Lycopodiaceae

Øllgaard, Benjamin, Kessler, Michael & Smith, Alan R., 2018, Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. II. Lycopodiaceae, Phytotaxa 334 (3), pp. 255-294 : 257

Key to Bolivian genera of Lycopodiaceae

1 Stems isotomously branched throughout, without elongate, indeterminate main stems, sometimes heteroblastic with prostrate rooting shoots; sporangiate and vegetative leaves alike, or sporangiate leaves, if smaller, persisting, not subpeltate and ephemeral; sporangia axillary, not attached to the sporangiate leaves; spores foveolate-fossulate; gametophytes subterranean, mycoparasitic; plants erect or pendulous, without bulbil-producing lateral branchlets (subfam. Huperzioideae ) ............................ Phlegmariurus

- Stems anisotomously branched throughout (pseudomonopodial), the branches differentiated into elongate, indeterminate, rhizomatous, or creeping, trailing or scandent main stems, rooting at intervals, and usually determinate branchlet systems; sporophylls strongly modified, ephemeral, unlike vegetative leaves, subpeltate or peltate, aggregated in compact, terminal strobili; sporangia borne on sporophyll bases or axillary; gametophytes subterranean or epiterranean.......................................................................... 2

2 Strobili erect, sessile or pedunculate, borne on branchlet systems that arise in a dorsolateral position on the main stems; side walls of sporangial epidermal cells sinuate, lignified throughout; spores reticulate; gametophytes subterranean, mycoparasitic (subfam. Lycopodioideae ) ................................................................................................................................................................................ 3

- Strobili pendulous and sessile, or strobili erect and terminating simple (rarely forked) branches that arise dorsally on the creeping stems; sidewalls of sporangial epidermal cells straight, non-lignified, except for nodular or semiannular internal thickenings; spores rugate; gametophytes epiterranean, photosynthetic (subfam. Lycopodielloideae ) ................................................................ 6

3 Leafy branchlet isophyllous, ± terete ................................................................................................................................................. 4

- Leafy branchlets anisophyllous, with dimorphic or trimorphic leaves, ± flattened and dorsiventra ................................................. 5

4 Leaf apices herbaceous, green; sporophylls peltate, lacking basiscopic wings .................................................... Austrolycopodium

- Leaf apices terminating in a colorless membranous or hairlike apex; sporophylls subpeltate, with a basiscopic membranous wing ......................................................................................................................................................................................... Lycopodium

5 Leaves decussate, with large lateral leaves and smaller narrow dorsal and ventral leaves......................................... Diphasiastrum

- Leaves alternate, dorsolateral ones much larger than the partly membranous ventral leaves........................................... Diphasium

6 Strobili pendulous or nodding, terminating amply branched branchlet systems that are borne on an erect, tree-like or scandent aerial main branch; sporangia almost enclosed in cavities formed by the strobilus cortex and coalescent bases of adjacent sporophylls ................................................................................................................................................................................. Palhinhaea

- Strobili erect, terminating simple (rarely forked) erect branches that arise dorsally on the creeping stems; sporangia free, not enclosed in cavities................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

7 Sporangia anisovalvate; sporophylls with few to several, prominent and often recurved teeth, arranged in alternating whorls of 5 or more, forming 10 or more longitudinal ranks; immature sporophylls with same colour as adjacent peduncle leaves ................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................... Lycopodiella

- Sporangia nearly isovalvate; sporophylls with entire to minutely denticulate-fimbriate margins, arranged in alternating whorls of 2–5, forming 4–10 longitudinal ranks; immature sporophylls paler than adjacent peduncle leaves ................... Pseudolycopodiella