Psilochorus sphaeroides, : Jackson and Rowe, 1987

HUBER, BERNHARD A., 2001, The Pholcids Of Australia (Araneae; Pholcidae): Taxonomy, Biogeography, And Relationships, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2001 (260), pp. 1-1 : 1-

Psilochorus sphaeroides (misidentification; see

Notes below): Jackson and Rowe, 1987; Jack­

son 1992; Jackson et al., 1992.

?‘‘ Psilochorus ’’ sp. 1: Huber, 1998: fig. 2M (see

Notes below).

NOTES: Robert Jackson and coworkers did not publish detailed collection data of the material they identified as Psilochorus sphaeroides (only ‘‘Cairns’’, or ‘‘near Cairns’’). A label accompanying the type material of the present species reads ‘‘R. R. Jackson, voucher specimens’’, but these specimens were collected after the publication of all the papers listed above. Nevertheless, since the only four vials in the QMB containing specimens collected by R. Jackson contain the present species, I find it highly probable that this is actually the species studied by Jackson and coworkers.

Secondly, the species whose ‘‘valve’’ was studied in Huber (1998) is either conspecific or very close to the present species. (I copied the erroneous label, saying ‘‘Mittag Mittag’’, which should be ‘‘Millaa Millaa’’.)

TYPE: Male holotype from Crystal Cascades near Cairns (16°58̍S, 145°42̍E), Queensland, Australia ; Dec. 1992 (R. R. Jackson), in QMB ( S34679 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Tjapukai, a rainforest tribe in northeastern Queensland. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from most congeners by the modified male clypeus (figs. 2–4), from all known congeners (including the very similar Wugigarra mamu ) by the shapes of procursus tip (figs. 10, 11) and dorsodistal bulbal elements (fig. 12).

MALE (holotype): Total length 3.9, carapace width 1.84. Leg 1: 53.9 (13.1 + 0.7 + 12.4 + 19.7 + 3.1), tibia 2: 8.1, tibia 3: 6.0, tibia 4: 8.4; tibia 1 l/d: 79. Habitus and prosoma shape as in figs. 1–4. Carapace ochre with wide median and marginal brown bands, thoracic furrow black (fig. 3). Ocular area brown; distance PME­PME 0.135; diameter PME 0.135; distance PME­ALE 0.105; diameter AME 0.105. Clypeus ochre yellow, distally modified into black sclerotized rim (figs. 2–4); sternum dark brown, with small yellowish speckles, margins lighter (fig. 4). Chelicerae light brown, with pair of black pointed apophyses medially and low humps at their bases (fig. 5); apophyses not visible in lateral view (fig. 1). Palps as in figs. 6–7, mostly ochre­yellow, only procursus and bulb partly brown to black; procursus tip and bulb distinctive, as in figs. 6, 7, 10–12. Legs ochre to light brown, without dark rings, tips of femora and tibiae whitish; curved hairs on tibiae and metatarsi; without spines and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 8%; tarsus 1 with>40 distinct pseudosegments. Opisthosoma roundish, as in fig. 1, gray, with black and white spots except ventrally; genital plate brown, about trapezoidal; brown plate in front of spinnerets.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 7 males: 10.1–12.4 (x = 11.4).

FEMALE: In general very similar to male. Tibia 1 in 11 females: 8.8–10.9 (x = 9.7). Epigynum as in fig. 8, anterior plate laterally dark brown, medially whitish, with transparent scape, posterior plate light brown; dorsal view as in fig. 9.

DISTRIBUTION: Known from the Cairns area (northeastern Queensland) and from one locality about 300 km SSE of Cairns (map 4).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Crystal Cascades near Cairns: Male holotype above, with 13 3♀, ‘‘ R. R. Jackson, voucher specimens’’ ( QMB S20897 ) ; same locality, Dec. 1982 (R. R. Jackson), 43 4♀ ( QMB S49973 , 49963 ) ; Lamb Range (17°06̍S, 145°37̍E), Jan. 23, 1972 (N. Clyde Coleman), 13 ( QMB S49979) ; Redlynch (16°53̍S, 145°42̍E), Jan. 1980 (R. R. Jackson), ‘‘prey of Portia ’’, 53 5♀ ( QMB S49812 ) ; Lower Mulgrave River (19°51̍S, 147°10̍E), Sept. 19, 1971 (N. Clyde Coleman), 13 1♀ ( QMB S49883 ) .

