Trichinella britovi

Malone, Cody J., Oksanen, Antti, Mukaratirwa, Samson, Sharma, Rajnish & Jenkins, Emily, 2024, From wildlife to humans: The global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes in wildlife and wildlife-associated human trichinellosis, International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 24, pp. 100934-100934 : 100934-

3.3.2. Trichinella britovi in Asia

Reports of T. britovi in Asia confirmed by molecular characterization

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Country Sampling location in Country Animal Host Species Methodology Proportion infected with Reference

T. spiralis

Austria Not specified Wild boar (Sus scrofa ) Allozyme analysis 1 La Rosa et al. (1992) Bulgaria Gabrovo, Lovech Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Multiplex PCR 2 Lalkovski (2019)

Croatia Dalmatia, Gorski Kotar, Lika Wolf ( Canis lupus ) Multiplex PCR 2/67 (3%) Beck et al. (2009)

Croatia Country-wide Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Multiplex PCR 21/183,184 (0.01%) Balic et al. (2020)

Czech Republic Tovaˇcov Raccoon ( Procyon lotor ) Multiplex PCR 6/22 (27%) Cybulska et al. (2018) Estonia Not specified Brown rat ( Rattus RAPD-PCR, PCR-RFLP , & 2/18 (11.1%) Jarvis et al. (2001) norvegicus ) Multiplex PCR

Estonia Country-wide Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Multiplex PCR 8/30,566 (0.03%) K¨arssin et al. (2021)

Estonia Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx ) 5/90 (5.6%)

Finland Southern Finland Red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) RAPD-PCR 1/19 (5.3%) Oivanen et al. (2000) Finland Country-wide Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Multiplex PCR 1/13 (7.7%) Oivanen et al. (2002) Raccoon dog ( Nyctereutes 5/22 (23%)

procyonoides )

Brown rat ( R. norvegicus ) 28/29 (96.6%)

Finland South-western Finland Brown rat ( R. norvegicus ) Multiplex PCR 28/767 (3.7%) Mikkonen et al. (2005) Finland Country-wide Raccoon dog (N. Multiplex PCR?/662a Airas et al. (2010) procyonoides )

Red fox ( V. vulpes )?/1010a

Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx )?/402a

Wolf ( C. lupus )?/102a

Finland Country-wide Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Multiplex PCR 2/454 (0.4%) Oksanen et al. (2018) Raccoon dog (N. 6/952 (0.6%)

procyonoides )

Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) 4/1245 (0.3%)

Wolf ( C. lupus ) 4/85 (4.7%)

France Not specified Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Allozyme analysis 1 La Rosa et al. (1992)

Red fox ( V. vulpes ) 4

France Provence Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Isoenzymatic analysis 2/1912 (0.1%) La Rosa et al. (1991)

France Country-wide Red fox ( V. vulpes ) RAPD-PCR 7/5457 (0.1%) Pozio et al. (1996)

Germany Not specified Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Allozyme analysis 1 La Rosa et al. (1992) Germany Country-wide Red fox ( V. vulpes ) RAPD-PCR 3/7103 (0.04%) Wacker et al. (1999) Germany Usedom island Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Multiplex PCR 1 Nockler et al. (2006) Germany Brandenburg Raccoon dog (N. PCR 24/1527 (1.6%) Mayer-Scholl et al. (2016) procyonoides )

Germany Country-wide Raccoon ( P. lotor ) Multiplex PCR 1/88 (1.1%) Langner et al. (2022) Hungary Country-wide Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Multiplex PCR 4/2116 (0.2%) Szell et al. (2008)

Hungary Southern Hungary Golden jackal ( Canis aureus ) Multiplex PCR 1/11 (9.1%) Szell et al. (2013)

Republic of Country-wide Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Multiplex PCR 4/454 (0.9%) Rafter et al. (2005)

Ireland

Northern Country-wide Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Multiplex PCR 1/443 (0.2%) Zimmer et al. (2009)

Ireland

Italy Country-wide Red fox ( V. vulpes ) RAPD-PCR 1 /3565 (0.03%) Pozio et al. (1996)

Latvia Country-wide Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Multiplex PCR 5/129 (17.2%) Malakauskas et al. (2007) Latvia Country-wide Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Multiplex 1/3174 (0.03%) Kirjusina et al. (2015) Latvia Country-wide Raccoon dog (N. Multiplex PCR 2/394 (0.5%) Deksne et al. (2016) procyonoides )

Pine marten ( Martes martes ) 1/137 (0.7%)

Lithuania Country-wide Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Multiplex PCR 27/147 (18.4%) Malakauskas et al. (2007) Raccoon dog (N. 4/23 (17.4%)

procyonoides )

Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) 11/43 (25.6%)

Netherlands Not specified Brown rat ( R. norvegicus ) Allozyme analysis 1 La Rosa et al. (1992) Netherlands Country-wide Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) RAPD-PCR 2/11 (18%) Van Der Giessen et al. (2001) Netherlands Country-wide Raccoon dog (N. PCR & sequencing 1/9 Maas et al. (2016) procyonoides )

Poland Not specified Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Allozyme analysis 2 La Rosa et al. (1992)

Poland Country-wide Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Multiplex PCR 9/1634 (0.5%) Chmurzynska et al. (2013) Poland Country-wide Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Multiplex PCR 10/833 (1.2%) Moskwa et al. (2015) Poland Country-wide Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Multiplex PCR 16/1447 (1.1%) Cybulska et al. (2016) Poland Western Poland Raccoon dog (N. PCR 2/39 (5.1%) Osten-Sacken and Solarczyk procyonoides ) (2016)

Poland Not specified Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Multiplex PCR 235 Bilska-Zajac et al. (2017) Poland Country-wide Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Multiplex PCR 18/1740 (1.0%) Bilska-Zajac et al. (2020) Romania Country-wide Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Multiplex PCR 1/71 (1.4%) Blaga et al. (2009)

Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) 2/5

Brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) 1/2

Romania Country-wide Eurasian ermine ( Mustela Multiplex PCR & sequencing 1/3 Oltean et al. (2014)

erminea)

Polecat ( Mustela putorius ) 1/3

Romania Western Romania Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Multiplex PCR 1/121 (0.8%) Imre et al. (2015)

Romania Country-wide Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Multiplex PCR 9/147 (6.1%) Nicorescu et al. (2015)

Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) 45/5596 (0.8%)

Romania Northeast Romania Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Multiplex PCR 119/4189 (2.8%) Iacob et al. (2022)

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Table 1 (continued)

have become more common over the last decade. Recently, T. britovi was reported in several wildlife species from Armenia, including red fox, wolf ( Canis lupus campestris ), lynx ( Lynx dinniki ), Eurasian otter ( Lutra lutra ), and wild boar ( Grigoryan et al., 2020). Trichinella britovi has also been reported in wildlife from Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Russia, and Israel. ( Table 14). To date, there have been no genotyped reports of human infection with T. britovi in Asia.