Dissochaeta biligulata Korth. in Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot.: 240. 1844.

Kartonegoro, Abdulrokhman, Veldkamp, Jan Frits, Hovenkamp, Peter & Welzen, Peter van, 2018, A revision of Dissochaeta (Melastomataceae, Dissochaeteae), PhytoKeys 107, pp. 1-178 : 1

10. Dissochaeta biligulata Korth. in Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot.: 240. 1844. Fig. 7 , Map 6

Dissochaeta microcarpa Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 15: 72. 1851. Type: Singapore. Singapore Island, Feb 1837, C. Gaudichaud-Beaupré 80 (holotype: P [P02274814, image seen]!).

Dissochaeta bancana Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1): 529. 1855. Type: Indonesia. Bangka, T. Horsfield 19 (lectotype, designated here: K [K000859500]!; isolectotype: K [K000859501]!).

Anplectrum biligulatum (Korth.) Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28: 85. 1872.

Dissochaeta celebica auct. non Blume: Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28: 83. 1872; C.B.Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 544. 1879; Cogn. in Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 533. 1890; in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 7: 561. 1891; in H.J.P.Winkl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 48: 108. 1913; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 69(2): 54. 1900; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 798. 1922; Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 224. 1929; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1, 4: 697. 1931; Bygrave & A.P.Davis, Checkl. Fl. Pl. Gymnosperms Brunei Darussalam: 186. 1996; Cellin. in J.H.Beaman & C.E.Anderson, Pl. Mt. Kinabalu 5: 99. 2004. p.p., excl. type.

Dissochaeta intermedia auct. non Blume: C.B.Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 544. 1879. p.p., excl. type.

Diplectria biligulata (Korth.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 246. 1891.

Dissochaeta celebica Blume var. contracta King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 69(2): 54. 1900. Type: Malaysia. Perak: Larut, Apr 1882, King’s collector 2911 (lectotype, designated here: K [K000859535]!; isolectotypes: BM!, CAL n.v.).

Dissochaeta scortechinii King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 69(2): 55. 1900. Type: Malaysia. Perak: B. Scortechini 23 (lectotype, designated here: K [K000859536]!; isolectotype: SING n.v.).

Neodissochaeta biligulata (Korth.) Bakh. f., Contr. Melastom.: 140. 1943.

Neodissochaeta celebica (Blume) Bakh. f., Contr. Melastom.: 141. 1943. p.p., excl. type.

Dissochaeta monticola auct. non Blume: Clausing in S.S.Renner et al., Fl. Thailand 7(3): 428. 2001. p.p., excl. type.

Dissochaeta intermedia Blume var. sagittata auct. non. J.F.Maxwell: Cellin. in J.H.Beaman & C.E. Anderson, Pl. Mt. Kinabalu 5: 99. 2004. p.p., excl. type.

Type.

Indonesia. West Sumatra: Gunung Paauw, P.W. Korthals s.n. (lectotype, designated here: L [L0537285]!; isolectotype: L [L0537284]!).

Description.

Climbing up to 5 m height. Branchlets terete, 3-4 mm in diameter, densely brown stellate-furfuraceous; nodes swollen, with interpetiolar line; internodes 4-6.5 cm long. Leaves: petioles terete, 6-8 mm long, brown stellate-furfuraceous; blades ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, 7-15 × 2.5-5.4 cm, membranous, base rounded, margin entire, apex acuminate, tip ca. 1 cm long; nervation with 1 pair of lateral nerves and 1 pair of intramarginal nerves; adaxially glabrous, yellowish-green, abaxially densely covered with minute brown stellate-furfuraceous hairs. Inflorescences terminal, 10-16 cm long, many-flowered; main axis angular, brown stellate-furfuraceous; primary axes up to 15 cm long with 6-8 nodes, secondary axes 2-4 cm long with 2 or 3 nodes, tertiary axes 0.5-1 cm long with 1 node; bracts linear, ca. 3 mm long, brown stellate-furfuraceous; bracteoles linear, 2-2.5 mm long, brown stellate-furfuraceous; pedicel densely stellate-furfuraceous, 1-2 mm long in central flowers, ca. 0.5 mm long or absent in lateral flowers. Hypanthium suburceolate, 3-4 × 2-2.5 mm, brown stellate-furfuraceous; calyx lobes truncate with 4 undulate tips, ca. 1 mm long; petal buds conical, 2-3 mm long, glabrous; mature petals ovate to elliptic, 5-6 × 3-3.5 mm, reflexed, base clawed, apex obtuse, glabrous, white or pinkish-white, sometimes transparent. Stamens 4, equal, alternipetalous, filaments curved sideways, ca. 5 mm long, white, pinkish at base, anthers oblong-lanceolate, thecae 3.5-5 mm long, straight, pink, pedoconnective ca. 1 mm long, basal crest triangular or erose with irregular margin, yellow, ca. 0.5 mm long, lateral appendages paired, filiform, 2-3 mm long. Ovary ¾ of hypanthium in length, apex villous; style glabrous, ca. 9 mm long, pointing in direction opposite to filaments, curved at tip; stigma minute; extra-ovarial chambers 4, shallow, reaching to upper third of ovary. Fruits globose, ca. 6 × 4-5 mm, glabrous, bright green, slightly 8 vertical lines present; calyx lobes remnant persistent. Seeds ca. 0.5 mm long.

