Cylindrocopturus Heller, 1895: 56

Anzaldo, Salvatore S., 2017, Review of the genera of Conoderinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean, ZooKeys 683, pp. 51-138 : 88-89

Cylindrocopturus Heller, 1895: 56 Figs 29 , 49 , 95

= Paratimorus Heller, 1895: 58 [Syn.: Champion 1906b: 35]. Type species: Paratimorus ganglbaueri Heller, 1895 [by monotypy].

= Gyrotus Casey, 1897: 668 [Syn.: Sleeper 1963: 217]. Type species: Gyrotus munitus Casey, 1897 [by monotypy].

= Copturodes Casey, 1897: 669 [Syn.: Casey 1904: 324]. Type species: Zygops quercus Say, 1831 [by subsequent designation: Sleeper 1963: 217].

Type species.

Zygops quercus Say, 1831 [by subsequent designation: Sleeper 1963: 217].

Gender.

Masculine.

Diagnosis.

Many of the species of Cylindrocopturus can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: the unmodified mesoventrite, the unarmed and non-carinate metafemora, the second antennal funicular article that is not longer than the first, the relatively vertical and separated eyes (Fig. 49 ), and the body mostly densely covered in round, imbricate scales. Additionally, the body is often somewhat dorsoventrally compressed, the elytra sometimes has prominences or setal tufts, the tibial apex at least of the protibia typically has a large hook-like uncus and a rounded, produced inner flange (Fig. 19 ), and a group of species ( C. mammillatus species group of Fall (1906), Gyrotus Casey of Gluck (1987)) have a pair of tubercles on the second abdominal ventrite. These characters are useful for separation of the species found in the U.S.; of the several observed Mexican, Guatemalan, and Honduran species, including numerous unidentified and likely undescribed, the following exceptions to the above characters have been observed: a depressed posterior border of the mesoventrite, a second funicular article that is longer than the first, and carinate hind femora. These species otherwise appear congeneric with described species, highlighting the need for closer examination and reconstruction of this genus and its relatives.

Notes.

Cylindrocopturus is in need of comprehensive revision due to the large number of synonymies, uncertain geographic range and lack of good characters separating it from several other genera. An unpublished Ph.D. thesis by W. Gluck (1987) attempted such for the species north of Mexico, but the heavily-relied upon statistical approach employed for generic and specific delimitation necessitates closer examination of many of the classificatory changes proposed.

Immature stages are described for the following species: C. adspersus (LeConte, 1876) by Böving (1926), C. biradiatus Champion, 1906 by Dampf (1929), C. crassus Van Dyke, 1930 by Keifer (1930), C. furnissi Buchanan, 1940 by W.H. Anderson (1941), C. quercus by Piper (1977). See Gluck (1987: 78) for an index of the seventeen known species of hymenopteran parasites of the species of Cylindrocopturus .

Keys .

Champion 1906: 36 (to Central American species), Fall 1906: 55 (to C. mammilatus species group), LeConte and Horn 1876: 261 (to Copturus of the U.S.), Casey 1897: 669 (to Copturodes of the U.S.), Blatchley and Leng 1916: 420 (to Northeastern U.S. species), Hatch 1971: 361 (to Gyrotus of Northwestern U.S.), Heller 1895: 57, Gluck 1987: 9 (to Gyrotus north of Mexico) and Gluck 1987: 30 (to Cylindrocopturus north of Mexico).

Phylogenetic relationships.

Hespenheide (1980: 330) suggests the genus Cylindrocopturus as the closest relative of Helleriella due to the shared elongate and compressed habitus and occurrence in arid environments. Champion distinguishes Cylindrocopturus from the South American genus Timorus by the lack of a ventral femoral tooth, and seems to imply possible relationships between Timorus , Cylindrocopturus , Macrocopturus , Phileas , and Larides (1906: 33-35). See Macrocopturus .

Host associations.

