Trichinella nativa

Malone, Cody J., Oksanen, Antti, Mukaratirwa, Samson, Sharma, Rajnish & Jenkins, Emily, 2024, From wildlife to humans: The global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes in wildlife and wildlife-associated human trichinellosis, International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 24, pp. 100934-100934 : 100934-

3.2.3. Trichinella nativa in the Americas

In the Americas, T. nativa is limited to a northern distribution in Canada, Alaska, and Greenland. The southern boundary of T. nativa has been identified as between the isotherms – 5 ◦ to – 4 ◦ C in January ( Pozio, 2016a). This freeze-tolerant species can survive in the tissue of frozen carrion for months to years ( Pozio, 2016a). Trichinella nativa has been found in terrestrial and marine mammals, some of significant food importance in northern North America, such as walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus ), polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ), and black bear ( Ursus americanus ) ( Table 10). The distribution of T. nativa overlaps with Indigenous communities in northern Canada, Alaska, and Greenland that rely heavily on consumption of wildlife, and thus T. nativa infections in humans (including large scale outbreaks due to food sharing) are not uncommon ( Fig. 3 ) ( Table 11). Human cases of Trichinella spp . in Canada, Alaska, and Greenland, were reviewed by Jenkins et al., 2013, but only those that were genotyped are presented in Table 11.

Figures

Fig. 3. Global distribution of sylvatic Trichinella species and genotypes adapted from Pozio (2016); Gottstein et al. (2009).