Phaeostigma Navas , 1909, s.l.

Aspoeck, Horst & Aspoeck, Ulrike, 2023, The snakeflies of the Mediterranean islands: review and biogeographical analysis (Neuropterida, Raphidioptera), Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 70 (1), pp. 175-218 : 175

Phaeostigma Navas, 1909, s.l.

Phaeostigma Navás, 1909 (described as a section of Raphidia L.) [type species by subsequent designation: Raphidia notata Fabricius, 1781]: U. Aspöck and H. Aspöck 1989 (syst); U. Aspöck and H. Aspöck 1990 (syst); H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon); Oswald and Penny 1991 (cat, nom); Wachmann and Saure 1997 (charact); H. Aspöck et al. 2001 (anncat); H. Aspöck 2002 (biol, paras); U. Aspöck 2002 (compmorph); H. Aspöck and U. Aspöck 2007 (ill: map); Monserrat and Papenberg 2010 (bibliogr, biogeogr, biol, chorol, descr, distr, synlist, tax); Haring et al. 2011 (fig:distrmap; phyl, phyltree); U. Aspöck et al. 2012 (fig: phyltree; list); H. Aspöck and U. Aspöck 2013 (cat, etymol, phyl), 2014 (cat); Monserrat and Papenberg 2015 (mon).

Taxonomy and systematics.

H. Aspöck et al. (1991), Haring et al. (2011). With 41 species and Subilla three additional subspecies, Phaeostigma is (after Mongoloraphidia ) the second largest genus of the family (and of the order). It comprises nine subgenera, seven of these with altogether 12 species are also represented on Mediterranean islands. Phaeostigma is morphologically clearly differentiated. Based on molecular phylogeny it is the sister group of the rest of the Phaeostigma clade, i.e. ( Subilla + Ulrike ) + [( Tjederiraphidia + Dichostigma ) + Raphidia ] ( Haring et al. 2011). The phylogeny of the subgenera of Phaeostigma has not yet been studied; so far only considerations based upon morphological criteria are available (H. Aspöck et al. 1991).

Biology.

Larvae of many species corticolous, of many other species soil-dwelling. Development usually two or Subilla three years. Last hibernation stage: full-grown larva. Adults: IV-VII(VIII).

Distribution.

The distribution of Phaeostigma s.l. comprises Europe (except the northernmost parts of the continent, the largest part of the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and several islands in the Aegean Sea) as far as to the Ural, Anatolia, the Caucasus region, Lebanon, Syria, northern Iraq, northern Iran. Several Mediterranean islands harbor at leastone species: Levkas, Kefalonia, Thasos, Skopelos, Euboea, Crete, Karpathos, Ikaria, Samos, Lesbos, Chios, Rhodes, Cyprus.