Wugigarra mamu , new species Figures 13–16

TYPE: Male holotype from Bellenden Ker Range, Cableway Base Stn (17°16̍S,

145°54̍E), 100 m elev., Queensland, Australia ; Oct. 17–24, 1981 (Earthwatch/ QMB), in QMB ( S27760 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Mamu, aboriginal rainforest dwellers in northeastern Queensland. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from most congeners by the modified male clypeus (cf. figs. 2–4), from all known congeners (including the very similar Wugigarra tjapukai ) by the shapes of procursus tip (figs. 13, 14) and dorsodistal bulbal elements (figs. 15, 16).

MALE (holotype): Total length 2.9, carapace width 1.42. Leg 1: 38.9 (10.0 + 0.5 + 9.6 + 16.1 + 2.7), tibia 2: 6.1, tibia 3: 4.4, tibia 4: 6.4; tibia 1 l/d: 85. Habitus and prosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. figs. 1–4), including color patterns and modified clypeus. Distance PME­PME 0.080; diameter PME 0.135; distance PME­ALE 0.095; diameter AME 0.105. Chelicerae and palps in general identical to those in W. tjapukai (cf. figs. 5–7), but procursus tip and dorsodistal bulbal elements significantly different (figs. 13–16). Legs as in W. tjapukai , including curved hairs on tibiae and metatarsi; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 7%; tarsus 1 with>40 distinct pseudosegments. Opisthosoma identical to that in W. tjapukai (cf. fig. 1).

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 7 males: 9.6–10.9 (x = 10.4).

FEMALE: In general very similar to male; tibia 1 in 8 females: 8.1–9.5 (x = 8.6). Epigynum externally not distinguishable from that of W. tjapukai (cf. fig. 8).

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the Bellenden Ker Range area near Cairns, northeastern Queensland (map 5).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Bellenden Ker Range, Cableway Base Stn: Male holotype above, with 3♀ 1 juvenile ( QMB S34665 ) ; Bellenden Ker Range, Westgid Creek (N Branch) (17°16̍S, 145°54̍E), 100 m elev., Nov. 1, 1981 (Earthwatch / QMB), 13 ( QMB S26257 ) ; Bellenden Ker Range , 0.5 km S of Cable Tower No. 7 (17°16̍S, 145°51̍E), 500 m elev., Oct. 17– 24, 1981 (Earthwatch / QMB), 53 3♀ ( QMB S50181 ) ; same data but Oct. 25–31, 1981: 3♀ 5 juveniles ( QMB S50182) ; same data but Nov. 1–7, 1981: 13 2♀ ( QMB S50239 ) ; Russell R. at Bellenden Ker Landing (17°16̍S, 145°57̍E), 5 m elev., Nov. 1–9, 1981 (Earthwatch / QMB), 13 1♀ ( QMB S50246 ) ; Graham Range (17°17̍S, 145°58̍E), 550 m elev., Nov. 1, 1995 (G. Monteith), ‘‘ Pyrethrum, trees and logs’’, 13 2♀ ( QMB S43364 ) .

Wugigarra kaurna , new species

Figures 17–32 TYPE : Male holotype from Bunyeroo Gorge (31°25̍S, 138°34̍E), ABC Range, Flinders Range National Park, South Australia, Australia; May 16, 1991 (D. Hirst), in SAM (N1999/717).

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Kaurna, an aboriginal tribe from the Mount Lofty Range area. The last woman survivor, Ivaritji, died in 1931. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Large species, distinguished from congeners by the tip of the procursus (figs. 22, 23), the distal bulbal elements (figs. 24, 25), the shape of the epigynum (fig. 26), and the three pairs of lateral spots on the car­ apace (fig. 18). The AMS has a possibly closely related species from Capertee Valley (~33°10̍S, 150°25̍E), differing with respect to the procursus tip (AMS KS44134).

