Hoege. (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus abnormalis, Sharp. (white label) // Sharp Coll. 1905.-313. (white label)”. Paralectotype ♀ ( BMNH): with same locality and collection data as lectotype, and additional printed white label “Sp. Figured”.

Comments. In accordance with the diagnosis of Belonuchus ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) ; determined as “ Belonuchus ” by J. L. Navarrete-Heredia in 2002.

Belonuchus aequalis Sharp 1876

Belonuchus aequalis Sharp 1876a: 161 . Type locality: Pará, Ega, St. Paulo [Amazonas] & Conceicão, Rio Mauhes.

Type depository: BMNH 6 ST: 4 Ega, 1 Pará, 1 St. Paulo [ MCP seen] . FMNH 1 ST: 1 Ega. Distribution: Brazil . Notes: distribution in Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

* Belonuchus agilis Erichson 1840

Belonuchus agilis Erichson 1840: 423 . Type locality: Cuba. Type depository: ZMHB 2 ST: 1♂, 1♀ [MCP seen].

Distribution: USA, Dominican Rep., Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Colombia. Notes: distribution including USA and Dominican Rep. ( Frank 2004); distribution, also within Cuba ( Peck 2005).

= Belonuchus chevrolati Fauvel 1863: 432 . Type locality: La Havane, Cuba. Type depository: IRSNB HT ♂ [MCP seen]. Note: as synonym of B. agilis ( Fauvel 1869: 489) .

Belonuchus albovariegatus Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus albovariegatus Bernhauer 1916c: 276 . Type locality: West-Columbien: Umgebung Cali am Rio Cauca, St. Antonio, 2000 m. Type depository: FMNH LT ♂, 2 PLT (des. Chani-Posse & Solodovnikov 2017). Distribution: Colombia.

= Linoderus navarretei López-García & Méndez-Rojas 2014: 86 . Type locality: Colombia, Quindío Dept., Filandia, Cruces, Parque Regional Natural Barbas-Bremen , 4°42’6.4” N 75°38’16.3” W, 2000 m . Type depositories: UNCB HT ♂, 13 PT; CIUQ 3 PT. Note : as synonym of B. albovariegatus ( Chani-Posse & Solodovnikov 2017: 90) .

Comment. Not Belonuchus , to be placed in a further study.

* Belonuchus alternans ( Sharp 1885)

Philonthus alternans Sharp 1885: 418 . Type locality: Mexico: Jalapa, Oaxaca. Type depository: BMNH 3 ST; FMNH 1ST. Distribution: Mexico. Notes: comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002: 334) ; distribution within Mexico ( Márquez 2006).

* Belonuchus alternatus Sharp 1885

Belonuchus alternatus Sharp 1885: 430 . Type locality: Guatemala, near the City, San Geronimo; Nicaragua, Chontales; Panama, Bugaba. Type depository: BMNH #? ST: several, from all type localities [MCP seen]. FMNH 4 ST: Panama, Bugaba. Distribution: Panama, Nicaragua, Guatemala. Note: misspelled as alternans in error by Bernhauer & Schubert (1914: 369) (not Philonthus alternans Sharp 1885: 418 ).

* Belonuchus altissimus Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus altissimus Bernhauer 1916c: 275 . Type locality: Monte Socorro, West-Cordilleren, West-Columbien [3800m on type label]. Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Colombia .

Belonuchus altivagans Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus altivagans Bernhauer 1916c: 272 . Type locality: West-Columbien: Pacho, 2000m, Ost-Cordilleren, West-Columbien. Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Colombia .

Comment. Not Belonuchus , to be placed in a further study.

Belonuchus aluticollis (Bernhauer 1921)

Philonthus aluticollis Bernhauer 1921c: 107 . Type locality: Cueva Iturbe, 3700m, Jujuy, Argentina [LT without "Cueva"]. Type depository: FMNH LT ♀, MACN 2 PLT. Distribution: Argentina. Note: comb. nov. ex Philonthus and lectotype designation ( Chani-Posse 2010: 8); redescription ( Chani-Posse 2011b: 215).

Belonuchus amplipennis Fauvel 1891

Belonuchus amplipennis Fauvel 1891: 117 . Type locality: Colonie Tovar, San Esteban [ Venezuela]. Type depository: IRSNB 2 ST [MCP seen]. Distribution: Venezuela.

Belonuchus amplus Blackwelder 1943

Belonuchus amplus Blackwelder 1943: 425 . Type locality: St. Lucia: 0.5 mile northwest of St. Remy on road to Soufrière (2.5 miles southeast of Soufrière) . Type depository: USNM HT ♀, 1 PT ♀. Distribution: Lesser Antilles ( St. Lucia) .

Belonuchus andinus Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus andinus Bernhauer 1916c: 278 (attributed to Fauvel in litt.). Type locality: Yuracarès, Bolivien. Type depository: FMNH 1 ST; ZMUH 1 +ST? [destroyed?] ; IRSNB 2 +3? ST: only two of them in Bernhauer´s hand [ MCP seen]. Distribution : Bolivia.

Belonuchus angusticeps Scheerpeltz 1960

Belonuchus (Musicoderus) angusticeps Scheerpeltz 1960: 117 . Type locality: Cochabamba ( Bolivien), in den Yungas de Palmar , 2000m . Type depository: NMW 2 ST; FMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Bolivia .

Comment. Not Belonuchus , to be placed in a further study.

* Belonuchus angusticollis Bernhauer 1906

Belonuchus angusticollis Bernhauer 1906: 330 . Type locality: Chanchamayo , Peru . Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Peru . Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004).

Belonuchus antiguae Blackwelder 1943

Belonuchus antiguae Blackwelder 1943: 434 . Type locality: Antigua: near summit of Boggy Peak , parish of St. Mary, elevation 1300 feet . Type depository: USNM HT ♂, 5 PT; BMNH 1 PT; FMNH 1 PT. Distribution: Antigua. Notes: distribution within Lesser Antilles (Northern Leeward Is.) ( Peck 2011a); generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus apicicornis Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus (Musicoderus) apicicornis Bernhauer 1916c: 270 . Type locality: West-Columbien: Cali am Rio Cauca ( Rio Aquatal , 1800m; S. Antonio, 2000m; Rio Vitaco, 2200m). Type depository: FMNH 2 ST;? 1 ST. Distribution: Colombia .

* Belonuchus apiciventris ( Sharp 1885)

Philonthus apiciventris Sharp 1885: 419 . Type locality: Mexico: Juquila. Type depository: BMNH HT ♂. Distribution: Mexico. Notes: in cave collections ( Navarrete-Heredia & Márquez-Luna 1993); cited as apaciventris, characters. habits, natural history notes, host mushrooms (Navarrete-Heredia 1995); comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Jiménez-Sánchez et al. 2000) ; distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002, Márquez 2006).

Belonuchus argentinus Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus argentinus Bernhauer 1916c: 278 . Type locality: Misiones, Argentina. Type depositary: FMNH HT, 2 PT; MLPA 8 PT (as ST in error, Fernandez et al. 2007). Distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia. Notes: MLPA "ST", Fernandez et al. 2007, but original reference to "Das typische Stück …"; name cited by Bruch (1915: 503) as nomen nudum, attributed to Bernhauer in litteris; distribution in Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013); generic affiliation unclear.

* Belonuchus armatus Sharp 1876

Belonuchus armatus Sharp 1876a: 163 . Type locality: Abacaxis. Type depository: BMNH HT ♂. Distribution : Brazil (Amazonas) . Note: distribution in Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Belonuchus arrogans Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus arrogans Bernhauer 1916c: 274 . Type locality: West-Columbien : Ost-Cordilleren, Pacho, 2000 m . Type depository: FMNH HT ♂. Distribution : Colombia. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

* Belonuchus asperatus Bernhauer 1906

Belonuchus asperatus Bernhauer 1906: 336 . Type locality: Pachitea, Peru. Type depository: FMNH HT ♂. Distribution: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia. Notes: distribution ( Scheerpeltz 1960: 120; Asenjo 2004).

Belonuchus atticida ( Wasmann 1925)

Plociopterus atticida Wasmann 1925: 71 . Type locality: Colonia alpina, Rio d. Janeiro [LT]. Type depository: NHME LT ♂, #?PLT. Distribution: Brazil, Paraguay. Notes: comb. nov. ex Plociopterus and lectotype designation ( Chatzimanolis & Chani-Posse 2016: 214); with Acromyrmex niger , Atta sexdens [orig.; Navarrete-Heredia 2001].

= Hesperus eidmanni Scheerpeltz 1936: 484 . Type locality: Villa Rica in Paraguay [LT]; Umgebung von Mendes, E. d. Rio [4PLT; Brazil]. Type depository: NMW (Scheerpeltz) LT ♂, 4 PLT (des. Chatzimanolis & Chani- Posse 2016: 214). Distribution: Brazil, Paraguay. Notes: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013); as synonym of B. atticida ( Chatzimanolis & Chani-Posse 2016: 214) ; in Atta sexdens fungus chamber [orig.]; also Acromyrmex lobicornis fungus chamber ( Navarrete-Heredia 2001).

Belonuchus avidus Erichson 1840

Belonuchus avidus Erichson 1840: 423 . Type locality: Novae Valenciae in Columbia [ Venezuela, teste Herman 2001d: 1594]. Type depository: ZMHB 2 ST: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ [MCP seen]. Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela.

