Trichinella

Malone, Cody J., Oksanen, Antti, Mukaratirwa, Samson, Sharma, Rajnish & Jenkins, Emily, 2024, From wildlife to humans: The global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes in wildlife and wildlife-associated human trichinellosis, International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 24, pp. 100934-100934 : 100934-

3.6.1. Trichinella T 6 in North America

Reports of Trichinella T6 have largely been from northern Canada, but it has also been reported in the United States as far east as Pennsylvania and as far south as California. Trichinella T6 has been found in many species of terrestrial carnivores and omnivores, including several important food species consumed by humans, such as black bears, grizzly bears, cougars ( Puma concolor ), and lynx ( Lynx canadensis ) ( Table 23). Trichinella T6 has not been found in swine (domestic or wild boars) and experimental infections have shown that swine are not suitable hosts for Trichinella T6 ( Hill et al., 2009; Kapel and Gamble, 2000). Three human outbreaks with Trichinella T6 have been reported, two from the United States and one from Canada. The first outbreak was in 1996 in Idaho associated with cougar jerky, the second in Ohio with undercooked black bear meat hunted from Ontario, Canada, and the most recent case being associated with black bear meat in British Columbia, Canada ( Table 24).

3.7. Trichinella nelsoni

Trichinella nelsoni is a freeze-susceptible species first described along with T. nativa by Britov and Boev (1972), and is considered one of the most genetically divergent among the encapsulating Trichinella species ( Pozio et al., 2005b). Despite being first described half a century ago, there are still few reports on the geographic and host range of T. nelsoni .

3.7.1. Trichinella nelsoni in Africa

Trichinella nelsoni has been confirmed in eight wildlife species from Tanzania, specifically from the Serengeti National Park ( Pozio et al., 1997), a leopard ( Panthera pardus ) and lion ( Panthera leo ) from South Africa ( Marucci et al., 2009; Mukaratirwa et al., 2017), and a spotted hyena ( Crocuta crocuta ) in Kenya ( La Rosa et al., 1992) ( Table 25). The current known geographical distribution is restricted to Eastern and Southern Africa. To date, there have been no reported human cases with T. nelsoni .

3.8. Trichinella T8

Trichinella T8 is an encapsulated and freeze-susceptible genotype first described in South Africa in spotted hyenas and lions, reported alongside Trichinella T6 and T. murrelli in the 1992 taxonomic revisions by Pozio et al. (1992). Trichinella T8, like T. nelsoni is another under surveilled species/genotype in Africa having only a few genotyped reports over the last three decades.

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