MALE (holotype): Total length 4.8, carapace width 2.03. Leg 1: 47.0 (12.8 + 0.8 + 12.5 + 18.1 + 2.8), tibia 2: 8.9, tibia 3: 6.7, tibia 4: 8.9; tibia 1 l/d: 63. Habitus and prosoma shape as in figs. 17–19. Carapace pale ochre with brown marks as in fig. 18. Ocular area pale ochre, slightly darker laterally; distance PME­PME 0.215; diameter PME 0.145; distance PME­ALE 0.065; diameter AME 0.095. Clypeus with pair of dark stripes (fig. 19); sternum brown, with small yellowish speckles. Chelicerae light ochrebrown, with pair of black pointed apophyses medially and low humps at their bases (fig. 21); apophyses visible in lateral view (fig. 17). Stridulatory files as in fig. 31. Palps as in fig. 20, mostly ochre­yellow, only procursus and bulb partly brown to black; procursus tip and bulb distinctive, as in figs. 22– 25. Palpal tarsal organ as in fig. 30. Legs ochre to light brown, dark rings on femora subdistally, patellae + tibiae proximally, and tibiae subdistally; with many curved hairs on tibiae and metatarsi 1–3; without spines and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 8%. Tarsus 1 distally with ~15 fair­ ly distinct pseudosegments; proximally pseudosegmentation difficult to see. Opisthosoma as in fig. 17, gray, with many black and some white spots except ventrally. Genital plate only slightly darker, about trapezoidal; gonopore without epiandrous spigots (fig. 32). Plate in front of spinnerets indistinct. Two spigots on ALS (fig. 29, showing also the usual two spigots on PMS).

VARIATION: There is an impressive north– south clinal variation, especially in size—tibia 1 in 15 males from north of latitude 32°S: 10.5–13.7 (x = 11.3), in 9 males from south of 34°S: 7.3–8.9 (x = 8.3); the males from between 32° and 34°S have intermediate values: 8.9, 10.3, 10.3, 11.2. The same pattern occurs in females (see below). In addition, the number and size of teeth prolaterally on the male genital bulb follows a similar pattern: most specimens from northern populations have several teeth (as shown in figs. 24, 25); towards the south, these teeth get fewer and smaller, until they are completely absent.

FEMALE: In general very similar to male— tibia 1 in 8 females from north of latitude 32°S: 7.5–10.4 (x = 9.1), in 8 females from south of 34°S: 5.5–8.0 (x = 6.7). Epigynum as in fig. 26, anterior plate laterally brown, medially whitish with pocket on short transparent scape; dorsal view as in fig. 27. Spigots on ALS as in male (fig. 28).

