Rhinella beebei ( Gallardo, 1965 )

Barrio-Amorós, César L., Rojas-Runjaic, Fernando J. M. & Señaris, J. Celsa, 2019, Catalogue of the amphibians of Venezuela: Illustrated and annotated species list, distribution, and conservation, Amphibian & Reptile Conservation (e 180) 13 (1), pp. 1-198 : 15

Rhinella beebei ( Gallardo, 1965)

Holotype: AMNH 557774 .

Type locality: Churchill-Roosevelt highway, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago, 30 m.

Distribution: Regions 3, 5, 6. Widespread in open areas throughout northern Venezuela and Trinidad. In Venezuela species is found in lowland open areas, north and south of the Orinoco River, and has also been documented on Margarita Island ( Ugueto and Rivas 2010).

Remarks: Narvaes and Rodrigues (2009) changed the previous concept of the R. granulosa species group, recognizing available subspecific names as full species levels, and invalidating others. Bufo granulosus barbouri from Isla Margarita and B. g. beebei from the Orinoco Basin and northern Venezuela were considered synonyms of R. humboldti . Pereyra et al. (2016) showed two parapatric populations (one on lowlands around Puerto Ayacucho, another in uplands of Gran Sabana) as monophyletic under the name R. humboldti . Murphy et al. (2017) revised the name beebei for populations in Trinidad and northern Venezuela, noting differences in genetics and vocalizations among R. humboldti (a trans-Andean species) and R. beebei . Notably, no specimens from the Lake Maracaibo Basin were analyzed. Further work is required to determine if that population represents R. humboldti , R. beebei , or R. centralis , and/or a combination of these species living in sympatry.

Selected references: Some of these references are based on populations of R. beebei under the names Bufo granulosus or Rhinella humboldti . Boettger (1892); Lutz (1927); Parker (1936); Ginés (1959); Rivero (1961, 1964a-c, 1967c); Roze (1964); Gallardo (1965); Tello (1968); Cochran and Goin (1970); Staton and Dixon (1977); Duellman (1979a, 1997); Hoogmoed (1979b, 1990a); Hoogmoed and Gorzula (1979); Péfaur and Díaz De Pascual (1982, 1987); Rivero et al. (1986); Ramo and Busto (1989, 1990); La Marca (1992); Manzanilla et al. (1995); Péfaur and Pérez (1995); Yústiz (1996); Murphy (1997); Gorzula and Señaris (1998); Rivas and Barrio-Amorós (2005); Narvaes and Rodrigues (2009); Tárano (2010); Ugueto and Rivas (2010); Barrio-Amorós et al. (2011b); Pereyra et al. (2016).