Monstera siltepecana Matuda, Revi. Soci. Mexi. Histó. Natu.

Croat, Thomas B., Cedeño-Fonseca, Marco & Ortiz, Orlando O., 2024, Revision of Monstera (Araceae: Monsteroideae) of Central America, Phytotaxa 656 (1), pp. 1-197 : 152-154

43. Monstera siltepecana Matuda, Revi. Soci. Mexi. Histó. Natu. 11: 97, t. 2, f. 9. 1950. ( Figs. 73 , 74 )

Type: — MEXICO, Chiapas, Orillo de Río Naranjo, Cascada, Siltepec , 1200 m, 11 April 1949, Matuda 18642 (holotype HEM! [at Matuda Herbarium], isotype MEXU!) .

Nomadic vine, appressed-climbing habit. SEEDLINGS: bearing foliose leaves. JUVENILE PLANTS: root climbers; stems dark green, smooth, cylindrical; internodes 1–3 cm long, 0.5–9.0 mm diam.; petiole distinct, dark green, smooth, 10–18 cm long, sheathed up to the medial part; petiole sheath deciduous; unsheathed portion slightly ribbed; blades ovate to broadly ovate, strongly cordate at base, acuminate at apex, membranous, 10–15 × 5–11 cm, not appressed to the phorophyte; fenestrations present, perforations on both sides of the blade, sometimes only on one side. ADULT PLANTS: root climbers; stems dark green, green to blue to greenish or brownish, smooth or, sparsely white-spotted, cylindrical or slightly flattened, multiple sulcate, rarely with pustules; internodes, 3–8 cm long, 1.0– 3.5 cm diam., 2.3–3.0 times longer than wide, the epidermis dries yellow-brown, and then peels off to expose a smooth, blackened surface; petiole dark-green, semi-glossy to matte, glaucous at base, sometimes white-spotted, smooth, 15–45 cm long, sheathed to base of the geniculum or 6 cm before it; petiole sheath deciduous; geniculum smooth, subterete, 3.0– 4.5 cm long; blades ovate, sometimes falcate, broadly cordate at base, acuminate at apex, subcoriaceous, drying black, yellowish or greenish, 26–60 × 20–35(44) cm, 1.2–2.0 times longer than wide; midrib broadly sunken to flat and moderately colorless to paler adaxially, obtusely angular and paler abaxially; primary lateral veins 6–12 per side, faintly sunken and colorless adaxially, convex and slightly paler abaxially; secondary veins reticulate, darker and clearly visible to darkly visible abaxially; fenestrations absent or present, perforations numerous, mostly arranged in 2–4 series on each side of the midrib, rounded near the midrib, elongated near the margin and extending almost to the margins, rarely with only 1 or 2 perforations; margins entire. INFLORESCENCES 1 or 2 simultaneously at flowering time, arranged in the axils of the leaves; peduncle smooth to minutely rough, green, 5–12 cm long, 0.5–2.0 cm diam.; spathe long-acuminate, light green during development, light-green, greenish-white to light yellow and glaucous externally and pink to white internally at anthesis, coriaceous, fully open, deciduous or marcescent after anthesis, 18–25 × 4.7–6.3 cm, up to 7 cm longer than the spadix; spadix white during development, greenish white, white or yellowish green at anthesis, 10–13 cm long, 3.0– 3.5 cm diam., 5–7 times longer than wide; basal sterile flowers 3–5 mm long; fertile flowers 4–6 mm long; stamens 1–5 mm long, with laminar filaments; anthers 1–2 mm long; ovary ribbed, 2.5–3.5 × 2–3 mm; style compressed, pentagonal or hexagonal, 0.5–2.0 × 2–3 mm; stigmatophore cupuliform, 0.5–1.0 mm long, circular when dry; stigma circular; berries with a greenish stylar cap during development, mature stylar cap yellowish; pulp white; seeds light-brown, 6–7 × 3–5 mm.

Distribution and ecology: — Monstera siltepecana ranges from Mexico (Chiapas and Veracruz) to Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, at 10–2500 m, in Premontane wet rain forest and Lower montane rain forest life zones.

Phenology: —Flowering from February to September. Fruiting from October to March.

Discussion: —The species, a member of sect. Monstera , is characterized by its petioles sheathed from the middle or up to the geniculum with deciduous sheath and the free part sharply C-sulcate, ovate blades which are broadly cordate at base with the margins entire and the perforations present or lacking, when present mostly numerous in 2–4 series on each side of the midrib and with secondary lateral veins reticulate as well as by inflorescences with the peduncle shorter than spadix and a spathe that is rose-colored to white inside.