Belonuchus barbicornis Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus (Musicoderus) barbicornis Bernhauer 1916c: 271 . Type locality: West-Columbien: Alto de las cruces, 2200m & S. Antonio, 2200m. Type depository: FMNH 5 ST. Distribution : Colombia .

Comment. Not Belonuchus , to be placed in a further study.

* Belonuchus basiventris ( Sharp 1885)

Philonthus apiciventris Sharp 1885: 418 . Type locality: Mexico: Cordova, Puebla, Yolos, Oaxaca, Jalapa. Type depository: BMNH 2 ST. Distribution: Mexico. Notes: comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Jiménez-Sánchez et al. 2000) ; in Atta mexicana external debris [ Navarrete-Heredia 2001; distribution ( Márquez & Asiain 2012).

* Belonuchus batesi Sharp 1876

Belonuchus batesi Sharp 1876a: 157 . Type locality: Ega. Type depository: BMNH HT. Distribution : Brazil (Amazonas) . Note: distribution in Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

* Belonuchus bidens Sharp 1885

Belonuchus bidens Sharp 1885: 430 . Type locality: Mexico, Jalapa, Oaxaca, Mirador, Tuxtla; Nicaragua, Chontales. Type depository: BMNH 5 ST: from all type localities [MCP seen]. Distribution: Nicaragua, Mexico. Notes: distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002, Márquez 2004, 2006, Márquez & Asiain 2012, Asiain et al. 2015).

Belonuchus bipunctatus Bernhauer 1935

Belonuchus bipunctatus Bernhauer 1935: 90 . Type locality: Kolumbien; Cali (Villa Elvira, 1800m). Type depository: FMNH 2 ST; BMNH #?. Distribution: Colombia, Costa Rica.

* Belonuchus boops Sharp 1885

Belonuchus boops Sharp 1885: 435 . Type locality: Panama, Bugaba . Type depository: BMNH 2 ST: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ [ MCP seen]. Distribution : Panama .

Belonuchus boxi Bernhauer 1934

Belonuchus boxi Bernhauer 1934b: 212 . Type locality: Tucumán . Type depository: FMNH 1 ST ♂. Distribution : Argentina. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus brasilianus Bernhauer 1917

Belonuchus brasilianus Bernhauer 1917b: 19 . Type locality: S. Catharina, Brasilien . Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Brazil (Santa Catarina) . Note: distribution in Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013); generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus breviceps Fauvel 1891

Belonuchus breviceps Fauvel 1891: 117 . Type locality: Colonie Tovar [ Venezuela]. Type depository: IRSNB 2 ST [MCP seen]. Distribution: Venezuela. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus bruchi Bernhauer 1912

Belonuchus bruchi Bernhauer 1912b: 175 . Type locality: Buenos Aires prov., Argentina. Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution: Argentina. Note: not bruchi Bernhauer 1934b (see duplicatus ).

* Belonuchus bruchianus Bernhauer 1911

Belonuchus bruchianus Bernhauer 1911: 413 . Type locality: Misiones prov., Argentina . Type depository: FMNH HT ♀. Distribution : Argentina .

Belonuchus bugnioni Fauvel 1901

Belonuchus bugnioni Fauvel 1901: 86 . Type locality: Martinique. Type depository: IRSNB HT ♀ [MCP seen]. Distribution: Martinique, Guadeloupe. Note: distribution within (and endemic to) Lesser Antilles ( Peck 2011b: Martinique, Peck et al. 2014: Guadeloupe Archipelago). Note: generic affiliation unclear.

= Belonuchus eximius Bernhauer 1917c: 105 . Type locality: Guadeloupe . Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Guadeloupe. Note: as synonym of B. bugnioni ( Blackwelder 1943: 428) .

Belonuchus cacao Blackwelder 1943

Belonuchus cacao Blackwelder 1943: 434 . Type locality: Trinidad: one-half mile south-southwest of Manzanilla junction on the Plum Road. Type depository: USNM HT ♂, 1 PT ♀. Distribution: Venezuela, Trinidad. Note: Venezuela, biology, in Heliconia bracts ( Frank & Barrera 2010).

Belonuchus candens ( Erichson 1840)

Philonthus candens Erichson 1840: 460 . Type locality: Bogotae in Columbia interiore. Type depository: ZMHB 1+3 ST: 1 ♂ in Erichson´s hand, 3 ♀ [MCP seen]. Distribution: Colombia, Brazil, Peru. Notes: comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 369) ; distribution including Peru, Brazil questioned (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Comment. Not Belonuchus , to be placed in a further study.

Belonuchus cariniventris Bernhauer 1918

Belonuchus cariniventris Bernhauer 1918: 225 . Type locality: Mexico: Jalappa [Xalapa, Veracruz] . Type depository: FMNH 3 ST. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus castaneus Chani-Posse 2006

Belonuchus castaneus Chani-Posse 2006: 366 (new name for Belonuchus richteri Bernhauer 1922: 15 ).

= Belonuchus richteri Bernhauer 1922: 15 (preoccupied, junior secondary homonym in Belonuchus of Philonthus richteri Bernhauer 1912a: 44 ). Type locality: Misiones, Argentina. Type depository: FMNH LT ♂, 2 PLT (des. Chani-Posse 2011b: 219). Distribution: Argentina.

Belonuchus cavipennis Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus (Musicoderus) cavipennis Bernhauer 1916c: 267 , attributed to Fauvel in litteris. Type locality: Yuracarès , Bolivien . Type depository: FMNH 1 ST; ZMUH 1 +ST?. Distribution : Bolivia. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

* Belonuchus celatus ( Sharp 1885) , comb. nov. ( Figs. 3–4 )

Philonthus celatus Sharp 1885: 420 . Type locality: Mexico: Mirador , Oaxaca, Tehuacan, Yolos, Cuernavaca. Type depository: BMNH 10 ST: from all type localities [ MCP seen]. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Remarks. Sharp did not specify the number of specimens he examined for naming this species, but it seems likely that he based his description on at least two specimens of different sex. Ten specimens were located in the BMNH under this name. All the ten specimens listed below agree with the original description by Sharp (1885) and are considered to have been syntypes prior to the present lectotype designation.

Type material examined. Lectotype ♂, here designated (BMNH, Figs. 3–4 ): card-mounted, “ Philonthus celatus Type D.S. Oaxaca. Höge” [in Sharp’s hand] // Type (round white label with red margin) // Oaxaca, Mexico. Hoege (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus celatus, Sharp. (white label) // Sharp Coll. 1905.-313. (white label)”. Paralectotypes (BMNH): 2 ♀, one of them “Cuernavaca” (white label) [in Sharp’s hand], the other one “Yolos” (white label) [in Sharp’s hand], both of them with the following additional labels, “Mexico. Salle. Coll (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus celatus, Sharp. (white label)”; 1 ♂, 4 ♀, card-mounted, ♂ with “ Philonthus celatus Mirador. Höge ” [in Sharp’s hand]), “Mirador, Mexico. Hoege (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus celatus, Sharp. (white label)”; 2 ♀, card-mounted (one of them also “ Philonthus celatus Type D.S. Tehuacan. Höge” [in Sharp’s hand]), “Tehuacan, Mexico. Hoege (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus celatus, Sharp. (white label)”.

Comments. In accordance with the diagnosis of Belonuchus ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) .

Belonuchus cephalotes ( Sharp 1885)

Musicoderus cephalotes Sharp 1885: 455 . Type locality: Panama, Bugaba 800 to 1500 feet. Type depository: BMNH 12 ST: all of them with labels as "Bugaba" but only two of them with the elevation data [MCP seen]; FMNH 3 ST. Distribution: Panama, Venezuela. Notes: comb. nov. ex Musicoderus ( Scheerpeltz 1933: 1377) ; Venezuela, biology, in Heliconia bracts ( Frank & Barrera 2010); generic affiliation unclear.

* Belonuchus cifuentesi Rodríguez & Navarrete-Heredia 2016

Belonuchus cifuentesi Rodríguez & Navarrete-Heredia 2016: 445 . Type locality: Mexico : Jalisco, Teocuitatlán de Corona, Cerro de García , 20°09´N 103°19´W, 2314 m. Type depository: CZUG HT ♂, 117 PT ( CZUG, MUD, CNIN) . Distribution: Mexico. Note: in decomposing agave (Agave inaequidens) [orig.].

* Belonuchus clypeatus Sharp 1876

Belonuchus clypeatus Sharp 1876a: 160 . Type locality: Ega . Type depository: BMNH HT. Distribution : Brazil (Amazonas) , Peru. Note: Peru (Newton 2015); distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Belonuchus coelestinus Bernhauer 1908

Belonuchus coelestinus Bernhauer 1908: 330 . Type locality: St. Vincent. Type depository: NMW 1+ST, FMNH 1ST. Distribution: Lesser Antilles ( St. Vincent, Grenada). Note: distribution within Lesser Antilles ( St. Vincent) ( Peck 2010). Note: generic affiliation unclear.

= Belonuchus coeruleus Cameron 1922: 122 . Type locality: St. Vincent. Type depository: BMNH 2ST. Distribution: Lesser Antilles ( St. Vincent, Grenada). Notes: as synonym of B. coelestinus ( Blackwelder 1943: 426) .

