Branchiopoda Latreille, 1817

Lopez, Mark Louie D., Pascual, Jhaydee Ann F., Dela Paz, Erica Silk P., Rizo, Eric Zeus C., Tordesillas, Dino T., Guinto, Shea Kathleen, Han, Boping, Dumont, Henri J., Mamaril, Augustus C., Sr & Papa, Rey Donne S., 2017, Annot ated checklist and insular distribution of f reshwater microcrustaceans (Copepoda: Calanoida & Cyclopoida; Cladocera: Anomopoda & Ctenopoda) in the Philippines, Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 65, pp. 623-654 : 629-630

Class Branchiopoda Latreille, 1817 Suborder Cladocera Latreille, 1829

Infraorder Ctenopoda Sars, 1865 Family Sididae Baird, 1850

Diaphanosoma dubium Manuilova, 1964

Synonyms in Philippine literature: Often misidentified as Diaphanosoma brachyurum ( Liévin, 1848) , Diaphanosoma modigliani Richard, 1894 and Diaphanosoma tropicum Korovchinsky, 1998 .

Phirlippine records: Pascual et al., 2014.

General geographic distribution: A species found in Russia, China, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and Malaysia.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Camarines Sur – Lake Baao; Naga –Bicol River; Laguna –Lake Bunot, Lake Yambo, Lake Mohicap, Lake Palakpakin, Lake Pandin, Lake Sampaloc, and Lake Caliraya; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Tarlac –Lake Tambo. Mindanao: Agusan del Norte –Agusan River.

Remarks. Specimens collected from China (Ming Lake, Jinan University, Guangzhou City) have a strongly curved apical antennal spine whereas the Philippine specimens have a straight spine. The species is common in mesotrophic to eutrophic lakes, reservoirs and fish ponds. It is primarily limnetic and can co-exist with other sidids and a variety of limnetic cladocerans.

Diaphanosoma excisum Sars, 1885

Synonyms in Philippine literature: Diaphanosoma brachyurum ( Liévin, 1848) .

Philippine records: Mamaril & Fernando, 1978; Petersen & Carlos, 1984; Mamaril, 2001; Papa & Zafaralla, 2011; Papa et al., 2012b; and Pascual et al., 2014.

General geographic distribution: Distributed in tropical and subtropical Australia, India, Eastern China, Nepal and possibly Northern Africa.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas –Lake Taal; Benguet –Ambuklao Dam; Cagayan –Lake Nalbuan, Lake Calig, Lake Nagatutuan, Lake Cansiritan, Lake Cassily; Camarines Sur –Lake Bato, Lake Baao, and Lake Buhi; Ilocos Norte - Lake Paoay; Kalinga –Tabuk; Laguna –Lake Bunot, Lake Yambo, Lake Mohicap, Lake Palakpakin, Lake Pandin, Lake Sampaloc, Lake Tadlak, Lake Calibato, and Lake Lumot-Mahipon; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam, Pasig River, and Marikina River; Manila-Laguna- Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Nueva Ecija –Pantabangan Dam; Pangasinan –Burgos; Tarlac –Lake Tambo; Zambales –Lake Mapanuepe. Mindoro: Lake Naujan. Bohol: Malinao Dam. Leyte: Lake Bito. Mindanao: Agusan del Norte –Lake Mainit; Bukidnon –Lake Pulangi and Lake Pinamaloy; Lanao del Norte –Agos IV Dam and Tubod-Mayahay River; Lanao del Sur –Lake Lanao; and South Cotabato –Lake Siloton.

Remarks. This species is common in water bodies with aquaculture, and co-existing with other limnetic cladocerans ( Chatterjee et al., 2013). Further analysis of DNA sequences and morphological variation in separate populations is needed to determine accurate distribution of Diaphanosoma species ( Paggi & da Rocha, 1999). It can be differentiated from D. sarsi with the prominent dorsal portion of its head and more massive antennae ( Korovchinsky, 1992).

Diaphanosoma modigliani Richard, 1894

Synonyms in Philippine literature: the name modigliani has often erroneously been applied to what in reality is Diaphanosoma tropicum Korovchinsky, 1998 and Diaphanosoma dubium Manuilova, 1964 .

Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Mamaril & Fernando, 1978; Petersen & Carlos, 1984; and Mamaril, 2001.

General geographic distribution: Past records suggested D. modigliani to be widely distributed in tropical Asia Korovchinski (1992).

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Manila-Laguna- Rizal: Laguna de Bay. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur –Lake Lanao. Remarks. Diaphanosoma tropicum and D. dubium populations may have been misidentified under the name ‘ D. modigliani ’ by Idris & Fernando (1981), and Rajapaksa & Fernando (1982) from Malaysia, Kanduru (1981) Sri Lanka and South India. It is possible to recognise species correctly from diagnostic features such as a conelike head, curved apical spine of upper antennal branch and the number of denticles along the ventroposterior valve margins ( Korovchinsky, 1998).

Diaphanosoma sarsi Richard, 1894

Synonyms in Philippine literature: Diaphanosoma brachyurum ( Liévin, 1848) .

Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Woltereck, 1941; Mamaril & Fernando, 1978; Petersen & Calos, 1984; Mamaril, 2001; Aquino et al., 2008; Papa & Zafaralla, 2011; Papa et al., 2012b; and Pascual et al., 2014.

General geographic distribution: Found in tropical and sub-tropical Asia. Populations have been found in Nepal, Eastern China, Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Guam and few sites in tropical Africa ( Korovchinsky, 1992, 2001, 2013b)

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas –Lake Taal and Taal Crater Lake; Benguet –Ambuklao Dam; Cagayan – Lake Nalbuan, Lake Nagatutuan, and Lake Bangalau; Camarines Sur –Lake Baao and Lake Buhi; Ilocos Norte –Lake Paoay; Kalinga – Kalinga; Laguna –Lake Bunot, Lake Yambo, Lake Mohicap, Lake Pandin, Lake Sampaloc, Lake Tadlak, Lake Calibato, Lake Lumot-Mahipon, and Lake Caliraya; National Capital Region– Manila, Pasig River, and Marikina River; Manila-Laguna-Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Pampanga – Candaba Swamp; Sorsogon –Lake Bulusan; Tarlac –Lake Tambo; Zambales –Lake Mapanuepe. Mindoro: Lake Naujan. Bohol: Malinao Dam. Negros: Negros Oriental –Balinsasayao Lake. Leyte: Lake Danao and Lake Bito. Negros Oriental: Balinsasayao Lake. Mindanao: Agusan del Norte –Lake Mainit; Agusan River; Lanao del Norte –Agos IV Dam, Tubod-Mayahay River; Bukidnon: Lake Apo, Lake Pulangi and Lake Pinamaloy; Lanao del Sur –Lake Lanao; and South Cotabato –Lake Lahit.

Remarks. The species can be found in a wide range of water bodies from large ancient lakes to rice fields. Common sidid found in lotic ecosystems. Prefers shallow waters with heavy vegetation but can also be observed in the limnetic zones of lakes. Recent observations noted its common distribution but sparse abundance, co-existing with D. excisum , D. dubium and D. tropicum which are eutrophic species. D. sarsi has a noticeable sloping dorsal portion of its head that can easily differentiate it from other closely related species.

Diaphanosoma volzi ( Stingelin, 1905)

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Korovchinsky, 1995.

General geographic distribution: Widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics of Eastern hemisphere. Found to be present in China, Australia, Southeast Asia, and Sudan.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: National Capital Region– Marikina (small pond) and Pasig (pond); Bulacan: Norzagaray and San Miguel.

Remarks. A rare, little-known species. Philippine populations were re-identified and re-described by Korovchinsky (1995) using collections of C. H. Fernando. Typically inhabits small, shallow, vegetated water bodies, littoral zone of lakes and rivers. Recent collections did not show any records of D. volzi in Luzon Island. Possibly, it is a member of the genus Neodiaphanosoma , along with D. birgei ( Paggi & da Rocha, 1999) .

Diaphanosoma tropicum Korovchinsky, 1998

Synonyms in Philippine literature: Often misidentified as Diaphanosoma dubium Manuilova, 1964 and Diaphanosoma modigliani Richard, 1894 .

Philippine records: Korovchinsky, 1998; Papa & Zafaralla, 2011; Papa et al., 2012b; and Pascual et al., 2014.

General geographic distribution: Species recorded in India, Sri Lanka, China, Thailand and Malaysia.

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas –Lake Taal; Camarines Sur –Lake Bato, Lake Baao, and Lake Buhi; Ilocos Norte –Lake Paoay; Laguna –Lake Bunot, Lake Palakpakin, Lake Pandin, and Lake Lumot-Mahipon; Manila-Laguna- Rizal: Laguna de Bay; Tarlac: Lake Tambo.

Remarks. Found in lakes and reservoirs with ongoing aquaculture activities, co-existing with other limnetic cladocerans. It is an adaptive species that can survive slightly brackish water and a wide range of physico-chemical variables. It is differentiated from D. modigliani and D. dubium by its curved antennal spine and prominently curved postabdomen.

Latonopsis australis Sars, 1888

Synonyms in Philippine literature: None.

Philippine records: Brehm, 1938; Uéno, 1966; Mamaril & Fernando, 1978; Mamaril, 1986, 2001; and Pascual et al., 2014.

General geographic distribution: Tropical and subtropical Australia, Asia, Africa and America ( Harding & Petkovski, 1963). Temperate localities have also been reported in Italy, Yugoslavia Bulgaria and Northern America ( Korovchinsky, 1992).

Distribution in the Philippines. Luzon: Batangas –Lake Taal; Cagayan –Lake Calig; National Capital Region–La Mesa Dam. Mindoro: Lake Naujan. Leyte: Lake Danao. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur –Lake Lanao; Maguindanao –Lake Balut.

Remarks. Found in littoral zones of lakes, reservoirs, and other water bodies with good vegetation. It also thrives in the limnetic zones of pools but prefer bottom sediments for its habitat. It is a poorly known species with a possibility of being a species group.