Paravima quirozi ( Gonzalez-Sponga , 1981) García & Villarreal, 2023

Garcia, Andres F. & Villarreal, Osvaldo, 2023, Looks are deceiving: a cladistic analysis, three new species, and a new diagnosis of Paravima Caporiacco, 1951 (Opiliones: Agoristenidae), Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81, pp. 409-437 : 409

Paravima quirozi ( Gonzalez-Sponga, 1981) comb. nov.

Figs 13 , 19

Vima quirozi González-Sponga, 1981: 33, figs 1-4, 13; González-Sponga, 1987: 533, figs 690-695 (types MCNC 757, ♂ holotype; MCNC 758, 1 ♀ paratype; MAGS 294a-c, ♂ paratypes).

Trinella quirozi : Pinto-da-Rocha, 1996: 320; Kury 2003: 33.

Avima quirozi : Villarreal-M. & Kury, 2009: 67.

Trinella vigirima Villarreal-M. & Rodríguez-M., 2003: 178, figs 1-5. Syn. nov.

Avima vigirima : Villarreal-M. & Kury, 2009: 67.

Diagnosis.

Mesotergal area III unarmed (shared with P. quirozi comb. nov.). The remining Paravima species have paired conical, mammilliform, spiniform or domed tubercles. Mesotergal areas with a semicircular or elliptical dark spot on the areas II and III.

Description.

See González-Sponga (1981, 1987). Here we offer a complementary description (based on MCNC 757, MAGS 294, MIZA 0105916, and Villarreal-M & Rodriguez-Manzanilla, 2003: figs 1, 5): Anterior and lateral margins of DS smooth, posterior margin with some granules. DS variegated, mesotergum with an irregular dark spot covering the center of area I, all area II, and two-thirds of area III (Fig. 13A-E ; figs 1a, b). Mesotergum delimited, divided into four areas: area I divided into two halves; areas II-IV undivided; areas I-IV with a pair of paramedian low tubercles, those of area III domed; areas II-IV with a wide hump (Fig. 13B-E ; figs 1a, b). Pedipalpal segments slender (Fig. 13C ; fig. 3). Legs increasing in thickness from leg I to leg IV. Leg I filiform. Legs III and IV with granules (Fig. 13C-E ; fig. 4). Patella IV with some conspicuous distal tubercles (fig. 4). Tibia III-IV distally thickened. Fe IV is four and a half times DS length. Penis with small LP (height shorter than width), apex with anterolateral crescent-shaped corners (fig. 5). Hammer (malleus) with three pairs of branched MS-A; one pair of branched MS-B; two pairs of MS-D (fig. 5b); one pair of MS-E2 large and branched, MS-E1 absent (fig. 5). Stylus elongated, sigmoidal, surpassing the lamina parva (fig. 5).

Distribution.

Known from Carabobo and Yaracuy states, in the Venezuelan biogeographic province ( Morrone et al. 2022) (Fig. 18 ).

Material examined.

Type material: Vima quirozi : Holotype ♂, VENEZUELA, Yaracuy, Urachiche, Maimire | [10.1550° -69.0102°] | 1200 m | 29.ix.1979, Neryz Quiroz and Tito Quiroz leg. (MCNC 757) . - Paratypes 1 ♀, same data as holotype, (MCNC 758) ; 1 ♂, same data as holotype, (MAGS 294a, 294b and 294c). Remark: The original description of P. quirozi strangely lists one male paratype under codes MAGS 294a, 294b and 294c. However, only one lot MAGS 294 (MIZA 0105917) was found, containing 11 ♂, 8 ♀ and 2 imm. So, we believe that the male paratype cited by G-S is part of these male specimens. Besides that, we extracted and dissected one male from MIZA 0105917 (MIZA 0105916).- Trinella vigirima : Holotype ♂, VENEZUELA, Carabobo, Quebrada El Corozo, Parque Nacional San Esteban, sector Vigirima | lat 10° 21'N, long 67° 54'W [10.34276° -67.87613°] | 650 m | 14.vi.2003, L. Ovalles, L. Hernández, C. Rodríguez, O. Villarreal leg. (MHNLS IV-0126) .- Paratypes 1 ♀, same data as holotype, (MHNLS IV-0127) ; 2 ♂ 2 ♀, same data as holotype, (MIZA 0025, not examined) . - Other material: VENEZUELA: 2 ♂ 4 ♀, Yaracuy, La Guaquira , 10.2807° -68.6530°, 150 m, forest along stream, 17.ii.2020, B.A. Huber, O. Villarreal M., and Q. Arias C. leg. (MIZA 0105827, new Record) ; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, same data as previous, (MNRJ 60621) .