The species may be confused with M. adansonii but differs in having sphate long-acuminate (vs. spathe short or long acuminate), spathe pink to white internally at anthesis (vs. spathe white internally at anthesis), berries with mature stylar cap yellowish (vs. berries with mature stylar cap creamy-white). Monstera siltepecana also dry grayish or yellow-brown and have primary and secondary lateral veins parallel.

Additional specimens examined: — MEXICO. m, L. Velázquez & G. Isalas 731 ( CHIP!) ; 1841–42, W.F. von Karwinsky 838 ( MW!) ; Chiapas: Chiapas: Municipio Siltepec, camino a Siltepec , 15°27’42”N 092°22’23”W, 2451 m, 10 March 2020, P. Díaz-Jiménez et al. 1482 ( HEM!) ; Orillo de Río Naranjo, Cascada, Siltepac , 1200 m, 11 April 1949, E. Matuda 18642 ( MEXU!) ; Hills east of Unión Juárez, lower slopes of Volcán Tacaná , 15°06’N 092°05’W, 1700–2300 m, 03 May 1987, J.S. Miller et al. 2647 ( MO!) ; Hills east of Unión Juárez, lower slopes of Volcán Tacaná , 15°06’N 092°05’W, 1700–2300 m, 03 May 1987, J.S. Miller et al. 2649 ( MO!) ; m, L. Velázquez & G. Isalas s.n. ( CHIP!) ; Camino San Luis, a 2 km de Laguna el Cofre. Polígono Zona de Amortiguamiento I. Mpio. Cristo. Bosque Mesófilo de Montaña. Hábita : Semiepifita , 15°37’34”N 092°37’45”W, 2010 f, 15 Jun 2005, M.D. Reynoso 234 ( MO!) ; Municipio of Jaltenango. El Triunfo Reserve. Trail SE from El Triunfo camp, towards Desalve , 15°36’N 092°50’W, 2000 m, 23 February 1990, R.J. Hampshire 582 ( BM) ; Montaña Piedra Blanca, Laguna del Cofre, Reserva de La Biosfera El Triunfo. Polígono Zona de Amortiguamiento. Municipio Monte Cristo. Bosque tropical perennifolio. Hábito Epífita , 15°37’37”N 092°38’51”W, 1756 f, 15 Jan 2005, R.R. Santos 500 ( MO!) ; Ixhuatán. 2.5 mi N of Ishuatán (Ixhuatán). In deep high walled ravine along stream, 17°19’21”N 092°59’59”W, 360 m, 17 February 1979, T.B. Croat 47869 ( MO!) ; La Concordia. m, J. Guzmán 2 ( CHIP!) ; Reserva de la Biosfera El Triunfo, Poligono IV, Cerro Soconusco, 5 km a linea recta al sur del rancho San Martín. Bosque Mesófilo de Montaña , 2086 m, 17 Jul 2001, M. Pérez-Farrera 2587 ( MO!) ; Reserva de la Biosfera El Triunfo, Poligono IV, Cerro Soconusco , 5 km a linea recta al sur del rancho San Martín. Bosque Mesófilo de Montaña , 15°46’22”N 093°05’24”W, 2086 m, 17 Jul 2001, M. Pérez-Farrera 2587 ( MO!) ; La Independencia. 6–10 km NNE of La Soledad along logging road from Las Margaritas to Campo Alegre, 16°25’12”N 091°51’00”W, 1600 m, 26 November 1980, D.E. Breedlove & F. Almeda 47816 ( MO!) ; La Trinitaria. Lagos de Montebello, along gravel road from blacktop to Dos Lagunas 3 miles W of Dos Lagunas, 16°05’24”N 091°39’36”W, 1460 m, 28 January 1979, T.B. Croat 46623 ( MO!) ; Along Highway 190, between Guatemalan border at Cuauhtémoc ( El Ocotal ) and San Cristóbal de las Casas ; 21.4 miles N of border, 22.3 miles S of Trinitaria, small ranch W of Highway, 15°52’48”N 092°00’00”W, 760 m, 14 February 1987, T.B. Croat & D.P. Hannon 64837 ( MO!) ; Motozintla. Above El Rosario, 8 miles S of Motozintla, 15°19’12”N 092°17’24”W, 1800 m, 10 July 1977, T.B. Croat 40750 ( MO!) ; Ocozocoautla de Espinosa. Along dirt road between San Fernando and Maravillas (near Lago Malpaso ), 