DISTRIBUTION: Known from several localities in southeastern South Australia (map 4).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: South Australia: Flinders Range National Park : Male holotype above, with 53 2♀ 2 juveniles ( SAM N1999 /718–24) ; Flinders Range National Park, Heysen Range, Bunyeroo Gorge (31°25̍S, 138°32̍E), May 16, 1990 (D. Hirst), 33 2♀ 1 juvenile in SAM (N1999/712–6) ; Gammon Ranges National Park, Arcoona Creek near Sambot WH (30°27̍S, 139°02̍E), at night on cliffs, May 4, 1989 (D. Hirst), 23 2♀ ( SAM N1999 / 706–9) ; rocky ridge NE of Arcoona Creek (30°26̍S, 138°58̍E), May 3, 1989 (D. Hirst), 13 2 juveniles ( SAM N1999 /710) ; near Grindells Hut, Gammon Ranges National Park (30°29̍S, 139°13̍E), Apr. 1985 (B. Guerin), 13 ( SAM N1999 /711) ; Gammon Ranges National Park, on cliff face, Weetootla Gorge (30°29̍S, 139°14̍E), Oct. 24, 1999 (D. Hirst), 13 1 juvenile ( SAM NN9036 ) ; Mawson Plateau (30°07̍S, 139°25̍E), Oct. 21–22, 1999 (D. Hirst), in rocky creek bank, 13 4♀ ( SAM NN9031– 35 ) ; Alligator Gorge, Mt. Remarkable National Park (32°45̍S, 138°03̍E), on cliffs in gorge, Jan. 25, 1987 (D. Hirst), 13 1♀ ( SAM N1999 /728–29) ; Melrose camping area (32°50̍S, 138°11̍E), Apr. 18, 1987 (D. Hirst), 3♀ ( SAM N1999 /730–2) ; Spring Ck., near Melrose (32°50̍S, 138°11̍E), Apr. 21, 1973 (M. R. Gray), 13 ( AMS KS51544 ) ; Mambray Creek camp area (32°51̍S, 138°00̍E), from tree roots, steep creek bank, Oct. 4, 1988 (D. Hirst), 23 1♀ ( SAM N1999 /725–7) ; Cave Cliff National Trust Reserve, Hd Parcoola (33°37̍S, 140°03̍E), Apr. 25, 1982 (J. J. Szent­Ivany), 13 1♀ ( SAM N1999 /773–4) ; Cromer Conservation Park (34°47̍S, 138°59̍E), Sept. 7, 1985 (B. Guerin), under log, 1♀ ( SAM N1999 /733) ; Mt. Lofty Ranges, Castambul, Torrens Gorge (34°52̍S, 138°46̍E), Nov. 29, 1986 (D. Hirst), 23 2♀ ( SAM N1999 /740–3) ; Adelaide (34°56̍S, 138°36̍E), no date (R. H. Pulleine), 13 3♀ (poorly preserved) ( SAM N1999 /735–8) ; Adelaide, River Torrens (34°56̍S, 138°36̍E), 1903 (R. H. Pulleine), 1♀ ( SAM N1999 /734) ; Adelaide, Windsor Gardens (34°56̍S, 138°37̍E), Dec. 1–16, 1990 (D. Hirst), 13 ( SAM N1999 /739) ; Mt. Lofty Ranges, Belair (35°00̍S, 138°38̍E), Mar. 17, 1990 (L. N. Nicholson), 13 1♀ ( SAM N1999 /748–9) ; same locality, Feb. 12, 1990 (L. N. Nicholson), 1♀ ( SAM N1999 / 750) ; same locality, Dec. 20, 1989 (L. N. Nicholson), 4♀ ( SAM N1999 /744–7) ; same locality, Jan. 15, 1991 (L. N. Nicholson), 1♀ ( SAM N1999 /751) ; same locality, May 10, 1992 (L. N. Nicholson), 1♀ ( SAM N1999 / 753) ; same locality, May 16, 1991 (L. N. Nicholson), in garden shed, 1♀ ( SAM N1999 /752) ; Mt Lofty Ranges, Loftia Park (35°02̍S, 138°42̍E), Sept. 14, 1989 (D. Hirst), 13 ( SAM N1999 /755) ; same locality, Mar. 20, 1990 (D. Hirst), 43 3♀ 2 juveniles ( SAM N1999 /756–63) ; Mt. Lofty Ranges, Hahndorf (35°02̍S, 138°49̍E), in fowl house, Dec. 1983 (B. Guerin), 3♀ ( SAM N1999 /764–6) ; Mt. Lofty Ranges, Coromandel Valley (35°02̍S, 138°38̍E), Apr. 1995 (L. N. Nicholson), 1♀ ( SAM N1999 /754) ; Mt. Lofty Ranges near Clarendon (35°07̍S, 138°38̍E), June 25, 1978 (A. F. Lees), 13 2♀ ( SAM N1999 /768–70) ; Nappyalla (35°20̍S, 139°07̍E), Mar. 1995 (J. Eckert), 1♀ ( SAM N1999 /771) ; Snowgum Reserve, Carolyn Forest (37°56̍S, 140°56̍E), Apr. 20, 1979 (D. C. Lee), under Eucalyptus bark, 1♀ ( SAM N1999 /772) .

Wugigarra sphaeroides (Koch, 1867) ,

new combination

Figures 33–50 Pholcus sphaeroides Koch, 1867: 193 ; 1872:

283–285, pl. 23, figs. 6, 6a–d. Psilochorus sphaeroides: Simon, 1893: 481–482 .

TYPE: Koch (1867, 1872) described both sexes from Rockhampton (23°22̍S, 150°32̍E), Queensland. This material seems to be lost, but the ZMH has a male from Gayndah (~ 270 km SE of Rockhampton) from the Museum Godeffroy collection that is very likely conspecific with Koch’s original material (see diagnosis below).

DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to W. yawai and W. eberhardi , distinguished from both by the long transparent scape on the epigynum (figs. 41, 46) (Koch’s [1872] ‘‘ weicher... Fortsatz ’’), from the first also by the cheliceral apophyses not visible in lateral view (fig. 34) and the more slender procursus (fig. 35), from the second also by the lateral cones on the epigynum (figs. 40, 41) (Koch’s ‘‘ kegelförmige... Höckerchen ’’), and the ‘‘stridulatory’’ cone frontodorsally on the female opisthosoma (Koch’s ‘‘ kleines Höckerchen ’’).

MALE (Homevale): Total length 3.8, carapace width 1.55. Leg 1: 36.1 (9.6 + 0.7 + 9.6 + 14.3 + 1.9), tibia 2: 6.3, tibia 3: 4.5, tibia 4: 6.4; tibia 1 l/d: 64. Habitus and prosoma shape similar to W. tjapukai (cf. figs. 1–4). Carapace ochre with wide brown median band that is frontally widened, and with lateral bands. Ocular area brown; distance PME­PME 0.160; diameter PME 0.100; distance PME­ALE 0.060; diameter AME 0.095. Clypeus brown, not modified; sternum brown, lateral margins ochre­yellow. Chelicerae light brown with whitish humps and black apophyses that are not visible in lateral view (figs. 33, 34). Palps as in fig. 35, bulb and procursus as in figs. 36–39. Brush of hairlike structures on tip of procursus (fig. 47). Legs ochre to light brown, with dark rings on femora subdistally, patellae + tibiae proximally, tibiae subdistally; tips of femora and tibiae whitish; without spines and vertical hairs; with curved hairs on tibiae and metatarsi 1–3 (few distally on femora and proximally on metatarsi); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 10%; tarsus 1 distally with ~16 distinct pseudosegments (fig. 44 shows two from near the tip), proximally pseudosegmentation very indistinct. Opisthosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. fig. 1), ochre gray with blackish spots dorsally. Gen­ ital plate brown; gonopore without epiandrous spigots (fig. 43). Brown plate in front of spinnerets; two spigots on ALS (fig. 48).

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 5 males: 8.1–10.0 (x = 9.1). Measurements of Koch’s ‘‘type’’ from Gayndah: total length 3.4, carapace width 1.6; leg 1: 10.0 + 0.7 + 9.7, metatarsus and tarsus missing, tibia 2: 6.4, tibia 3: 4.7, tibia 4: 6.7.

FEMALE: In general very similar to male, but palps and chelicerae brown, and opisthosoma frontodorsally with unpaired sclerotized area, opposing part of thoracic furrow that is less deep and more heavily sclerotized than in male. Stridulatory files on chelicerae as in fig. 45. Palpal tarsal organ and palpal tarsus tip as in figs. 49 and 50. Epigynum as in figs. 40 and 41, with anterior plate divided into lateral brown parts with cones and median whitish part with long transparent scape provided with pocket (figs. 41, 46); dorsal view as in fig. 42.

DISTRIBUTION: Known from several localities between ~ 300 km N and 300 km S of Rockhampton, southeastern Queensland (map 4).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Rockhampton­Yeppoon (23°08̍S, 150°44̍E), Oct. 29, 1973 (V. E. Davies), 13 1♀ ( QMB S50272 ) ; Rundle Range , ‘‘site 5’’ (23°39̍S, 150°59̍E), Mar. 24–31, 1975 (R. Kohout, V. E. Davies), 13 4♀ ~ 3 juveniles ( QMB S50162) ; Gayndah (25°37̍S, 151°37̍E), ‘‘ No 11019’’ (or ‘‘1/019’’?), no further data, 13 ‘‘type’’ in ZMH ; Taroom, Dawson R., Nathan Gorge (25°27̍S, 150°08̍E), Nov. 14, 1996 (P. Lawless), 13 2♀ ( QMB S37385 , 37395 ) ; Homevale (21°24̍S, 148°33̍E), Apr. 1–7, 1975 (R. Kohout, V. E. Davies), 33 ~ 8♀ several juveniles ( QMB S50160 ) ; same locality, riverine rainforest, Apr. 1–7, 1975 (collector not given), 1♀ 1 juvenile ( QMB S49976 ) .

