Ophrys L., 1753

D. M. Moore (ed.), 1980, CCIII Orchidaceae, Flora Europaea, Vol 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae, Camebridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 325-350 : 344-345

30. Ophrys L. 1

Tubers 2(-3), globose or ovoid, entire. Leaves usually in a basal rosette, sometimes also present on stem. Perianth-segments more or less patent, unequal; outer oblong or ovate, obtuse; inner lateral smaller, often hairy. Labellum entire to 3-lobed, often convex and gibbous, sometimes with an apical appendage which is often deflexed, glabrous or velutinous, variably marked, with usually glabrous central area (speculum); spur absent. Rostellum minute. Viscidia in 2 simple bursicles.

Many species of Ophrys can cross to produce hybrids, which are often fertile, and most interspecific combinations have been reported, although generally not as often as might be expected from the frequency with which 2 or more species occur sym-

patrically. This has been attributed to the high fidelity to particu­ lar Ophrys species of the pollinating bees and wasps. Neverthe­ less, certain species, especially 1 -6 and 15-20, seem to hybridize more than others and there is clear evidence that some crosses (3x4, 6x9, 15 x 16) can give rise to fertile hybrid swarms and even stabilized hybrid segregates, sometimes involving intro- gression, which are eco-geographically and reproductively differentiated from their parents.

Literature: H. Baumann, Orchidee 26: 132-140, 222-230 (1975). O. & E. Danesch, Ophrys -Hybriden. Bern. 1972. O. & E. Danesch, F. & K. Ehrendorfer, PI. Syst. Evol. 124: 79- 123 (1975). P. Gölz & H. Reinard, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 85: 31-56 (1975). E. Nelson, Gestaltwandel und Artbildung, erötert am Beispiel der Orchidaceen Europas und der Mittelmeerländer mit einer Monographie und Ikonographie der Gattung Ophrys . Chernex-Montreux. 1962. R. von Soö, Acta Bot. Acad. Sei. Hung. 5:437-471 (1959); 16: 373-392 (1970); 18: 379-384 (1973). H. Sundermann, Jahresb. Naturw. Ver. Wuppertal 19: 9-17, 63- 70 (1964). W. Vöth & F. Ehrendorfer, PI. Syst. Evol. 124: 279-290 (1976).

1 Anther-connective obtuse

2 Inner perianth-segments white, yellowish or green

3 Labellum with flat margin, and a yellow, glabrous or hairy marginal zone 3. lutea

3 Labellum with ± deflexed margin, and a velutinous, some­

times yellow, marginal zone

4 Inner perianth-segments green; labellum 13-23 mm 4. fusca

4 Inner perianth-segments white to pale green; labellum 7-9 mm 5. pallida

2 Inner perianth-segments purplish or blackish-violet, at least at base

5 Labellum deeply 3-lobed, the lateral lobes gibbous and deflexed so that the labellum appears globose-inflated 20. bombyliflora

5 Labellum entire to deeply 3-lobed, the lateral lobes not gibbous or deflexed

6 Outer perianth-segments purplish; labellum entire, rarely slightly 3-lobed 18. tenthredinifera

6 Outer perianth-segments green or yellowish; labellum distinctly 3-lobed

7 Inner perianth-segments linear, velutinous; middle lobe of labellum deeply emarginate or 2-lobed; speculum small, pale bluish-violet 1. insectifera

7 Inner perianth-segments ovate to lanceolate, hairy; middle lobe of labellum entire or slightly emarginate; speculum large, blue, with yellow margin 2. speculum

1 Anther-connective acute or acuminate

8 Lateral lobes of labellum with basal protuberances; specu­ lum usually with a whitish or yellowish margin

9 Outer perianth-segments green

10 Labellum entire

11 Speculum without a coloured margin; inner perianth- segments at least 1 /2as long as the outer 6. sphegodes

11 Speculum with a whitish, yellowish or greenish margin; inner perianth-segments 3—5- as long as the outer 16. fuciflora

10 Labellum 3-lobed

12 Lateral lobes of labellum glabrous

13 Speculum without a marginal zone; labellum 5-15(-17) mm 6. sphegodes

13 Speculum with a white marginal zone; labellum 10—13 (-15) mm 7. spruneri

12 Lateral lobes of labellum hairy

14 Labellum blackish-purple; speculum H-shaped, scutelliform or of small spots, white or bluish, with white margin 13. cretica

14 Labellum brown; speculum scutelliform, blue or dark brownish-violet, with yellow margin 14. carmeli

9 Outer perianth-segments pink or purplish

15 Inner perianth-segments f as long as the outer; speculum crescentic, without a coloured margin 10. lunulata

15 Inner perianth-segments usually up to 1 /2 as long as the outer; speculum not crescentic, with a whitish or yellowish margin

16 Labellum entire or subentire

17 Basal protuberances of the labellum up to 3 mm; appendage of the labellum large, 3-dentate 16. fuciflora

17 Basal protuberances of the labellum short, inconspic­ uous; appendage of the labellum small 17. arachnitiformis

16 Labellum 3-lobed

18 Outer perianth-segments (8-) 10-15 mm; appendage of labellum long or absent; margin of speculum yellow 19. apifera

18 Outer perianth-segments 8-10(-12)mm; appendage of labellum short

19 Inner perianth-segments i as long as the outer; margin of speculum white 13. cretica

19 Inner perianth-segments y-j as long as the outer; margin of speculum whitish or yellow 15. scolopax

8 Lateral lobes of labellum without basal protuberances; speculum with or without a coloured margin

20 Labellum entire

21 Outer perianth-segments green

22 Speculum with whitish, greenish or yellow margin 16. fuciflora

22 Speculum without a coloured margin

23 Labellum 5-15(-17)mm, without appendage; specu­ lum usually H-shaped 6. sphegodes

23 Labellum 10-12 mm, with appendage; speculum horseshoe-shaped, scutelliform or of 2 parallel lines 8. ferrum-equinum

21 Outer perianth-segments pinkish or purplish

24 Speculum without coloured margin

25 Speculum horseshoe-shaped, scutelliform or of 2 parallel lines; labellum not curved upwards anteriorly 8. ferrum-equinum

25 Speculum usually scutelliform; labellum ±curved up­ wards anteriorly 9. bertolonii

24 Speculum with whitish, greenish or yellow margin

26 Inner perianth-segments at least $ as long as the outer; labellum suborbicular to ovate 11. argolica

26 Inner perianth-segments -j—j as long as the outer; labellum ovate to transversely elliptical 16. fuciflora

20 Labellum 3-lobed

27 Inner perianth-segments at least f as long as the outer; speculum crescentic 10. lunulata

27 Inner perianth-segments c. %as long as the outer; specu­ lum not crescentic

28 Inner perianth-segments glabrous or papillose

29 Speculum with white margin 7. spruneri

29 Speculum without white margin

30 Basal leaves obtuse; inner perianth-segments greenish or brownish-red; labellum usually without an appendage 6. sphegodes

30 Basal leaves acute; inner perianth-segments purple or pink; labellum with an appendage 8. feirum-equinum

28 Inner perianth-segments hairy

31 Speculum of 2 thick, comma-shaped lines and 2 spots 12. reinholdii

31 Speculum H-shaped (the cross-line sometimes absent), scutelliform or of 1 line or spot

32 Outer perianth-segments purple or lilac; speculum with white margin 11. argolica

32 Outer perianth-segments green or greenish-purple

33 Speculum without white margin 6. sphegodes

33 Speculum with white margin 7. spruneri 1