4–66 miles NW of San Fernando, 16°52’48”N 093°15’36”W, 840–940 m, 15 February 1987, T.B. Croat & D.P. Hannon 64999 ( MO!) ; Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán. Along Highway 195 between Bochil and Pichucalco , 8 mi NW of Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán. On steep slopes below lookout, 17°12’36”N 092°57’36”W, 1900–1950 m, 25 January 1979, T.B. Croat 46424 ( MO!) ; Rayón. Steep slope in the Selva Negra 10 km above Rayón Mezcalapa along road to Jitotol , 17°12’43”N 092°58’06”W, 1700 m, 27 January 1973, D.E. Breedlove & A.R. Smith 32685 ( MO!) ; Along Highway 195 between Chiapa de Corzo and Pichucalco, ca. 6 miles NW of Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, along mirador overlooking Caribbean slope; Selva Negra lookout point at trail to Col. Pinabeto, vicinity km 99, 17°12’37”N 092°57’19”W, 1915 m, 17 February 1987, T.B. Croat & D.P. Hannon 65145 ( ENCB, MO!, SEL!, TEX); San Cristóbal de las Casas. Santa Cruz en San Filipe , 16°45’00”N 092°37’00”W, 15 Nov 1986, A.S. Ton & M. Martínez de López 9848 ( MO!) ; Tapalapa. m, OCHOA 32 ( HEM!) ; Tapilula. Along road between Bochil and Pichucalco , at Desvio Pueblo Nuevo , at lookout site, 51.9 km E of Bochil, near Km 154, 3.4 km W of El Anexo, 17°15’N 093°00’W, 1860 m, 22 August 1996, T.B. Croat 78628 ( CM, MO) ; Tenejapa. Near Paraje Banabil , 16°46’48”N 092°30’36”W, 2713 m, 08 October 1981, D.E. Breedlove 53368 ( CAS) ; Evergreen Cloud Forest near Paraje Banabil , 16°46’48”N 092°30’36”W, 2680 m, 12 Jan 1982, D.E. Breedlove & F. Almeda 57064 ( MO!) ; Unión Juárez. Steep slopes, on the SE side of Volcán Tacaná above Talquian , 15°06’17”N 092°05’25”W, 2200 m, 23 Nov 1980, D.E. Breedlove & F. Almeda 47732 ( CAS) ; On south slope of Volcán Tacaná , ca. 2 miles N of Colonia Toquian, 15°05’33”N 092°07’28”W, 1700 m, 10 February 1979, T.B. Croat 47163 ( MO!) ; Hidalgo: Along highway 105 between Pachuca and Tampico , along road to San Cristóbal which leaves main highway 100.8 miles NE of Pachuca, vicinity of turn off. 1.5 km from San Cristóbal, 10.5 miles S of Santa María, 36.4 miles S of Huejutla, 20°57’36”N 098°37’48”W, 1550 m, 28 February 1987, T.B. Croat & D.P. Hannon 65911 ( MO!) ; Jalisco: Tapalpa. m, N.F. Hernández 1976 ( CHIP!) ; Oaxaca: 13.7 km E of La Laguna, then 6.7 km N to Belisario Dominguez , 17°19’48”N 094°22’48”W, 130 m, 26 Nov. 1981, A. Villalobos & I. Navarrete 3482 ( CHAPA) ; Ixtlan. m, J.G. Rodriguez 250 ( SERO) ; Tuxtepec. Mun. San Juan Bautista Valle Nacional.Along Highway 175 through Sierra de Juarez between Tuxtepec and Oaxaca, 1.49 miles S of bridge at Valle Nacional , 17°39’36”N 096°19’48”W, 1400 m, 19 February 1979, T.B. Croat 47987 ( MEXU!, MO!) ; Querétaro: Ca. 5 km al W de neblinas, camino a El Humo, muncipio de Landa. Bosque mesóiflo, ladera de cerro, 21°15’00”N 099°04’12”W, 1080 m, 9 Dec 1993, E. Carranza & H. Díaz 4732 ( MO!) ; Landa de Matamoros. 