= Belonuchus smithi Cameron 1922: 122 (as synonym of B. coeruleus ), attributed to Fauvel in litteris. Type locality: St. Vincent. Type depository: BMNH 2 ST. Distribution: Lesser Antilles ( St. Vincent, Grenada). Note: as synonym of B. coelestinus ( Blackwelder, 1943: 426) ; unavailable ( ICZN 1999: Art. 11.6).

Belonuchus coelestis Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus (Musicoderus) coelestis Bernhauer 1916c: 266 (attributed to Fauvel in litt.). Type locality: Yuracarès , Bolivien . Type depository: FMNH 1 ST; ZMUH 1 +ST? Distribution : Bolivia .

Comment. Not Belonuchus , to be placed in a further study.

Belonuchus coeruleispennis Motschulsky 1858

Belonuchus coeruleispennis Motschulsky 1858: 668 . Type locality: Brésil intérieur. Type depository: ZMUM? Distribution: Brazil. Note: subsequently spelled coeruleipennis (e.g., Motschulsky 1870: 49; Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 369), but coeruleispennis maintained as correct spelling by Herman (2001d: 2522); distribution within Brazil unknown (Asenjo et al. 2013).

* Belonuchus cognatus Sharp 1885

Belonuchus cognatus Sharp 1885: 429 . Type locality: British Honduras, Belize; Guatemala, El Reposo, Las Mercedes, San Isidro, Mirandilla; Nicaragua, Chontales; Panama, Bugaba. Type depository: BMNH #? ST: several, from all type localities [MCP seen]; IRSNB 5 ST: 4 Bugaba, two of them labelled as “Ext-ypis” [MCP seen]; 1 Chontales [MCP seen]; FMNH 3 ST: 3 Bugaba. Distribution: Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Brazil, Argentina, St. Vincent. Notes: distribution within Lesser Antilles ( St. Vincent) ( Peck 2010); within (and including) Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

* Belonuchus colon ( Sharp 1885)

Philonthus colon Sharp 1885: 419 . Type locality: Mexico: Cordova. Type depository: BMNH 2 ST. Distribution: Mexico. Notes: comb. nov. ex Philonthus , distribution ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002: 334); distribution within Mexico ( Márquez 2006).

Belonuchus columbicus Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus (Musicoderus) columbicus Bernhauer 1916c: 271 . Type locality: West-Columbien: Umgebung von Cali ( St. Antonio , 2000m). Type depository: FMNH 2 ST;? 1 ST. Distribution: Colombia .

Comment. Not Belonuchus , to be placed in a further study.

Belonuchus connexus ( Say 1830)

Staphylinus connexus Say 1830: 35 , also 1834: 448. Type locality: Mexico. Type depository:? #?ST. Distribution: Mexico. Note: comb. nov. ex Staphylinus ( Erichson 1840: 927) ; distribution within Mexico (Navarrete- Heredia et al. 2002). Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus convexus ( Bernhauer 1908)

Musicoderus convexus Bernhauer 1908: 331 . Type locality: Pozuzo, Peru. Type depository: FMNH HT ♀?: Distribution: Peru, Nicaragua. Notes: comb. nov. ex Musicoderus , distribution Nicaragua ( Scheerpeltz 1933: 1377); Peru ( Asenjo 2004).

Belonuchus cordilleranus Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus (Musicoderus) cordilleranus Bernhauer 1916c: 270 . Type locality: Columbien: Ost-Cordilleren, 450– 900m. Type depository: FMNH 3 ST. Distribution : Colombia. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

* Belonuchus corticalis ( Sharp 1885) , comb. nov. ( Figs. 5–6 )

Philonthus corticalis Sharp 1885: 413 . Type locality: Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui 2000–3000 ft . Type depository: BMNH HT ♂. Distribution : Panama .

Remarks. The “unique” specimen in BMNH is confirmed as the holotype.

Type material examined. Holotype ♂ ( BMNH, Figs. 5–6 ): card-mounted, “ ♂ (in ink) Philonthus corticalis Type D.S. V. de Chiriqui 2–3000 ft. [in Sharp’s hand] // Type (round white label with red margin) // V. de Chiriqui 2– 3000 ft., 2–3000 ft. Champion (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus corticalis, Sharp. (white label) // Sharp Coll. 1905.-313. (white label)”.

Comments. In accordance with the diagnosis of Belonuchus ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) .

Belonuchus cribriceps Bernhauer 1921

Belonuchus cribriceps Bernhauer 1921c: 172 . Type locality: San Roque, Corrientes [ Argentina]. Type depository: FMNH 1 ST. Distribution: Argentina, Brazil. Note: distribution within (and including) Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013). Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus danforthi Blackwelder 1943

Belonuchus danforthi Blackwelder 1943: 429 . Type locality: Puerto Rico: about 13 miles east of Maricao and north of Yauco, elevation about 3000 feet . Type depository: USNM HT ♂. Distribution : Puerto Rico .

* Belonuchus decipiens Sharp 1876

Belonuchus decipiens Sharp 1876a: 159 . Type locality: Ega. Type depository: BMNH 6 ST, FMNH 1 ST. Distribution: Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay; Madagascar?; Indonesia (Lombok)? Notes: redescription ( Silvestri 1945); distribution, including Argentina and Paraguay ( Chani-Posse 2011b); records from Brazil only (Asenjo et al. 2013).

* Belonuchus dichrous Erichson 1840

Belonuchus dichrous Erichson 1840: 420 . Type locality: Monte Orizaba in Mexico. Type depository: ZMHB 4 ST: 2 in Bernhauer´s hand " dichrous ", 2 with "Orizaba" [MCP seen]. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Venezuela. Notes: distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002, Márquez 2006).

* Belonuchus diversicornis Bernhauer 1917

Belonuchus diversicornis Bernhauer 1917c: 104 . Type locality: Espirito Santo, Brasilien . Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Brazil (Espírito Santo) . Note: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

* Belonuchus docilis Sharp 1885

Belonuchus docilis Sharp 1885: 435 . Type locality: Guatemala, Pantaleon; Panama, Bugaba, Tolé. Type depository: BMNH 8 ST: 2 Pantaleón, 3 Bugaba, 3 Tolé [MCP seen]. FMNH 2 ST: 2 Bugaba. Distribution: Guatemala,? Costa Rica, Panama, Brazil. Note: distribution within (and including) Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Belonuchus dominicus Blackwelder 1943

Belonuchus dominicus Blackwelder 1943: 431 . Type locality: Dominica: Hillsboro Estate, at mouth of the Layou River, Leeward side. Type depository: USNM HT ♂, 4 PT; Blackwelder 1 PT; FMNH 1 PT. Distribution: Dominica Note: distribution within Dominica (Peck 2006); generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus duplicatus Blackwelder 1944

Belonuchus duplicatus Blackwelder 1944: 137 (new name for Belonuchus bruchi Bernhauer 1934: 313 ).

= Belonuchus bruchi Bernhauer 1934b: 213 (preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Belonuchus bruchi Bernhauer 1912: 175 ). Type locality: Tucuman, Argentina. Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution: Argentina. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus ecuadorensis Bernhauer 1935

Belonuchus (Musicoderus) ecuadorensis Bernhauer 1935: 91 . Type locality: Ecuador . Type depository: BMNH #?ST; FMNH 1 ST. Distribution : Ecuador .

* Belonuchus ephippiatus ( Say 1830)

Staphylinus ephippiatus Say 1830: 35 , also 1834: 448. Type locality: Mexico. Type depository: MCZ NT ♂. Distribution: USA, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela; adventive in Hawaii. Notes: comb. nov. ex Staphylinus ( Erichson 1840: 927) ; neotype designation, redescription ( Smetana 1995: 746); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002, Márquez 2006).

= Belonuchus simplex Sharp 1885: 432 . Type locality: Mexico: Oaxaca. Type depository: BMNH LT ♂, 2 PLT; FMNH 1 PLT?. Notes: as synonym of B. ephippiatus ( Fauvel 1901: 86) ; lectotype designation ( Smetana 1995: 748).

= Belonuchus punctiventris Casey 1915: 446 . Type locality: Benson, Arizona. Type depository: USNM LT ♂, 13 PLT. Notes: synonym of B. ephippiatus ( Smetana 1995: 746) ; lectotype designation ( Smetana 1995: 748).

= Belonuchus laticeps Casey 1915: 446 . Type locality: near Indio, California. Type depository: USNM LT ♂. Notes: synonym of B. ephippiatus ( Smetana 1995: 746) ; lectotype designation ( Smetana 1995: 749).

= Belonuchus jacobianus Casey 1915: 447 . Type locality: San Diego, California. Type depository: USNM LT ♂. Notes: synonym of B. ephippiatus ( Smetana 1995: 746) ; lectotype designation ( Smetana 1995: 749).

= Belonuchus schaefferi Cooper 1933: 545 . Type locality: Brownsville , Texas . Type depository: CUIC HT ♀; AMNH 1 PT. Note : synonym of B. ephippiatus ( Smetana 1995: 746) .

* Belonuchus erichsoni Bernhauer 1917

Belonuchus erichsoni Bernhauer 1917d: 223 . Type locality: [Mexiko]. Type depository: FMNH HT ♂. Distribution: Mexico. Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002, Márquez 2006).