Remarks.

The differences in shape and size of the dark spot in the mesotergal areas of P. quirozi seems to be populational: specimens from Maimire (Yaracuy) have more rounded spots, individuals from La Guáquira (Yaracuy) exhibit wider and shorter spots (Fig. 19A, B ) and specimens from Carabobo have an intermediate state. On the other hand, after revision of the male genitalia of paratypes of P. quirozi , we observe the presence of two pairs of MS-D and three pairs of MS-A, contrary to the original drawings of G-S that lacks MS-D and show just two pairs of MS-A ( González-Sponga, 1981: fig. 13). Besides that, one of the male paratypes of P. quirozi from Yaracuy (MAGS 294) exhibits a gap between MS-A1 (most dorsal MS-A) and MS-A2/MS-A3 (located more basally). Not finding genital differences between the males studied, we prefer to synonymize both species and understand spot shape differences as intraspecific variations. Villarreal-M & Rodriguez-Manzanilla (2003: 181) suggested a morphological similarity between Avima vigirima syn. nov. Paravima plana comb. nov. and Paravima quirozi comb. nov., which appears reflected in our analyzes (Figs 16 , 17 ).

Figures

Figure 13. Paravima quirozi (Gonzalez-Sponga, 1981) comb. nov. (MCNC 757) male holotype. Habitus: A Dorsal view: B panoramic view; C lateral view; D anterior view; E posterior view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 16. Phylogenetic relationship of Leiosteninae based on cladistic analyses using morphological data (in the left tree the terminals of Globibuninae and Agoristeninae are not shown; Globibuninae (Rivetinus) and Agoristeninae branches are condensed; the right tree is a continuation of the left tree). Sensitivity plots (' Navajo rugs') indicate the recovery of the nodes in the analyses under implied weights with K values of 1, 2, 4 and 8. Clear circles represent homoplastic synapomorphies and filled circles represent non-homoplastic synapomorphies.

Figure 17. Simplified phylogenetic trees showing the relationships of Paravima Caporiacco, 1951 based on cladistic analyses using morphological data. A Consensus tree of the analysis using equal weights and implied weights with K values of 2, 4, 8 and 6.4844 (the dashed lines represent the unresolved relationships of other Leiosteninae under equal weights). B Analysis using implied weights with K = 1. The numbers in the nodes represent the bootstrap (above) and bremer relative (under) supports.

Figure 18. Map showing the geographic distribution of Paravima in Northern South America. The background colored shapes refer to the biogeographic provinces of Morrone et al. (2022).

Figure 19. Living specimens and habitats of some Paravima spp. A, B P. quirozi from Yaracuy, Venezuela; C, D P. goodnightorum, from Cerro El Volcan, Miranda, Venezuela (MIZA 0105871); E, F P. goodnightorum, from La Guaira, Venezuela; G P. magistri sp. nov., from San Antonio del Tequendama, Cundinamarca, Colombia; H La Guaquira, Yaracuy, habitat of P. quirozi; I Henri Pittier National Park, Aragua, Venezuela, habitat of P. totoro sp. nov.; J, K Los Tunos Natural Reserve, Cundinamarca, Colombia, habitat of P. magistri sp. nov.