8 km al NE de El Humo, sobre el camino a Neblinas. Laderas calizas con bosque mesófilo de montaña, 21°15’00”N 099°04’12”W, 850–1000 m, 24 May 1989, S. Zamudio 7306 ( MO!) ; km 6 de la desviacion de Agua Zarca hacia Neblinas , 850 m, 24 Aug. 1988, S. Zamudio 6717 ( IEB!) ; Veracruz: Km 52 on Xalapa-Misantla road, 19°39’36”N 096°53’24”W, 1350 m, Dec 1971, M. Madison 598 ( GH, MEXU) ; Km 52 on Misantla-Xalapa road, 19°39’36”N 096°53’24”W, 1300 m, 24 Sep 1974, M. Madison 1717 ( GH, MO) ; Montane liquidambar forest, 12 km S of Misantla on road to Xalapa , 19°51’00”N 096°52’12”W, 20 Dec 1971, M. Madison 580 ( MO!) . EL SALVADOR. Jardin Botanico, Zona 2 SE, 13°40’N 089°15’W, 800 m, 10 July 1989, R. Villacorta & S. Martínez 304 ( MO!) ; Ahuachapán: El Impossible Reserve: Campana. montane vergreen rain forest, canopy ca 14 m, 13°51’N 089°54’W, 1400 m, 24/1/98, A.K. Monro et al. 1971 ( BM) ; A.P. Santa Rita, Ruta 2, 13°48’N 090°04’W, 20 m, 30 Jun 2004, J.M. Rosales JMR 02638 ( MO!) ; Ahuachapán. m, J. M. Rosales 833 ( LAGU) ; Morazán: Mpo. Chilanga, Ctón. Joya del Matazano, Crío. Los Cimientos, A.N.P. Cerro Cacahuatique , sendero del mirador, 13°46’03”N 088°11’32”W, 1482 m, 07 May 2014, P. Galán & G. Pineda 2897 ( LAGU, MO, US) ; San Vicente: Along dirt road on [Volcan] San Vicente, 13°36’N 088°51’W, 23 Jun 1997, P. Bernhardt 142 ( MO!) ; Santa Ana: Volcán El Chingo, 14°07’01”N 089°43’28”W, 1770 m, 01 February 1999, M.A. Renderos et al. 637 ( MO!) ; Near top of Cerro Verde. [originally reported as part of dept. Sonsonate], 13°49’34”N 089°37’20”W, 2030 m, 30 July 1977, T.B. Croat 42223 ( MO!) ; Cerro Montecristo ca. 14 miles NE of Metapán, 14°24’09”N 089°22’01”W, 1950–2000 m, 31 July 1977, T.B. Croat 42390 ( MO!) ; Cerro Montecristo, ca. 14 miles NE of Metapán, along trail to Trifinio (frontier of El Salvador, Honduras , and Guatemala ), 14°24’29”N 089°21’41”W, 2100–2400 m, 31 July 1977, T.B. Croat 42447 ( MO!) ; Metapan . m, A. Quesada et al. 2184 ( MHES) ; Parque Nacional Montecristo, Cordillera de Metapán, between Los Planes and main road to summit of mountain, 14°25’N 089°22’W, 1900–2000 m, 27 January 1998, G. Davidse et al. 37159 ( BM) ; m, L.R. Lara et al. 783 ( MHES) ; Sonsonate: Juayua. A la orilla del bosque nebuloso del Cerro El Pilón, ca. 24 km SW of Santa Ana, 13°52’N 089°41’W, 1600 m, 2 Apr 1995, José Linares 2496 ( MO!) ; Sonsonate. m, M.A. Renderos & R. Villacorta 541 ( LAGU) . GUATEMALA. Alta Verapaz: Along road to El Estor ( Lago Izabal ), 2 miles E of highway ca. 14 to Cobán , 15°18’54”N 090°17’38”W, 1300 m, 18 July 1977, T.B. Croat 41448 ( MO!) ; m, T.B. Croat & J. Vannini 90214 ( MO!) ; Along road between Guatemala City and Cobán, 13.0 Km N of Purulhá, along CA-14 Highway , 1.5 Km S of turn-off to Hwy . 7E to El Estor , vicinity of San Julian. Lower Montane Wet Forest , 15°17’45”N 090°18’54”W, 1525 m, 29 Nov 2003, T.B. Croat & J. Vannini 90214 ( MO!) ; Baja Verapaz: Along road 0–2 miles NE of Purulhá, 15°14’40”N 090°13’43”W, 1400 m, 16 July 1977, T.B. Croat 41240 ( MO!) ; Along road (National Highway 5) between Guatemala City and Rabinal, between Granados and Rabinal ; southern slopes of Sierra de Chuacús , 2.8 miles N of El Chol, 14°59’03”N 090°28’12”W, 1560 m, 25 January 1987, T.B. Croat & D.P. Hannon 63612 ( AAU, IBE, MO, SEL, TEX) ; Purulha.Along highway CA-14 between El Progreso and Cobán, 3 miles S of Purulhá; 17 miles N of junction with Hwy 17 to Salamá and San Jerónimo, vicinity of km marker 160. On steep slopes W of highway, 15°13’02”N 