* Belonuchus erythropterus Solsky 1868

Belonuchus erythropterus Solsky 1868: 137 . Type locality: [Mexique et probablement de l'Etat d'Oaxaca]. Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) #? ST, not seen by Smetana (1995). Distribution: USA (TX), Mexico. Note: redescription, distribution ( Smetana 1995: 752); distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002, Márquez 2006).

Belonuchus excelsus Bernhauer 1917

Belonuchus excelsus Bernhauer 1917b: 19 . Type locality: St. Antonio , 2000m, Umgebung von Cali, West- Columbien. Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution: Colombia .

* Belonuchus extremus ( Sharp 1885) , comb. nov. ( Figs. 7–8 )

Philonthus extremus Sharp 1885: 415 . Type locality: Guatemala, San Gerónimo. Type depository: BMNH HT. Distribution : Guatemala .

Remarks. The “unique” specimen in BMNH is confirmed as the holotype.

Type material examined. Holotype ♂ (BMNH, Figs. 7–8 ): card-mounted, “ Philonthus extremus Type D.S. San Geronimo, Guatemala. Champion. [in Sharp’s hand] // Type (round white label with red margin) // San Geronimo, Verapaz. Champion. (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus extremus, Sharp. (white label) // Sharp Coll. 1905.-313. (white label)”.

Comments. In accordance with the diagnosis of Belonuchus ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) .

* Belonuchus falsus Bernhauer 1917

Belonuchus falsus Bernhauer 1917c: 105 . Type locality: Venezuela . Type depository: FMNH 1 ST; ZMUH 1 +ST?. Distribution : Venezuela .

* Belonuchus fassli Bernhauer 1917

Belonuchus fassli Bernhauer 1917a: 37 . Type locality: West-Columbien: Umgebung von Cali am Rio Cauca (Cañon del Mte Tolima, 1700m). Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution: Colombia .

Belonuchus flavicoxis (Bernhauer 1912)

Philonthus flavicoxis Bernhauer 1912a: 43 . Type locality: Tucuman prov., Argentina. Type depository: FMNH LT ♀. Distribution: Argentina. Notes: comb. nov. ex Philonthus and lectotype designation ( Chani-Posse 2010: 8); distribution (Chani-Posse 2004); redescription ( Chani-Posse 2011b: 221).

* Belonuchus flavipennis Solsky 1870

Belonuchus flavipennis Solsky 1870: 263 . Type locality: " Mexique " . Type depository: ZIN? HT ♀. Distribution : Mexico ; Costa Rica? , Panama? . Note: distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

* Belonuchus flavocaudatus Bernhauer 1921

Belonuchus flavocaudatus Bernhauer 1921c: 170 . Type locality: Hornadita , 3400m, Jujuy, Argentina . Type depository: FMNH 1 ST; MACN 1 ST. Distribution : Argentina .

Belonuchus forsteri Scheerpeltz 1960

Belonuchus (Musicoderus) forsteri Scheerpeltz 1960: 115 . Type locality: Bolivien, Yungas de Arepucho , Sihuencas, 2200–2500m . Type depository: NMW ( Scheerpeltz ) HT ♀. Distribution: Bolivia .

Comment. Not Belonuchus , to be placed in a further study.

* Belonuchus fossulatus Wasmann 1887

Belonuchus fossulatus Wasmann 1887: 414 . Type locality: Blumenau (Prov. St. Catharina, Brasil) . Type depository: NHME (Wasmann) 1ST ♀. Distribution : Brazil (Santa Catarina) . Note: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Belonuchus frater Bernhauer 1906

Belonuchus frater Bernhauer 1906: 333 . Type locality: Peru . Type depository: FMNH 1 ST. Distribution : Peru . Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004). Note: generic affiliation unclear.

* Belonuchus gagates Erichson 1840 Belonuchus gagates Erichson 1840: 424 . Type locality: Puerto Rico & Cuba. Type depository: ZMHB LT ♂, 7

PLT. Distribution: USA (FL), Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cayman Is., St. Thomas, St. John, Montserrat, Bahamas. Note: lectotype designation, redescription and distribution ( Smetana 1995: 737); distribution, also within Cuba ( Peck 2005); distribution within (and including) Cayman Is. (Frank et al. 2011).

= Belonuchus gowdeyi Bernhauer 1935: 91 . Type locality: Hope Gardens, Jamaica. Type depository: FMNH LT, BMNH PLT?. Distribution: Jamaica. Note: lectotype designation ( Smetana 1995: 739); as synonym of B. gagates ( Blackwelder 1943: 424) .

= Belonuchus minax Erichson 1840: 424 . Type locality: ins. St. Thomae & St. Johannis. Type depository: ZMHB 4 ST [MCP seen]. Distribution: Lesser Antilles (St. Thomas). Note: synonym of B. gagates ( Blackwelder 1943: 424) ; not in Smetana (1995: 737).

= Musicoderus nigrocaeruleus Cameron 1913: 175 . Type locality: Jamaica, Newcastle district, 3000 ft above sea level. Type depository: BMNH (Cameron) HT ♂. Distribution: Jamaica. Notes: as synonym of B. gagates ( Blackwelder 1943: 424) ; although both male and female characters were used in the original description, Cameron (1913) only refers to a “type” deposited in his collection. Smetana (1995: 738) examined eight conspecific specimens under this name in the Cameron collection at the BMNH, one of them being the specimen chosen as “Type” by the author, thus the holotype.

Belonuchus ganglbaueri Bernhauer 1906

Belonuchus ganglbaueri Bernhauer 1906: 331 . Type locality: Bolivien . Type depository: FMNH 1 ST, NMW #? ST. Distribution : Bolivia. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus godmani ( Sharp 1885)

Philonthus godmani Sharp 1885: 413 . Type locality: Mexico: Guatemala: Calderas [LT]. Type depository: BMNH LT ♀, 7+ PLT. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama. Notes: comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002) ; distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia 2002, Márquez 2004, 2006); lectotype designation, redescription, distribution (Márquez 2011: 206).

Comment. Not Belonuchus , to be placed in a further study.

Belonuchus goeldii ( Wasmann 1925)

Plociopterus goeldii Wasmann 1925: 72 . Type locality: Colonia alpina, Rio d. Janeiro [LT]. Type depository: NHME LT ♀, #? PLT. Distribution: Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia. Notes: comb. nov. ex Plociopterus and lectotype designation ( Chatzimanolis & Chani-Posse 2016: 215); with Acromyrmex niger [orig.; Navarrete-Heredia 2001].

Belonuchus gracilis ( Sharp 1885)

Musicoderus gracilis Sharp 1885: 456 . Type locality: Nicaragua, Chontales . Type depository: BMNH HT ♀. Distribution : Nicaragua .

* Belonuchus haemohrroidalis ( Fabricius 1801)

Staphylinus haemorrhoidalis Fabricius 1801: 596 . Type locality: America meridionali. Type depository: ZMUK 4ST (until recently at ZMUC, Zimsen 1964): 3ST (former Sehested-Tønder Lund collection), 1ST (former Fabricius´s personal collection, seen AFN 2010). Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina. Notes: comb. nov. ex Staphylinus , cited as haemoroidalis ( Nordmann 1837: 130); preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Staphylinus haemorrhoidalis Gmelin 1790: 2036 and junior primary homonym of Staphylinus haemorrhoidalis Olivier 1795 : (42) 11; ICZN application to conserve name ( Herman 2001a: 42), conserved in Opinion 2053 ( ICZN 2003); distribution including Peru, also within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Belonuchus hispaniolus Blackwelder 1943

Belonuchus hispaniolus Blackwelder 1943: 422 . Type locality: Dominican Republic: San Francisco Mountains . Type depository: USNM HT ♀, 1PT ♀. Distribution : Dominican Rep., Haiti. Note: Haiti ( Frank & Barrera 2010).

Belonuchus holisoides Sharp 1876

Belonuchus holisoides Sharp1876a: 161 . Type locality: Ega , Brazil . Type depository: BMNH 2 ST: 1 Ega together with other 4 specimens from probably a different species, all of them under the name " Metoponcus holisoides Sharp "[ MCP seen]. Distribution : Brazil (Amazonas) , Argentina. Note: distribution only in Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Comment. It probably belongs to Holisus Erichson.

Belonuchus iconnicoffi Plavilstschikov 1929 , nomen nudum

Belonuchus iconnicoffi Plavilstschikov 1929: 30 , as "n. sp. (Bernhauer in litteris)"; nomen nudum, no description. Distribution: Peru. Note: listed in error as valid species in Blackwelder (1944) and Asenjo (2004); not in Herman (2001d)

Belonuchus ielskii ( Solsky 1872)

Philonthus ielskii Solsky 1872: 296 . Type locality: Puna, Lima [Amérique du Sud]. Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) #?ST. Distribution: Peru. Notes: comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 370) ; as jelskii ( Herman 2001d: 2527, Asenjo 2004: 61). Note: generic affiliation unclear.

* Belonuchus impressifrons Sharp 1876

Belonuchus impressifrons Sharp 1876a: 162 . Type locality: Ega. Type depository: BMNH HT. Distribution: Brazil ( Amazonas , São Paulo) . Note: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

* Belonuchus infimus ( Sharp 1885) , comb. nov.