Species of Cylindrocopturus have been reared from various species of Pinaceae (in the genera Abies Mill., Pinus , and Pseudostuga Carrière), various Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl (e.g. Helianthus L., Hemizonia DC.) and also Cactaceae Juss. ( Opuntia Mill.); larvae of some species known from roots, stems, branches, galls and spines ( Casey 1897, Fall 1906, Blatchley and Leng 1916, Dampf 1929, Van Dyke 1930, Buchanan 1940, Gluck 1987: 77, Martínez et al. 2016). The "sunflower stem weevil", C. adspersus , is the most well-studied species of New World conoderine due to its agricultural importance in the Midwestern United States, with studies including insecticide toxicity (e.g. Charlet and Oseto 1983) and overwintering and emergence patterns ( Rogers and Serda 1982).

Described species.

Forty-one species are known from the focal region and two additional described species are known from South America ( Wibmer and O’Brien 1986: 270), though Rheinheimer (2011: 78) suggests Eulechriops as a better placement for the French Guianan C. minutus Hustache, 1938.

Range.

Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras; South America.

Figures

Figures 19 - 36. Variation in the metatibial apex. 19 Mesotibial apex of Lechriops vestitus illustrating parts of the tibial apex: a) posterior apical angle with large, curved uncus; b) middle of the apex with produced, rounded inner flange; c) anterior apical margin with premucro; d) oblique ridge of premucro; e) apical setal tuft 20 Male Trichodocerus brevilineatus [ARTSYS 0000609] with a tibial uncus arising at the middle of the apex 21 Cratosomus punctulatus mexicanus [ASUHIC 0031510] with thick fascicles of golden setae near the anterior apical margin and a dense setal brush at the posterior apical face 22 Pseudopiazurus centraliamericanus [ASUHIC 0086627] with a large, subapical premucro 23 Piazurus laetus [SSAC 0001077], showing a typical tibial apex for that genus 24 Acoptus suturalis [ASUHIC 0016915] 25 Cylindrocopturinus pictus [SSAC 0001288] with a pointed, premucro-like inner flange 26 Pseudolechriops klopferi [SSAC 0001060] showing an elongate, uncus-like inner flange. 27 Arachnomorpha circumlineata [ARTSYS 0000535] 28 Archocopturus medeterae [ASUHIC 16884] 29 Cylindrocopturus adspersus [ASUHIC 0016896] with a rounded, produced inner flange 30 Helleriella longicollis [ASUHIC 0065241] with a very short uncus 31 Lissoderes cecropiae [ASUHIC 0064707] with an elongate uncus and minute premucro 32 Phileas granulatus [ARTSYS 0000528] with the middle of the apex (between uncus and premucro) sunken 33 Peltophorus adustus [ASUHIC 0012325] with a short uncus and posterodistal setal comb extending halfway to the base of the tibia 34 Zygops erythropygus [ASUHIC 0086640] with short posterodistal setal comb. 35 Philenis flavipes [ASUHIC 0065102] 36 Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000799] with a small tooth at the anterior apical angle.

Figures 46 - 54. Variation in eye shape. 46 Poecilogaster brevis [ARTSYS 0000805] with relatively vertical, separated eyes 47 Arachnomorpha circumlineata [ARTSYS 0000535] showing subcontiguous eyes separated at the top by a broad interocular space 48 Archocopturus medeterae [ASUHIC 0086637] with subcontiguous eyes separated at the top by a thin lanceolate space 49 Cylindrocopturus quercus [ASUHIC 0016905] with vertical, separated eyes 50 Helleriella longicollis [ASUHIC 0065241] with widely separated eyes and a very thin rostrum 51 Larides cavifrons [ASUHIC 0016882], showing a strongly depressed interocular space 52 Male Lissoderes cecropiae [ASUHIC 0064708] showing oval, subcontiguous eyes and an apical antennal insertion on the rostrum 53 Philenis fuscofemorata [ARTSYS 0000659] showing ovoid eyes and slender antennae 54 Zygopsella ruficauda [ARTSYS 0000526] with a sinuous lateral and mesal margin of the eyes which is strongly inflexed at the lower lateral margin.

Figures 95 - 98. Lateral and dorsal habitus images of Zygopini. Scale bars = 2 mm unless otherwise specified. 95 a-b Cylindrocopturus quercus [ARTSYS 0000819]; scale bars = 1 mm 96 a-b Helleriella longicollis [ASUHIC 0065241] 97 a-b Larides cavifrons [ASUHIC 0016882] 98 a-b Lissoderes subnudus [SSAC 0001136]; scale bars = 1 mm.