090°12’39”W, 1620–1720 m, 26 January 1987, T.B. Croat & D.P. Hannon 63764 ( CR, HNMN, INB, MO) ; Rabinal. At summit of Sierra de Chuacús, at border of Mun. Rabinal and Mun. El Chol , along road between slopes near summit, 15°00’01”N 090°28’06”W, 1800 m, 25 January 1987, T.B. Croat & D.P. Hannon 63665 (B, CM, F, JBGP, LE, MEXU, MO, VDB, WU, Z) ; Chimaltenango: Zaragoza. m, M. Véliz RL 007 EPI ( BIGU) ; Chiquimula: m, L.E. Velásquez & I. Ramírez LV3999 ( BIGU) ; Guatemala: 7 miles E of Guatemala City , 14°30’52”N 090°28’32”W, 1840 m, 26 April 1970, W.E. Harmon 2267 ( MO!) ; 7 miles E of Guatemala City , 14°30’52”N 090°28’32”W, 1840 m, 26 April 1970, W.E. Harmon 2267 ( UMO) ; Chinautla. m, M. Véliz & L.E. Velásquez MV22288 ( BIGU) ; San Juan Sacatepequez. m, J. Valdez JV243 ( BIGU) ; Huehuetenango: La Libertad. m, L.E. Velásquez & P. García LV3752 ( BIGU) ; Jalapa: m, M. Véliz et al. MV16241 ( BIGU) ; Jutiapa: Moyuta. m, L.E. Velásquez & P. García 949 ( BIGU) ; Quetzaltenango: m, M. Véliz & L.E. Velásquez MV22906 ( BIGU) ; m, M. Véliz & L.E. Velásquez 20079 ( BIGU) ; Along Highway Cito N of jct.with CA2, toward Quezaltenango,in watershed reserve INDE (Inst.Nac.de Electrificación, Guatemala) ”Santa María” ( Central Hidroeléctrica ), Km 199. Loose gray soil, steep slopes W of highway, 14°43’35”N 091°42’31”W, 1200–1300 m, 22 January 1987, T.B. Croat & D.P. Hannon 63427 ( MO!) ; Zunil. m, T.S. Quedensley 4816 ( BIGU) ; Quiché: Valley of Río de las Violetas, north of Nebaj , 15°24’18”N 091°09’03”W, 5800–6000 ft, 22 Jul 1964, G.R. Proctor 25221 Retalhuleu: El Asintal. m, L.E. Velásquez LV4390 ( BIGU) ; Sacatepéquez: m, M. Véliz 21012 ( BIGU) ; Alotenango. 2.3 miles SW of Alotenango on road from Antigua to Escuintla , slopes of Volcán del Fuego , 14°27’32”N 090°48’48”W, 1300 m, 26 July 1977, T.B. Croat 42030 ( MO!) ; 2.3 miles SW of Alotenango on road from Antigua to Escuintla, slopes of Volcán del Fuego , 14°27’32”N 090°48’48”W, 1300 m, 26 July 1977, T.B. Croat 41962 ( MO!) . Magdalena Milpas Altas. m, M. Véliz & L.E. Velásquez MV22230 ( BIGU) ; San Miguel Duenas. San Miguel Dueñas, 14°31’28”N 090°48’04”W, 1470 m, 19 Sep 1992, M. Véliz 92.2479 ( MO!) ; San Marcos: Finca Armenia, vicinity of Rafael de Cuesta , 14°54’36”N 091°53’43”W, 5000 ft, 06 July 1977 – 07 July 1977, J.D. Dwyer 14469 A ( MO!) ; 1 mile above Africa, ca. 3.3 miles above Finca Armenia above San Rafael, 14°56’18”N 091°52’52”W, 1600 m, 13 July 1977, T.B. Croat 40962 ( MO!) ; 10 miles south of San Marcos along road from San Raphael, 14°56’26”N 091°51’53”W, 2100 m, 13 July 1977, T.B. Croat 41014 ( MO!) ; Esquipulas Palo Gordo. m, L. García et al. LGL003 ( BIGU) ; Santa Rosa: Volcán Jumaytepeque , 14°20’22”N 090°16’14”W, 6000 f, Dec 1892, J. Donnell-Smith 4279 (G) ; Sololá: San Lucas Toliman. m, T. Quedensley 4895 ( BIGU) ; San Pedro La Laguna. m, P. Pardo 564 ( BIGU) ; Suchitepéquez: Cuyotenango. m, L.E. Velásquez & R. Marin LV2788 ( BIGU) ; Zacapa: Slopes of Monte Virgen, around summit of mountain. Sierra de las Minas , 15°15’02”N 089°16’24”W, 2200–2400 m, 12 Jan 1942 – 13 Jan 1942, J.A. Steyermark 42591 ( MO!) ; Upper reaches of Río Sitio Nuevo , 15°07’18”N 089°43’40”W, 1500–1800 m, 25 Jan 1942, J.A. Steyermark 