Philonthus infimus Sharp 1885: 414 . Type locality: Guatemala, Las Mercedes 3000 ft, Chiacam; Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui. Type depository: BMNH 8 ST: 5 Las Mercedes, 2 Chiriqui, 1 Chiacam [MCP seen]. Distribution: Guatemala, Panama.

Remarks. Sharp did not specify the number of specimens he examined for naming this species, but obviously he based his description on more than two specimens, including male/s and female/s. Eight specimens were located in the BMNH under this name. The specimens below agree with the original description by Sharp (1885) and considered to have been syntypes prior to the present lectotype designation.

Type material examined. Lectotype ♂, here designated (BMNH): card-mounted (with additional label “Sp. figured”), “ Philonthus infimus Las Mercedes 3000 ft. Guatemala Champion. [in Sharp’s hand] // Las Mercedes 3000 ft. Champion. (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus infimus, Sharp. (white label) // Sharp Coll. 1905.-313. (white label)”. Paralectotypes (BMNH): 2 ♂, 2 ♀, card-mounted (one ♀ with additional “Type” round white label with red margin and “Type D.S” on the mounting card [in Sharp’s hand]), “ Philonthus infimus Las Mercedes 3000 ft. Guat. Champion. [in Sharp’s hand] // Las Mercedes 3000 ft. Champion. (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus infimus, Sharp. (white label)”; 2 ♀, card-mounted, “ Philonthus infimus D.S. [in Sharp’s hand] // V. de Chiriqui 4–3000 ft Champion (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus infimus, Sharp. (white label)”.

Comments. In accordance with the diagnosis of Belonuchus ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) .

* Belonuchus iridescens Solsky 1868

Belonuchus iridescens Solsky 1868: 140 . Type locality: [ Mexique et probablement de l'Etat d'Oaxaca] . Type depository: ZIN? ( Solsky ) #? ST. Distribution: Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Belonuchus irregularis Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus irregularis Bernhauer 1916c: 275 . Type locality: West-Columbien: Pacho, 2000m, Ost-Cordilleren, West-Columbien. Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Colombia. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

* Belonuchus iteratus ( Sharp 1887) , comb. nov.

Philonthus iteratus Sharp 1887: 788 . Type locality: Durango (Villa Lerdo). Type depository: BMNH 23 ST. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Remarks. Sharp did not specify the number of specimens he examined for naming this species, but obviously he based his description on several specimens, including male/s and female/s. Twenty-three specimens were located in the BMNH under this name.

Comments. In accordance with the diagnosis of Belonuchus ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) .

* Belonuchus jalappensis Bernhauer 1917

Belonuchus jalappensis Bernhauer 1917d: 224 . Type locality: Mexico: Jalappa [Xalapa, Veracruz] . Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Belonuchus laevipennis Bernhauer 1942

Belonuchus laevipennis Bernhauer 1942: 25 . Type locality: Cartago ( Pino ), 1000m [ Costa Rica] . Type depository: FMNH 3 ST. Distribution : Costa Rica. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

* Belonuchus latecinctus ( Sharp 1885) , comb. nov. ( Figs. 9–10 )

Philonthus latecinctus Sharp 1885: 415 . Type locality: Guatemala, Cerro Zunil 4000–5000 ft, San Gerónimo. Type depository: BMNH 3 ST: 2 Cerro Zunil , 1 San Gerónimo [ MCP seen]. Distribution: Guatemala .

Remarks. Sharp based his description on three specimens which were located in the BMNH under this name. The specimens below agree with the original description by Sharp (1885) and considered to have been syntypes prior to the present lectotype designation.

Type material examined. Lectotype ♂, here designated (BMNH, Figs. 9–10 ): card-mounted, “ Philonthus latecinctus Type D.S. Cerro Zunil 4–6000 ft. Guatem. Champion. [in Sharp’s hand] // Type (round white label with red margin) // Cerro Zunil, Guatemala. Champion. (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus latecinctus, Sharp. (white label) // Sharp Coll. 1905.-313. (white label)”. Paralectotypes (BMNH): 1 ♂ with same locality and collection data as lectotype and additional printed white label “Sp. Figured”; 1 ♀, cardmounted, “ Philonthus latecinctus D.S. San Gerónimo Champion. [in Sharp’s hand] //San Gerónimo, Guatemala. Champion. (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus latecinctus, Sharp. (white label)”.

Comments. In accordance with the diagnosis of Belonuchus ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) .

* Belonuchus latro Erichson 1840

Belonuchus latro Erichson 1840: 422 . Type locality: [no specific locality]. Type depository: ZMHB 1 ST ♀ [ MCP seen]. Distribution : Brazil (São Paulo) ; South America? Note: distribution within (and including) Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Belonuchus longiceps Bernhauer 1906

Belonuchus longiceps Bernhauer 1906: 332 . Type locality: Peru. Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution: Peru, Bolivia. Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004). Note: generic affiliation unclear.

* Belonuchus lucilius ( Sharp 1885) , comb. nov.

Philonthus lucilius Sharp 1885: 415 . Type locality: Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui 2000–3000 ft . Type depository: BMNH HT. Distribution : Panama .

Remarks. The “unique” specimen in BMNH is confirmed as the holotype.

Type material examined. Holotype ♂ ( BMNH): card-mounted, “ Philonthus lucilius Type D.S. V. de Chiriqui 2– 3000 ft . Champion. [in Sharp’s hand] // Type (round white label with red margin) // V. de Chiriqui 2–3000 ft . Champion. (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus lucilius, Sharp. (white label) // Sharp Coll. 1905.-313. (white label)”.

Comments. In accordance with the diagnosis of Belonuchus ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) .

Belonuchus magnificus Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus magnificus Bernhauer 1916c: 277 . Type locality: West-Kolumbien: Umgebung von Cali (S. Antonio, 2000m). Type depository: FMNH 3 ST. Distribution : Colombia. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus meridionalis Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus meridionalis Bernhauer 1916c: 269 . Type locality: Argentinien [illeg. locality] & Bolivia. Type depository: FMNH 2 ST, ZMUH 1+ST. Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus mexicanus Solsky 1864

Belonuchus mexicanus Solsky 1864: 440 . Type locality: Mexique. Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) HT. Distribution: Mexico, Brazil, Argentina. Notes: redescription ( Silvestri 1945); distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

= Belonuchus mexicanus var. femoralis Solsky 1864: 440 . Type locality: Mexique. Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) 2 ST. Distribution: Mexico. Notes: not in Bernhauer & Schubert (1914), Blackwelder (1944), Herman (2001d), but as synonym of B. mexicanus in Navarrete-Heredia et al. (2002: 335) .

Belonuchus militaris Bernhauer 1921

Belonuchus militaris Bernhauer 1921c: 170 . Type locality: Sao Paulo, Brazil . Type depository: FMNH 1 ST. Distribution : Brazil (São Paulo) . Note: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013). Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus minor Bruch 1915 , nomen nudum

Belonuchus minor Bruch 1915: 504 , attributed to Bernhauer in litteris; nomen nudum. Locality: Misiones. Depository: MLPA (MLP 180). Distribution: Argentina. Note: see Fernández et al. (2007: 38).

Belonuchus miripennis Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus (Musicoderus) miripennis Bernhauer 1916c: 267 . Type locality: Cañon del Mte. Tolima, 1700m, Umgebung von Cali am Cauca, Columbien. Type depository: FMNH 3 ST. Distribution : Colombia .

Belonuchus modestus Fauvel 1891

Belonuchus modestus Fauvel 1891: 118 . Type locality: Colonie Tovar [ Venezuela]. Type depository: IRSNB (Fauvel) 3 ST [MCP seen]. Distribution: Venezuela, Colombia. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

* Belonuchus montanellus Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus montanellus Bernhauer 1916c: 272 . Type localities: Cañon del Mte. Tolima, 1700m; Alto de las cruces, 2200m (Umgebung von Cali am Cauca). Type depository: FMNH 4 ST. Distribution : Colombia .

Belonuchus montanicus Blackwelder 1944

Belonuchus montanicus Blackwelder 1944: 137 (new name for Belonuchus montanus Bernhauer 1916: 273 ).

= Belonuchus montanus Bernhauer 1916c: 273 (preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Belonuchus montanus Fauvel 1895: 267 ). Type localities: West-Columbien: Cañon del Mte. Tolima, 1700m; Rio Vitaco, 2200m; Villa Elvira, 1800m. Type depository: FMNH 3 ST. Distribution: Colombia.

Belonuchus monticola Bernhauer 1917

Belonuchus monticola Bernhauer 1917b: 18 . Type locality: Rio Vitaco , 2200m, Umgebung von Cali am Rio Cauca, West-Columbien . Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Colombia

* Belonuchus mordens Erichson 1840

Belonuchus mordens Erichson 1840: 422 . Type locality: Brasilia. Type depository: ZMHB 1 ST ♂ [MCP seen]. Distribution: Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia. Notes: frequent guest of Melipona nests in Brazil ( Wasmann 1904: 482, Kistner 1982); distribution, including Peru and Bolivia ( Chani-Posse 2011b), within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Belonuchus moritzi Bernhauer 1906

Belonuchus moritzi Bernhauer 1906: 331 . Type locality: Venezuela . Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Venezuel. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus multipunctatus ( Coiffait 1981)

Endeius multipunctatus Coiffait 1981: 297 . Type locality: Galapagos: I. Santa Cruz versant S.E., basse altitude. Type depository: IRSNB HT ♂; IRSNB, MNHN 258 PT. Distribution: Galapagos Is. (Santa Cruz). Notes: comb. nov. ex Endeius (Chani Posse de Maus 2008: 386) ; redescription ( Chani-Posse 2011b: 222); distribution within Galápagos Is. ( Newton & Peck 2006).

