Trichinella spiralis (Webster and Kapel, 2005)

Malone, Cody J., Oksanen, Antti, Mukaratirwa, Samson, Sharma, Rajnish & Jenkins, Emily, 2024, From wildlife to humans: The global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes in wildlife and wildlife-associated human trichinellosis, International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 24, pp. 100934-100934 : 100934-

3.1.3. Trichinella spiralis in the Americas

Prior to modern methods of swine production and meat inspection, Trichinella spiralis in domestic swine commonly resulted in human infection in the Americas. This resulted in bans on the export of pigs or pork products from the United States to several European countries in the late 19th century and in part caused the 1880–1891 “pork war” (Snyder, 1945). While now virtually eradicated in commercial swine in the US and Canada, T. spiralis is reported, albeit rarely, in a range of wildlife hosts, including hosts of importance for human consumption such as bears and wild boar ( Table 5). The vast majority of countries in the Caribbean, Central America, and South America have not reported Trichinella infections in humans, swine, or wildlife, but this is likely a dearth of investigation rather than absence from these regions. Reports of human infection with T. spiralis from wildlife in the New World are uncommon but have been reported in Canada and the United States ( Table 6).