43232 ( MO!) . HONDURAS. Comayagua: Montaña de Celaque : Quebrada between Campo Naranja and Campo ”Don Thomas”, ca. 12 km SW of Gracias, 14°34’42”N 088°40’00”W, 18 May 1992, G. D’Arcy 17982 ( MO!) ; Francisco Morazán: Along road to Parque Nacional La Tigra , 22–25 km NE of Tegucigalpa, 14°12’N 087°07’W, 1850–2125 m, 01 February 1987, T.B. Croat & D.P. Hannon 64043 ( KRAM, L, MO, RSA) ; Intibucá: La Esperanza, 8 km from town on road to Siguatepeque. Cloud forest with Magnolias , 14°24’N 088°04’W, 14 May 1987, S. Blackmore & M. Chorley 3947 ( BM) ; La Esperanza. Cerro San Cristobal, al oeste de la Esperanza. Bosque montano bajo, 14°19’49”N 088°10’37”W, 2000 m, 1 Mar 1985, H.J. Ramos 139 ( MO!) ; La Paz: Las Trancas, near Guajiquiro-San Isidro road, ca. 11 road (ca. 5 straight line) km NW of Guajiquiro , Reserva Biológica Guajiquiro. Remnant patch of disturbed primary forest, 14°08’30”N 087°52’00”W, 2050 m, 22 May 1993, R.J. Evans 1705 ( MO!) ; Lempira: Río Naranjo. Bosque nublado latifoliado alrededor el Río Naranjo y bajo el Campamento Don Tómas. Parque Nacional de Celaque , 14°33’N 088°40’W, 2300 m, 25 May 1991, P.R. House 991 ( MO!) ; Ocotepeque: Aldea El Portin: Agua Caliente (Guatemalan border) - Santa Rosa de Copán, 18.1 mi E of Santa Fe; 26.8 mi SW of bridge over Río Higuito (or Río Grande) near village of Cucuyagua Copán , 14°28’N 089°15’W, 1800 m, 28 January 1987, T.B. Croat & D.P. Hannon 63805 ( MO!) ; Belén Gualcho. Catarata La Chorrera , 10 km N de Belén Gualcho, 14°01’18”N 088°46’07”W, 1500–2000 m, 02 abril 1977 – 15 abril 1977, C.H. Nelson et al. 3966 ( MO!) ; 4 km from town on road from Corquin. Pine woodland with Liquidambar , 14°30’03”N 088°48’01”W, 11 May 1987, S. Blackmore & M. Chorley 3829 ( MO!) ; Olancho: Along Río Olancho, on road between San Esteban and Bonito Oriental , 14.8 miles NE of San Esteban, 15°25’N 085°47’W, 635 m, 07 February 1987, T.B. Croat & D.P. Hannon 64406 ( CM, MO, QCA) ; Santa Bárbara: Cuestas de piedra caliza, 10 km oeste de Lago Yojoa , 14°55’N 088°05’W, 1500–2000 m, 28 April 1973 – 30 April 1973, A.F. Clewell & D.L. Hazlett 3984 ( MO!) ; Yoro: Río Pijol Valley. 7 km south east of Nueva Esperanza. Along forested Quebrada that flows into Río Pijol , and adjacent slopes, 15°12’N 087°35’W, 1300–1500 m, 29 May 1993, R. Liesner 26682 ( EAP, MO) . NICARAGUA. Atlántico Norte: Cerro Waylawás , east slope of northern range; limestone cliffs, 13°39’N 084°49’W, 100 m, 11 Mar 1979, J.J. Pipoly III 4368 ( MO!) ; Cerro Waylawás, E side of central range. Limestone peak, 13°38’N 084°48’W - 13°39’N 084°49’W, 100–200 m, 09 March 1979, J.J. Pipoly III 4203 ( MO!) ; Waní, 0.5–1 km S of village, between Río Prinzapolka and Quebrada San Rafael , 13°42’N 084°50’W, 100 m, 13 March 1979, J.J. Pipoly III 4592 ( MO!) ; Along banks of Río Prinzapolka , 2 km S of Waní, 13°42’N 084°50’W, 100 m, 16 March 1979, J.J. Pipoly III 4757 ( MO!) ; Boaco: Cerro Mombachito , 4 km al NO de Camoapa; bosque nublado rodeado por pastizales, 12°24’N 085°33’W, 700–1000 m, 1 feb 1979, A. Grijalva & M. Araquistain 79-A ( MO!) ; Carazo: W bank of Río Escalante at the Carazo-Rivas border, 1 km from coast, 11°31’N 086°10’W, 20 m, 19 Nov 1976, D.A. Neill 1320 ( MO!) ; Estelí: ca 23.5 km (by road) NE of Hwy 1 at Estelí and ca. 2.8 km SE of Laguna Miraflores; disturbed evergreen forest with abundant epiphytes, 13°14’N 086°14’W, 1400 m, 11 June 1981, J.E. Henrich & W.D. Stevens 383 ( MO!) ; Laguna Miraflores, ca. 26.1 km (by road) NE of Hwy 1 at Estelí , 13°15’N 086°15’W, 1250–1300 m, 10 June 1981 – 11 June 1981, J.E. Henrich & W.D. Stevens 249 ( MO!) ; Granada: Norte de Volcán Mombacho, San José, entre ladera norte del Volcán y cafetales de Finca Las Delicias, 11°49’N 085°58’W, 700–800 m, 10 marzo 1982, J.C. Sandino 2513 ( MO!) ; Jinotega: Km 146, carretera entre Matagalpa y Jinotega , 13°02’N 085°56’W, 1200–1400 m, 25 mayo 1980, P.P. Moreno 575 ( MO!) ; Municipio de Jinotega. Reserva Natural Cerro Kilambé , 13°34’N 085°41’W, 950–1700 m, 24 Abril 2000, R.M. Rueda et al. 13454 ( MO!) ; Municipio de Bocay. Reserva Natural Kilambé , 13°42’N 085°42’W, 1200–1700 m, 12 January 2001 – 19 January 2001, R.M. Rueda et al. 15622 ( MO!) ; Municipio de Wiwili. Reserva Cerro Kilambé, 13°33’N 085°41’W, 1100–1200 m, 29 Agosto 2000 – 1 Septiembre 2000, R.M. Rueda et al. 14706 Along rock road 3.8 miles SE of Yalí, between Condega on Route 1 and Jinotega on Route 3. Roadside and disturbed primary forest on steep slopes, 13°15’N 086°09’W, 1350 m, 6 Aug 1977, T.B. Croat 42930 ( MO!) ; Along Hwy. 3 from Jinotega to Matagalpa , ca. 5–8 miles SW of Jinotega. Cloud forest, somewhat disturbed, 13°03’N 085°58’W, 1500 m, 7 Aug 1977, T.B. Croat 43049 ( MO!) ; Along side road to Hacienda Fundador which turns off Highway 3 about halfway between Jinotega and Matagalpa. Disturbed primary forest, 13°03’N 085°58’W, 1400 m, 8 Aug 1977, T.B. Croat 43111 ( MO!) ; Along Hwy. 3 from Jinotega to Matagalpa , ca. 3 mi SE of Jinotega. Disturbed forested ravines, 13°03’N 085°58’W, 1200 m, 7 Aug 1977, T.B. Croat 43041 ( MO!) ; Ca. 1.5 km from Hwy. 3 on road to Aranjuez , 13°02’N 085°55’W, 1360–1380 m, 14 January 1978, W.D. Stevens 5949 ( MO!) ; Macizos de Peñas Blancas, along trail between finca of Manuel Estrada ( El Cielo) and finca of Socorro Mejia , 13°15’N 085°41’W - 13°16’N 085°41’W, 1500–1650 m, 14 January 1979 – 18 January 1979, W.D. Stevens 11428 ( MO!) ; Along road from Hwy. 3 through La Fundadora, between Las Camelias and La Salvadora; along small tributary of Río Jigüina with steep rock sides, 13°05’30”N 085°53’30”W, 1100–1150 m, 31 October 1979, W.D. Stevens & A. Grijalva 15314 ( MO!) ; Along road from Hwy. 3 through La Fundadora, between Las Camelias and La Salvadora; along small tributary of Río Jigüina with steep rock sides, 13°05’30”N 085°53’30”W, 1100–1150 m, 31 October 1979, W.D. Stevens & A. Grijalva 15291 ( MO!) ; N slope of Volcán Yalí , 13°15’N 086°10’W, 1200–1400 m, 25 October 1979, W.D. Stevens & A. Grijalva 15095 ( MO!) ; Along road from Hwy 3 to La Fundadora; coffee plantations, pastures, and patches of cloud forest, 13°04’N 085°55’W, 1200–1400 m, 28 Sep 1982, W.D. Stevens et al. 21858 ( MO!) ; Madriz: Cerro Volcán de Somoto ( Tepesomoto ), cerca de la cima, 13°25’N 086°34’W, 1500–1600 m, 16 abril 1980, M. Araquistain & P.P. Moreno 2161 ( MO!) ; Cerro Volcán de Somoto ( Volcán Tepesomoto ), 13°26’N 086°35’W, 1400 m, 25 septiembre 1980, P.P. Moreno 