Belonuchus mundus Erichson 1840

Belonuchus mundus Erichson 1840: 425 . Type locality: ins. St. Vincentii. Type depository: ZMHB? #?ST. Distribution: Lesser Antilles ( St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada), Brazil. Notes: distribution within Lesser Antilles ( St. Vincent) ( Peck 2010); within (and including) Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

* Belonuchus muticus (Sharp 1876) , comb. nov. ( Figs. 11–12 )

Philonthus muticus Sharp 1876a: 167 . Type locality: Ega. Type depository: BMNH 4 ST: 3 Ega , 1 Sao Paulo [ MCP seen]. Distribution: Brazil (Amazonas) . Note: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Remarks. Sharp explicitly mentioned four specimens of both sexes as part of the type series. The specimens listed below agree with the original description by Sharp (1876a) and is considered to have been syntypes prior to the present lectotype designation.

Type material examined. Lectotype ♂, here designated ( BMNH, Figs. 11–12 ): card-mounted, “ ♂ // Type (round white label with red margin) // Ega (round green label) [in Sharp’s hand]// S America Brazil // Philonthus muticus Type D.S. [in Sharp’s hand] // Sharp Coll. 1905.-313. (white label)”. Paralectotypes ( BMNH): 2 ♀ (one without head), card mounted, same locality and collection data as lectotype but with “ SYNTYPE ” (rounded white label with blue margin).

Comments. In accordance with the diagnosis of Belonuchus ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) .

* Belonuchus nigerrimus Bernhauer 1918

Belonuchus nigerrimus Bernhauer 1918: 225 . Type locality: Mexico: Jalappa [Xalapa, Veracruz] . Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Belonuchus oakleyi Blackwelder, 1943

Belonuchus oakleyi Blackwelder 1943: 422 . Type locality: Puerto Rico: Mayagüez . Type depository: USNM HT. Distribution : Puerto Rico .

* Belonuchus optatus ( Sharp, 1885) , comb. nov. ( Figs. 13–14 )

Philonthus optatus Sharp 1885: 427 . Type locality: Mexico : Guanajuato . Type depository: BMNH HT ♀. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Remarks. The “unique” specimen in BMNH is confirmed as the holotype.

Type material examined. Holotype ♀ (BMNH, Figs. 13–14 ): card-mounted, “ Philonthus optatus Type D.S. Guanajuato. Mexico. Sallé. [in Sharp’s hand] // Type (round white label with red margin) //Guanajuato (white label) // Mexico. Salle Coll. (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus optatus, Sharp. (white label) // Belonuchus formosus apud Sallé [in Sallé’s hand]”.

Comments. In accordance with the diagnosis of Belonuchus ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) .

* Belonuchus oxyporinus ( Sharp 1885)

Philonthus oxyporinus Sharp 1885: 419 . Type locality: Mexico: Oaxaca. Type depository: BMNH HT ♀. Distribution: Mexico. Notes: to Belonuchus (after Smetana 1995); distribution, biology (Navarrete-Heredia 1995, Jiménez-Sánchez et al. 2000); distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Belonuchus palustris Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus (Musicoderus) palustris Bernhauer 1916c: 268 . Type locality: Alto de las Cruces, 2200m. Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Colombia .

Comment. Not Belonuchus , to be placed in a further study.

* Belonuchus panamensis Sharp 1885

Belonuchus panamensis Sharp 1885: 434 . Type localities: Nicaragua, Chontales; Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba, Tolé. Type depository: BMNH 11 ST: from all type localities [MCP seen]. Distribution: Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama.

Belonuchus paradoxipunctatus Bernhauer 1921

Belonuchus paradoxipunctatus Bernhauer 1921c: 171 . Type locality: San Roque, Corrientes [ Argentina]. Type depository: FMNH 1 ST. Distribution: Argentina, Brazil. Note: distribution within (and including) Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013). Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus paradoxus Bernhauer 1906

Belonuchus paradoxus Bernhauer 1906: 333 . Type locality: Pachitea , Peru . Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Peru . Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004).

Comment. Not Belonuchus , to be placed in a further study.

* Belonuchus pectinipes Bernhauer 1910

Belonuchus pectinipes Bernhauer 1910: 379 . Type locality: Cordoba, Veracruz . Type depository: FMNH 4 ST. Distribution : Mexico . Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Belonuchus peruvianus Plavilstschikov 1929 , nomen nudum

Belonuchus peruvianus Plavilstschikov 1929: 30 , as "n. sp. (Bernhauer in litteris)"; nomen nudum, no description. Distribution: Peru. Note: as valid sp. in Blackwelder (1944) and Asenjo (2004); not in Herman (2001d).

* Belonuchus piceolus Bernhauer 1935

Belonuchus piceolus Bernhauer 1935: 90 . Type locality: Brasilien . Type depository: BMNH #?ST; FMNH 1 ST. Distribution : Brazil . Note: distribution within Brazil unknown (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Belonuchus pictipennis Sharp 1885

Belonuchus pictipennis Sharp 1885: 436 . Type locality: Bugaba , Panama . Type depository: BMNH 2 ST ♂. Distribution : Panama .

Comment. It may belong to Paederomimus Sharp (Sharp: 436, “very closely allied to B. mimeticus ”) but see Paederomimus mimeticus (Sharp) .

Belonuchus planiceps Erichson 1840

Belonuchus planiceps Erichson 1840: 425 . Type locality: Columbia. Type depository: ZMHB 4 ST [MCP seen]. Distribution: Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela.

Comment. It probably belongs to Holisus Erichson (Hyptiomina) .

* Belonuchus platypterus ( Sharp 1885) , comb. nov. ( Figs. 15–16 )

Philonthus platypterus Sharp 1885: 412 . Type locality: Guatemala, Cerro Zunil 4 000 – 5000 feet. Type depository: BMNH 3 ST. Distribution : Guatemala .

Remarks. Sharp explicitly mentioned three specimens (two males and one female) as part of the type series. The specimens listed below agree with the original description by Sharp (1885) and considered to have been syntypes prior to the present lectotype designation.

Type material examined. Lectotype ♂, here designated ( BMNH, Figs. 15–16 ): card-mounted, “ ♂ (in ink) Philonthus platypterus Type D.S. Cerro Zunil. 4–5000 ft. [in Sharp’s hand] // Type (round white label with red margin) // Cerro Zunil. Guatemala. Champion. // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus platypterus, Sharp. (white label) // Sharp Coll. 1905.-313. (white label)”. Paralectotypes ( BMNH): 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same locality and collection data as lectotype but male with additional printed white label “Sp. figured”.

Comments. In accordance with the diagnosis of Belonuchus ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) .

* Belonuchus pollens Sharp 1885

Belonuchus pollens Sharp 1885: 431 . Type localities: North America; Mexico: Oaxaca; Guatemala: near the city; Honduras. Type depository: BMNH 8 ST: from all type localities except North America [MCP seen]; FMNH 2 ST. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras ["North America" in error]. Notes: not in USA or Canada ( Smetana 1995: 733); distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Belonuchus posticalis Laporte de Castelnau 1840

Staphylinus posticalis Laporte de Castelnau 1840: 176 . Type locality: Brésil . Type depository: ?? #? ST. Distribution : Brazil . Note: comb. nov. ex Staphylinus ( Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 371) ; distribution within Brazil unknown (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Belonuchus prasinipennis Bernhauer 1917

Belonuchus prasinipennis Bernhauer 1917b: 18 (attributed to Fauvel in litt.). Type locality: Yuracarès , Bolivien . Type depository: FMNH 1 ST; ZMUH 1 ST. Distribution : Bolivia .

Belonuchus pulchripennis Bernhauer 1908

Belonuchus pulchripennis Bernhauer 1908: 330 . Type locality: Montana de Nancho, 7000', central Peru . Type depository: FMNH 2 ST; ?? 1 ST. Distribution : Peru . Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004). Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus purpuripennis Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus purpuripennis Bernhauer 1916c: 278 . Type locality: West-Columbien: Umgebung Cali am Rio Cauca, St. Antonio, 2000 m. Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Distribution: Colombia, Bolivia. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus richteri (Bernhauer, 1912)

Philonthus (Chroaptomus) richteri Bernhauer 1912a: 44 . Type locality: Tucuman prov., Argentina. Type depository: FMNH HT ♀. Distribution: Argentina. Notes: comb. nov. ex Chroaptomus ( Chani-Posse 2006: 365) ; redescription ( Chani-Posse 2011b: 223).

Comment. Not Belonuchus , to be placed in a further study.