Distribution.

India (Nicobar Islands), Myanmar, Indochina (Cambodia and Vietnam), southwards through Thailand to western Malesia (Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo) and Philippines (Palawan).

Ecology and habitat.

Secondary lowland forest, opened primary forest or disturbed forest, dipterocarp forest or montane forest from sea level to 1500 m elevation.

Vernacular names.

Sumatra: akar kemunting (Bintan). Borneo: kemanti Omang (Iban); luka kalapat (Penan).

Note.

Generally recognised as D. celebica by most authors because of the similarity in the small flowers with only four fertile stamens. Dissochaeta biligulata differs from D. celebica by its dark brown furfuraceous indumentum on the leaves below, a truncate calyx with lobes with undulate tips, a white or pinkish-white corolla and globose fruits with distinct lines. In D. celebica , the indumentum underneath the leaf blades is less dense, the calyx lobes are glabrous, purple and have a triangular apex, the corolla is dark purple and the fruit ovoid without distinct lines. This species is very common in the open dipterocarp forest in western Malesia.

Selected specimens examined.

INDIA. Nicobar Islands: East West Road, 20 Jul 1976, M.S. Balakrishnan 3899 (L). MYANMAR. Tenasserim: Domel Island, 14 Jan 1829, J.W. Helfer 2286 (K). CAMBODIA. Kah Kong: Lhuom Rovaal, 600 m, 27 Feb 1966, Anon 758 (P); Mount Rodam Meong Daeum, 650 m, 23 Feb 1966, Martin 348 (P). VIETNAM. Ha Tay: Mount Bavi, Tonkin River, Jun 1908, C. dÁlleizette 2420 (L). THAILAND. Narathiwat: Sungei Kolok, 4 Mar 1974. K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen 32923 (K, L). Pattalung: Tamote Falls, 225 m, 9 Aug 1986, J.F. Maxwell 86-552 (L). Pattani: Bukit, 25 Jan 1931, P. Put 3635 (K). Surat Thani: Ko Panghan, 3 Jun 1927, P. Put 778 (BM, K). Trang: Khao Pap Pa, 13 Mar 1974, K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen 33279 (P). Yala: Nikhom Kulong, 500 m, 31 Dec 1972, T. Santisuk & B. Nimanong BKF 54194 (K, L). MALAYSIA. Johor: Kluang, 24 Nov 1967, Alphonso, Sanusi & Sidek S.200 (K, L); Gunung Pulai, 550 m, 29 Jan 1978, J.F. Maxwell 78-24 (L). Malacca: W. Griffith KD 2288 (BO, K). Negri Sembilan: Gunung Angsi, 730 m, 25 Nov 1923, M. Nur SFN 11708 (BO, K); Nilai, near Seremban, Jinderam Estate, 90 m, 22 Sep 1957, M. Shah 129 (BO, K, L). Pahang: Sungai Tahan, 27 Jul 1936, Kiah SFN 31912 (BO, K, PNH); Fraser’s Hill, Girdle Road, 1200 m, 26 Aug 1959, M. Shah & Kadim 680A (BO, K, L). Penang: N. Wallich 4050 (K, P); Government Hill, 20 Jan 1903, C. Curtis 3806 (BM, BO). Perak: B. Scortechini 23 (K); Larut, King’s collector 2911 (BM, K); Trolak, 22 Mar 1967, S. Chelliah KEP 104685 (K, L); Ulu Bubong, 120-180 m, Jun 1886, King’s collector 10290 (BM, K). Selangor: Ulu Gombak, 21 Aug 1968, Y. Teo & J.W. Purseglove 165 (K, L); Kuala Lumpur, 5 Mar 1915, H.N. Ridley s.n. (BM, K, L). Terengganu: Kemaman, Sungai Nipah, 24 Jun 1932, E.J.H. Corner SFN 25848 (K). Sabah: Beaufort, Klas FR, 23 Jul 1973, Dewol & Abdul Karim SAN 77821 (K, L); Keningau, Kitau, 8 Sep 1982, Amin SAN 95456 (K, L); Kalabakan, Seranum, 21 Sep 1983, Fidilis & Suali SAN 101240 (K, L); Lahad Datu, Danum Valley, 238 m, 6 Jul 2006, Rosalia et al. SAN 145986 (K); Lamag, Sungai Tangkulap, 30 Jun 1983, Amin SAN 97451 (L); Nabawan, Jalan Nabawan-Pandewan, 12 Feb 1990, Sumbing SAN 128120 (K); Pensiangan, Pensiangan Kayu FR., 28 Jan 1994, Fidilis SAN 136931 (K); Tawau, Oct 1922-Mar 1923, A.D.E. Elmer 21840 (BM, BO, K, L, P, PNH, U); Ranau, Kampung Kiau, 30 Nov 1915, M.S. Clemens 10122 (PNH); Ibid., Kampung Merungin, 300 m, 18 Nov 1975, Leopold & Saikeh SAN 82620 (K, L); Mt. Kinabalu, 1060 m, 14 Jun 1961, W.L. Chew, E.J.H. Corner & A. Stainton RSNB 68 (K, L); Ibid., Kelawat, near Tamparuli, 900 m, 2 Mar 1954, S. Darnton 230 (BM, L); Sipitang, Mesapol FR, 30 m, 25 Nov 1968, K. Ogata 11671 (L). Sarawak: Baram, Kelabit Highland, 1066 m, 6 Nov 1974, P.K. Chai S.35335 (K, L); Belaga, Sungai Murum, 600 m, 13 May 1994, S.H. Lai et al. S.68539 (K); Kuching, Oct 1892, G.D. Haviland 1901 (BM, K); Ibid., Selang FR., 30 m, 25 Jul 1957, Ilias Paie S.8460 (BO, K, L); Limbang, Bukit Pagon, Sungai Sipayan, 540 m, 3 Aug 1984, D. Awa & B. Lee S.47645 (L); Marudi, Bario, 1100 m, 12 Apr 1995, T.E. Beaman & R. Repin 164 (K); Miri, Lambir National Park, 5 Apr 1966, Sibat ak Luang S.25075 (BO, K, L); Ibid., Riam Road, 30 m, 3 Dec 1962, Joseph Au S.17254 (BO, K, L); Betong, Bukit Sadok, 15 Oct 1982, Banyeng & Ilias Paie S.45085 (K, L); Dataran Tinggi Merurong, Sungai Jelalong, 330 m, 9 Oct 1984, Othman & P.C. Yii S.48814 (K, L); Baram, Ulu Koyan, Mount Dulit, 900 m, 15 Sep 1932, P.W. Richards 1818 (K, L). SINGAPORE. Feb 1837, C. Gaudichaud-Beaupré 80 (P); Oct 1861, T. Anderson 67 (BM, K, P); Seletar, 27 Mar 1889, H.N. Ridley 2025 (BM); MacRitchie Reservoir 10 m, 15 Jul 1982, J.F. Maxwell 82-194 (L); Pierce Reservoir, 60 m, 20 Oct 1957, H.M. Burkill HMB 1227 (K, L, PNH). BRUNEI. Belait: Jalan Merangking-Buau, 10 Aug 1991, N. Nangkat 265 (K, L); Bukit Teraja, 160 m, 27 Sep 1957, P.S. Ashton BRUN 671 (BO, K, L). Seria: Andulau FR, 25 m, 31 Jul 1963, H.P. Fuchs & S. Muller 21150 (K, L). Temburong: Batu Apoi, 350 m, 29 Oct 1991, D.A. Simpson & S. Marsh 2502 (BO, K, L). INDONESIA. Aceh: Mt. Leuser, Gunung Bandahara, 1350 m, 20 Feb 1980, S. Prawiroatmodjo 2386 (BO, K); Ibid., Klut Nature Reserve, Pucuk Lembang, 40 m, 8 Jul 1985, W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. de Wilde-Duyfjes 19788 (BO). Bangka-Belitung: Bangka, T. Horsfield 19 (K); Ibid., Menumbing, J.E. Teijsmann s.n. (BM, BO, K, U). Bengkulu: Lebong Tandai, Apr 1922, C.J. Brooks 6675 (K). Jambi: Bangko, 160 m, 10 Aug 1925, O. Posthumus 687 (BO, L); Harapan Rain forest, 31 Mar 2013, Wardi et al. BOHK 390 (BO, K). North Sumatra: Asahan, Dolok Tomuan, 1000 m, 20 Aug 1936, Rahmat Si Boeea 9964 (L); Padang Sidempuan, Padang Lawas, Huta Imbaru, 20-21 Jun 1933, Rahmat Si Toroes 4634 (K, L); South Tapanuli, Batang Toru, 640 m, 6 Jun 2003, W. Takeuchi & E.N. Sambas 18228 (BO); Pematang Siantar, 6 Apr 1954, A.H.G. Alston 15233 (BM, L); Besitang, Sikundur, 100 m, 15 Aug 1971, K. Iwatsuki et al. S-401 (BO, L). Riau: Indragiri Hulu, Berapit, 13 Apr 1939, P. Buwalda 6535 (BO, K, L, PNH); Rengat, Bukit Tigapuluh, 100 m, 14 Nov 1988, J.S. Burley & Tukirin 1472 (BO, K, L). Riau Archipelago: Bintan Island, Gunung Bintan, 40 m, 12 Jun 1919, H.A.B. Bünnemeijer 6114 (BO, L). West Sumatra: Tanah Datar, Lembah Anai, 600 m, 24 Dec 1983, M. Rahayu & Maskuri 473 (BO, K); Batu Sangkar, Mt. Sago, 1200 m, 10 Mar 1989, H. Nagamasu 3773 (BO, L); Lima Puluh Kota, Gunung Malintang, 1100 m, 18 Jul 1918, H.A.B. Bünnemeijer 3587 (BO, K, L, P); Ibid., Harau Valley, Sarasah Bonta, 700 m, 12 Sep 2017, A. Kartonegoro 1088 (BO, L); Lubuk Sikaping, Mt. Gadang, 700 m, 15 Jun 1953, J. van Borssum-Waalkes 1888 (BO); Paauw, P.W. Korthals s.n. (L). Central Kalimantan: Barito Ulu, 25 Jun 1990, C.E. Ridsdale PBU 692 (BO, L); Bukit Raya, Tumbang Tapi, 100 m, 18 Jan 1983, J.F. Veldkamp 8297 (BO, L). East Kalimantan: West Kutai, Besilau Tuwa, 20 m, 22 Jun 1925, F.H. Endert 1593 (BO, L); Sangkulirang, Sampayau, 25 m, 9 Jun 1937, Aet 669 (BO, K, L); East Kutai, Sungai Menubar Region, 5 m, 5 Jun 1951, A.J.G.H. Kostermans 4960 (BO, K, L); Wanariset Research Area, Semoi Road, 20 m, 10 Mar 1992, Ambriansyah & Z. Arifin AA 468 (K, L); Between Papadi & Pamilau, 700-800 m, 9 Aug 1981, R. Geesink 9295 (L, P); Long Iram, Maruwai, Lampunut, 310 m, 19 Mar 1999, P.J.A. Kessler et al. 2657 (L); Wain River, 24 Jun 1910, L.M.R. Rutten 170 (U). North Kalimantan: Tarakan, 25 Oct 1953, W. Meijer 1866 (BO, K, L). South Kalimantan: Hayup, 28 Jun 1908, HJ.P. Winkler 2627 (BM, BO, K, L, P). West Kalimantan: Sungai Blu’u, 1896, Jaheri 704 (BO); Ketapang, Gunung Palung National Park, Cabang Panti, 20 m, 24 Oct 1996, T.G. Laman et al. 110 (BO, K, L). PHILIPPINES. Palawan: Taytay, Ibangley, Pagdanan Range, 50-70 m, 31 Jan 1991, D.D. Soejarto & E. Fernando, 7458 (L); Ibid., B.C. Stone et al. PPI 368 (L).

Figures

Map 6. Distribution of D. biligulata (●).

Figure 7. Dissochaeta biligulata a habit b branchlet c hypanthium d flower e fruits. Photographs by D. Penneys; vouchers: Penneys 2488 (WNC) & Penneys 2509 (WNC).