2908 ( MO!) ; Cerro Volcán de Somoto , al S de Somoto, 13°25’N 086°33’W, 1200–1400 m, 3 febrero 1983, P.P. Moreno 20049 ( MO!) ; Municipio de Somoto. Reserva Natural Tepesomoto. La Patasta , 13°25’N 086°33’W, 1200–1600 m, 18 Mayo 2000, R.M. Rueda et al. 13633 ( MO!) ; Matagalpa: Cordillera Dariense, Santa María de Ostuma, Cerro El Picacho, 13°00’N 085°55’W, 1350–1500 m, 17 March 1977, D.A. Neill 1578 ( MO!) ; Behind La Selva Negra Hotel, slopes of Cerro Picacho, near the border with Dept. Jinotega , 13°00’N 085°55’W, 1200–1540 m, 23 May 1985, G. Davidse et al. 30394 ( MO!) ; Camino al Sanatorio de Aranjuez , 13°02’N 085°55’W, 1000–1400 m, 21 febrero 1980, M. Araquistain & J.C. Sandino 1420 ( MO!) ; Entrada al Hotel Santa María de Ostuma , 9 km al NO de Matagalpa, 13°00’N 085°56’W, 1300–1500 m, 4 mayo 1980, P.P. Moreno 203-a ( MO!) ; 9 km N of Matagalpa on Highway 3; disturbed evergreen hillside, 13°00’N 085°55’W, 1350–1400 m, 14 April 1978, P.C. Vincelli 322 ( MO!) ; W slope and summit of Cerro El Picacho; cloud and elfin forest, 13°00’N 085°55’W, 1350– 1590 m, 3 Jun 1983, W.D. Stevens & P.P. Moreno 22165 ( MO!) ; NW slope of Cerro El Picacho; cloud forest, 13°00’N 085°55’W, 1420–1520 m, 25 May 1983, W.D. Stevens & P.P. Moreno 22129 ( MO!) ; Macizos de Peñas Blancas, SE side, drainage of Quebrada El Quebradon, slopes N and W of Hda. San Martín. (collection locality straddles border with Departmento de Jinotega ), 13°14’N 085°38’W - 13°15’N 085°39’W, 1000–1400 m, 18 January 1982 – 20 January 1982, W.D. Stevens et al. 21091 ( MO!) ; Ca. 0.8 km from Hwy. 3 on road to Aranjuez , 13°02’N 085°55’W, 1360 - 1380 m, 7 May 1980, W.D. Stevens et al. C. 17099 ( MO!) ; Nueva Segovia: Along road between coffee fincas below (S of) Cerro Mogotón, entrance to road at Km 243.5 of Ocotal-Jalapa highway; pine-oak forest on steep slopes of coarse granite, broadleaf forest dominated by Liquidambar and Carpinus in valley bottoms, 13°44’16”N 086°22’50”W, 1390 m, 22 February 2012, W.D. Stevens & O.M. Montiel 33083 ( HULE, MO) ; Rivas: Slopes of Volcán Maderas above coffee plantations above Balgüe, Isla de Ometepe , 11°28’N 085°31’W, 600–800 m, 14 September 1983, M. Nee & W. Robleto 28044 ( MO!) ; Isla Ometepe, Volcán Maderas, Balgüe ; bosque nebliselva muy húmedo, casi puro en Clusia y Cavendishia , 11°26’N 085°30’W, 1200–1260 m, 1 mayo 1984, W. Robleto 507 ( MO!) ; Isla de Ometepe, N slope of Volcán Maderas on trail from Balgue to Laguna Maderas, 11°27’N 085°32’W, 700–1200 m, 23 Jan 1981, W.J. Hahn 517 ( MO!) .

Figures

FIGURE 73. Monstera siltepecana from Siltepec, Mexico. (A) Developing inflorescence. (B) Inflorescence with open spathe, front and back views. (C) Fertile flower; in lateral view (left), and in longitudinal section (right). (D) Stylar plate with stigma (left) and one stamen (right). (E) Juvenile plant. (F) Sterile flower; lateral view (left), and longitudinal section (right). (G) Adult plant. (H) Seeds. (I) Mature infructescence, stylar plates detaching. P. Diaz-Jiménez et al. 1482 (HEM).

FIGURE 74. Monstera siltepecana from locality type in Siltepec, Mexico.Adult plant growing 4 m above the ground. P. Diaz-Jiménez et al. 1482 (HEM). Photo by M. Cedeño-Fonseca.