* Belonuchus rufipennis ( Fabricius 1801)

Staphylinus rufipennis Fabricius 1801: 596 . Type locality: America meridionali. Type depository: ZMUK 3 ST (until recently at ZMUC, Zimsen 1964), not seen by Smetana (1995). Distribution: Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Trinidad, Tobago, Jamaica, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Galapagos Is. (Isabela, S. Crist., S. Cruz), Hawaii; introduced for biocontrol in Italy but not established. Notes: as synonym of B. formosus ( Erichson 1840: 426) ; introduction for biocontrol, biology, immature stages ( Silvestri 1945); redescription and distribution ( Smetana 1995: 726); in Atta mexicana external debris (occasional) ( Navarrete-Heredia 2001); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002, Márquez 2006); distribution within Galapagos Is. ( Newton & Peck 2006); distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013); in Heliconia bracts ( Frank & Barrera 2010); distribution in carcasses in Argentina ( Aballay et al. 2014).

= Staphylinus formosus Gravenhorst 1806: 72 . Type depository: ZMHB LT ♀, 1 PLT. Type locality: Carolina, USA (" Carolina "). Note: as synonym of B. rufipennis ( Fauvel 1877: xxvii). Note: lectotype designation ( Smetana 1995: 728).

= Belonuchus pallipes Melsheimer 1844: 35 . Type depository: MCZ? #?ST. Type locality: Pennsylvania. Distribution: USA. Note: as synonym of B. rufipennis ( Fauvel 1877: xxvii); no specimens under this name in the Melsheimer collection at the MCZ ( Smetana 1995: 728).

= Cafius apicalis Dejean 1833: 63 , unavailable, published in synonymy of unavailable name ( ICZN 1999: Art. 11.6). Distribution: Jamaica. Note: as synonym of B. formosus ( Erichson 1840: 426) .

* Belonuchus rufiventris ( Sharp 1887) , comb. nov. ( Figs. 17–18 )

Philonthus rufiventris Sharp 1887: 787 . Type locality: Mexico: "Amecameca in Morelos " (=Est. Mexico?). Type depository: BMNH HT ♀ . Distribution: Mexico. Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

Remarks. The unique female specimen in BMNH is confirmed as the holotype.

Type material examined. Holotype ♀ (BMNH, Figs. 17–18 ): card-mounted, “ Philonthus rufiventris Type D.S. Amecameca. Hoge [in Sharp’s hand] // Type (round white label with red margin) // Amecameca, Morelos. Höge. // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus rufiventris, Sharp. (white label) // Sharp Coll. 1905.-313. (white label)”.

Comments. In accordance with the diagnosis of Belonuchus ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) .

* Belonuchus rufocaudus ( Sharp 1885) , comb. nov. ( Figs. 19–20 )

Philonthus rufocaudus Sharp 1885: 412 . Type locality: Panama, Bugaba , Volcan in Chiriqui . Type depository: BMNH 8 ST: 5 Bugaba , 3 Chiriqui [ MCP seen]. Distribution: Panama .

Remarks. Sharp did not specify the number of specimens he examined for naming this species, but obviously he based his description on at least one male and one female. Eight specimens were located in the BMNH under this name. The specimens below agree with the original description by Sharp (1885) and considered to have been syntypes prior to the present lectotype designation.

Type material examined. Lectotype ♂, here designated ( BMNH, Figs. 19–20 ): card-mounted, “ ♂ (in ink) Philonthus rufocaudus Type D.S. Panama. Bugaba. Champion [in Sharp’s hand] // Type (round white label with red margin) // Bugaba , Panama. Champion. // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus rufocaudus, Sharp. (white label) // Sharp Coll. 1905.-313. (white label)”. Paralectotypes ( BMNH): 1 ♂, 3 ♀, card-mounted, with same locality and collection data as lectotype ; 3 ♀, card-mounted, “V. de Chriqui 25–4,000 ft. Champion (white label) // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus rufocaudus, Sharp. (white label)”.

Comments. In accordance with the diagnosis of Belonuchus ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) .

* Belonuchus rufopygus ( Sharp 1885) , comb. nov. ( Figs. 21–22 )

Philonthus rufopygus Sharp 1885: 411 . Type locality: Panama: Bugaba. Type depository: BMNH 8 ST. Distribution: Panama [ Mexico in error]. Note: reported from Mexico ( Zaragoza Caballero 1976, but based on misidentified specimens [J.L. Navarrete-Heredia, unpublished]).

Remarks. Sharp explicitly mentioned several specimens as part of the type series. The specimens listed below agree with the original description by Sharp (1885) and considered to have been syntypes prior to the present lectotype designation.

Type material examined. Lectotype ♂, here designated ( BMNH, Figs. 21–22 ): card-mounted, “ ♂ (in ink) Philonthus rufo-pygus Type D.S. Panama. Bugaba. Champion [in Sharp’s hand] // Type (round white label with red margin) // Bugaba , Panama. Champion. // B. C. A. Col. I. 2. Philonthus rufopygus, Sharp. (white label) // Sharp Coll. 1905.-313. (white label)”. Paralectotypes ( BMNH): 7 ♀ (2 of them mounted together), cardmounted, with same locality and collection data as lectotype .

Comments. In accordance with the diagnosis of Belonuchus ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) .

Belonuchus rugicollis Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus rugicollis Bernhauer 1916c: 276 . Type locality: Peru . Type depository: FMNH HT Distribution: Peru . Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004). Note: generic affiliation unclear.

* Belonuchus satyrus Erichson 1840

Belonuchus satyrus Erichson 1840: 421 . Type locality: Columbia. Type depository: ZMHB? #?ST. Distribution: Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad; Costa Rica. Notes: biology, in Heliconia bracts ( Frank & Barrera 2010).

* Belonuchus serraticornis (Sharp 1876) , comb. nov. ( Figs. 23–24 )

Philonthus serraticornis Sharp 1876a: 179 . Type locality: Ega. Type depository: BMNH HT. Distribution : Brazil (Amazonas) . Note: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

Remarks. The “unique” specimen in BMNH is confirmed as the holotype.

Type material examined. Holotype ♂ (incomplete genitalia) ( BMNH, Figs. 23–24 ): card-mounted, “ ♂ // Type (round white label with red margin) // Ega (round green label) [in Sharp’s hand]// S America Brazil // Philonthus serraticornis Type D.S. [in Sharp’s hand] // Sharp Coll. 1905.-313. (white label)”.

Comments. In accordance with the diagnosis of Belonuchus ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018) .

Belonuchus setiger Sharp 1876

Belonuchus setiger Sharp 1876a: 164 . Type locality: Ega. Type depository: BMNH 2 ST: 2 ♂ [ MCP seen]. Distribution : Brazil (Amazonas) . Note: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

* Belonuchus sharpi Bernhauer 1907

Belonuchus sharpi Bernhauer 1907: 285 (replacement name for Belonuchus grandiceps Sharp 1876a: 158 ). Distribution: Brazil (Amazonas, Pará), Peru. Note: distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

= Belonuchus grandiceps Sharp 1876a: 158 (preoccupied, junior secondary homonym in Belonuchus of Philonthus grandiceps Kraatz 1859a: 95 ). Type locality: Ega, Tapajos & St. Paulo [Amazonas]. Type depository: BMNH 5 ST. Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004).

Belonuchus silvestris Bernhauer 1917

Belonuchus silvestris Bernhauer 1917b: 17 . Type locality: Alto de las Cruces, 2200m, Cali am Rio Cauca, West- Columbien. Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Colombia .

Belonuchus similis Sharp 1885

Belonuchus similis Sharp 1885: 436 . Type locality: Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui 2500–6000 ft . Type depository: BMNH 3 ST; FMNH 1 ST. Distribution : Panama. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus simillimus Bernhauer 1917

Belonuchus simillimus Bernhauer 1917c: 106 . Type locality: Villa Elvira 1800m, Westkolumbien. Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Colombia .

Belonuchus skalitskyi Bernhauer 1906

Belonuchus skalitskyi Bernhauer 1906: 334 . Type locality: Pumananea, Peru. Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution: Peru, Bolivia. Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004).

Comment. Not Belonuchus , to be placed in a further study.

Belonuchus spinicornis ( Champion 1913)

Musicoderus spinicornis Champion 1913: 4 . Type locality: Costa Rica, Pitahaya , 1400m . Type depository: BMNH 2 ST: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ [ MCP seen]. Distribution : Costa Rica .

* Belonuchus stenoderus Sharp 1885

Belonuchus stenoderus Sharp 1885: 434 . Type locality: Panama, Bugaba. Type depository: BMNH 4 ST; FMNH 1 ST. Distribution: Costa Rica, Panama. Note: the syntype in FMNH does not belong to the ‘ Belonuchus haemorrhoidalis clade’ ( Chani-Posse et al. 2018).

Belonuchus subaeneipennis Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus (Musicoderus) subaeneipennis Bernhauer 1916c: 269 . Type locality: West-Columbien: Umgebung von Cali am Rio Cauca (Cañon del Mte Tolima, 1700m). Type depository: FMNH 1 ST;? 1 ST. Distribution : Colombia .

Belonuchus subaeneus Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus subaeneus Bernhauer 1916c: 268 (attributed to Fauvel in litt.). Type locality: Yuracarès , Bolivien . Type depository: FMNH 1 ST; ZMUH 1 +ST?. Distribution : Bolivia .

Belonuchus subsellatus Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus subsellatus Bernhauer 1916c: 276 (attributed to Fauvel in litt.). Type locality: Yuracarès , Bolivien . Type depository: FMNH 1 ST, ZMUH 1 + ST. Distribution : Bolivia. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus superbus Bernhauer 1916

Belonuchus superbus Bernhauer 1916c: 273 . Type localities: Alto de las cruces, 2200m ; Rio Vitaco , 2000m ; Rio Aquatal , 1800m ; S. Antonio, 2000m; Villa Elvira, 1800m. Type depository: FMNH 3 ST;? 2 ST. Distribution : Colombia. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

* Belonuchus supernus (Herman 2001) , comb. nov. ( Figs. 47–48 )

Philonthus supernus Herman 2001a: 48 (new name for Philonthus excelsus Bernhauer 1941: 287 ). Distribution: Peru.

= Philonthus excelsus Bernhauer 1941: 287 , also 1951: 277 (preoccupied, junior secondary homonym in Philonthus of Hesperus excelsus Cameron 1931: 361 , and junior primary homonym of Philonthus excelsus Cameron 1932: 147 ). Type locality: Ocaña, 3100m, etc., s Peru, Oberh. Paleo 3240m, S Peru. Type depository: FMNH 21 ST: 1 Ocaña. Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004).

Remarks. Although references about three different type localities on different dates and a male character are given in the original description, there is no indication about how many specimens were examined. Two specimens were located in the FMNH under this name. The specimen below agrees with the original description and considered to have been a syntype.

Type material examined. Syntype ♂ (FMNH, Figs. 47–48 ): card mounted with cutouts at head-thorax and abdomen // Süd – Peru Oberh. Paleo, 3240m 10.4.1936 [in Bernhauer’s hand] (green label) // Hbg. – Süd – Peru Sammelreise 1936. Eing. Nr. 1, 1937 (green label) // 219 (white label) // Philonthus excelsus Brh. Cotypus (white label) // excelsus Benh. Typus Philonthus [in Bernhauer’s hand](red label) // Chicago NHMus M.Bernhauer Collection (white label)”.

* Belonuchus taczanovskii ( Solsky 1872)

Philonthus taczanovskii Solsky 1872: 303 . Type locality: Monte Rico, Perou. Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) #?ST. Distribution: Peru, Ecuador. Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004).

Belonuchus terminalis (Laporte de Castelnau 1840)

Staphylinus terminalis Laporte de Castelnau 1840: 176 . Type locality: Brésil. Type depository:? #? ST. Distribution: Brazil. Notes: comb. nov. ex Staphylinus ( Bernhauer & Schubert 1914: 371) ; preoccupied, junior primary homonym of Staphylinus terminalis Erichson 1839: 396 ; conserved by Opinion 2053 ( ICZN 2003); distribution within Brazil unknown (Asenjo et al. 2013).

* Belonuchus tremolerasi Bernhauer 1912

Belonuchus tremolerasi Bernhauer 1912a: 40 . Type locality: Uruguay. Type depository: FMNH 1 ST. Distribution: Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay.

Belonuchus trinitatis Blackwelder 1943

Belonuchus trinitatis Blackwelder 1943: 423 . Type locality: Trinidad: Department of Agriculture Stock Farm at St . Joseph, 6 miles east of Port of Spain . Type depository: USNM HT ♂, 4 PT; FMNH 1 PT. Distribution : Trinidad .

* Belonuchus trochanterinus ( Sharp 1885)

Philonthus trochanterinus Sharp 1885: 417 . Type locality: Guatemala, Capetillo. Type depository: BMNH #? ST. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala. Note: comb. nov. ex Philonthus , distribution within Mexico (Navarrete- Heredia et al. 2002: 335).

Belonuchus tucumanensis Bernhauer 1934

Belonuchus tucumanensis Bernhauer 1934b: 213 . Type locality: Tucumán. Type depository: FMNH 1 HT. Distribution : Argentina .

* Belonuchus variolosus Solsky 1870

Belonuchus variolosus Solsky 1870: 263 . Type locality: " Cayenne " [ French Guiana] . Type depository: ZIN? ( Solsky ) #? ST. Distribution : French Guiana (Cayenne). Note: generic affiliation unclear.

= Belonuchus variolaris ; Solsky 1872: 305, misspelling.

Belonuchus venezolanus Bernhauer 1917

Belonuchus venezolanus Bernhauer 1917c: 104 . Type localities: Venezuela & Columbien. Type depository: FMNH 3ST; NMW 1+ST?; ZMUH 1+ST?. Distribution: Venezuela, Colombia. Note: generic affiliation unclear.

Belonuchus viridipennis Baudi di Selve 1848

Belonuchus viridipennis Baudi di Selve 1848: 125 . Type locality: Novae Valenciae in Columbia [ Venezuela, teste Herman 2001c: 1594]. Type depository: MRSN/MCSN? #?ST. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela. Note: distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002). Note: generic affiliation unclear (based on non-type material in FMNH).

= Belonuchus dejectus Sharp 1885: 433 . Type localities: Mexico: Cordova, Jalapa, Las Vigas, Mirador; Guatemala, Capetillo, Cerro Zunil, Balheu, Tamahu, San Joaquin, Purula, El Tumbador, San Gerónimo; Panama: Volcan de Chiriqui 2500–4000 ft. Type depository: BMNH 14+ST. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Panama. Note: as synonym of B. viridipennis ( Sharp 1887: 789) .

Belonuchus vulneratus Bernhauer 1906

Belonuchus vulneratus Bernhauer 1906: 335 . Type locality: Pachitea , Peru . Type depository: FMNH HT. Distribution : Peru . Note: Peru ( Asenjo 2004). Note: not Belonuchus , to be placed in a further study.

Belonuchus weiserianus (Bernhauer 1921)

Philonthus weiserianus Bernhauer 1921c: 106 . Type locality: Hornadita, 3400m, Jujuy, Argentina. Type depository: FMNH LT ♀. Distribution: Argentina. Note: comb. nov. ex Philonthus and lectotype designation ( Chani-Posse 2010: 8); redescription ( Chani-Posse 2011b: 224).

Belonuchus xantholinoides Bernhauer 1917

Belonuchus xantholinoides Bernhauer 1917c: 106 . Type localities: Villa Elvira 1800m & S. Antonio 2200m, Westkolumbien. Type depository: FMNH 2 ST. Distribution : Colombia .

* Belonuchus xanthomelas Solsky 1868

Belonuchus xanthomelas Solsky 1868: 139 . Type locality: [Mexique et probablement de l'Etat d'Oaxaca]. Type depository: ZIN? (Solsky) #?ST. Distribution: USA (TX), Mexico. Note: generic placement (Navarrete- Heredia 1995); distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002; Márquez-Luna 2001, Márquez 2006).

* Belonuchus xanthopterus ( Nordmann 1837)

Philonthus xanthopterus Nordmann 1837: 99 . Type locality: Parae in America meridionali. Type depository: ZMHB 1 ST ♂ [MCP seen]. Distribution: Brazil, Peru, Panama?, Ecuador?. Note: comb. nov. ex Philonthus ( Erichson 1840: 421) ; Peru ( Soukup 1942: 177); distribution within Brazil (Asenjo et al. 2013).

* Belonuchus xanthopus Solsky 1868

Belonuchus xanthopus Solsky 1868: 139 . Type locality: [ Mexique et probablement de l'Etat d'Oaxaca] . Type depository: ZIN? ( Solsky ) #? ST. Distribution: Mexico . Notes: generic placement (Navarrete-Heredia 1995); distribution within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002).

* Belonuchus zunilensis ( Sharp 1885)

Philonthus zunilensis Sharp 1885: 418 . Type locality: Guatemala: Cerro Zunil 4000–5000 ft. Type depository: BMNH 4 ST. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala. Notes: comb. nov. ex Philonthus , distribution, also within Mexico ( Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002); distribution ( Asiain et al. 2011).

Figures

FIGURES 1–12 [BMNH ©]. Type material (habitus and labels): 1, 2, Philonthus abnormalis Sharp, lectotype; 3, 4, Philonthus celatus Sharp, lectotype; 5, 6, Philonthus corticalis Sharp, holotype; 7, 8, Philonthus extremus Sharp, holotype; 9, 10, Philonthus latecinctus Sharp, lectotype; 11, 12, Philonthus muticus Sharp, lectotype. Scale bar= 2 mm.

FIGURES 13–24 [BMNH ©]. Type material (habitus and labels): 13, 14, Philonthus optatus Sharp, holotype; 15, 16, Philonthus platypterus Sharp, lectotype; 17, 18, Philonthus rufiventris Sharp, holotype; 19, 20, Philonthus rufocaudus Sharp, lectotype; 21, 22, Philonthus rufopygus Sharp, lectotype; 23, 24, Philonthus serraticornis Sharp, holotype. Scale bar= 2 mm.

FIGURES 45–52 [FMNH ©]. Type and non-type material (habitus and labels): 45, 46, Belonuchus penetrans Silvestri, nontype; 47, 48, Philonthus excelsus Bernhauer, syntype; 49, 50 Philonthus peruvianus Bernhauer, syntype; 51, 52, Philonthus subaeneipennis Bernhauer, holotype. Scale bar= 2 mm.