Wugigarra eberhardi , new species Figures 51–58

TYPE: Male holotype from Carrai Bat Cave , Stockyard Creek (30°59̍S, 152°20̍E), New South Wales, Australia ; Feb. 4, 1995 (S. Eberhard), in cave, ‘‘space webs’’, in AMS (KS65697).

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collector of the type specimen and of many more pholcids from caves in New South Wales.

DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to W. yawai and sphaeroides , distinguished from both by the low humps proximally on the male chelicerae (fig. 52) and the absence of a spine on the genital bulb (fig. 56); from the first also by the cheliceral apophyses not visible in lateral view (fig. 52) and the more slender procursus (fig. 53), from the second by the absence of a long transparent scape and lateral cones on the epigynum (fig. 57).

MALE (holotype): Total length 2.8, carapace width 1.35. Leg 1: 26.1 (6.9 + 0.5 + 7.1 + 9.7 + 1.9), tibia 2: 4.8, tibia 3: 3.5, tibia 4: 4.8; tibia 1 l/d: 67. Habitus and prosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. figs. 1–4). Carapace ochre with dark median line and spot behind ocular area, radial marks, and light ochre spots laterofrontally. Ocular area brown; distance PME­PME 0.175; diameter PME 0.065; distance PME­ALE 0.065; diameter AME 0.055. Clypeus brown, not modified; sternum brown. Chelicerae brown with low proximal humps and black apophyses that are not visible in lateral view (figs. 51, 52); with stridulatory ridges. Palps very similar to W. sphaeroides (cf. fig. 35), bulb and procursus as in figs. 53–56. Legs light brown, without any rings; without spines and vertical hairs; with curved hairs on all tibiae and metatarsi, and distally on femora; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 7%; tarsus 1 distally with ~14 distinct pseudosegments, proximally pseudosegmentation very indistinct. Opisthosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. fig. 1), ochre with dark spots dorsally; genital plate light brown, trapezoidal; brown plate in front of spinnerets.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in other males: 6.8, 7.1, 8.7, 8.8. The male from Gecko Cave, Gloucester, differs minimally with respect to the bulb (arrow in fig. 53: this process is smaller; arrow in fig. 56: more prominent hump).

FEMALE: In general very similar to male. Epigynum without lateral elevations, with median pocket (fig. 57); dorsal view as in fig. 58.

DISTRIBUTION: Known from several localities in eastern New South Wales (map 4).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Carrai Bat Cave, Stockyard Creek : Male holotype above, with 13 ( AMS KS49262 ) ; Youdale’s Cave, Kunderang Brook (~31°00̍S, 152°12̍E), Jan. 2, 1995 (S. Eberhard), 13 1♀ ( AMS KS49264 ) ; Bat Cave, Yessabah (31°06̍S, 152°41̍E), Feb. 12, 1995 (S. Eberhard), dark zone, 23 1 juvenile ( AMS KS49259 ) ; N Plateau Rd ~ 3.5 km from Plateau Beach Picnic Area (31°11̍S, 152°20̍E), Mount Boss State Forest , Feb. 4–Apr. 9, 1993 (M. Gray, G. Cassis), 13 ( AMS KS42177 ) ; Gecko Cave, Gloucester (~32°02̍S, 151°58̍E), May 22, 1995 (S. Eberhard), dark zone, 13 1 juvenile ( AMS KS49266 ) .

Wugigarra yawai , new species Figures 59–67

TYPE: Male holotype from Mt. Goonaneman (25°26̍S, 152°08̍E), Queensland, Australia ; Nov. 3–6, 1980 (R. Raven, V. E. Davies), sieved litter, 670 m elev., in QMB ( S34675 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Taribelang (also called Yawai), an aboriginal tribe in the Bundaberg area. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to W. eberhardi and sphaeroides , distinguished from both by the male cheliceral apophyses visible in lat­ eral view (fig. 60) and the broad procursus (fig. 61), from the first also by the presence of a spine on the genital bulb (fig. 64); from the second also by the absence of a long transparent scape on the epigynum (fig. 66).

MALE (holotype): Total length 2.4, carapace width 1.23. Leg 1: 28.2 (7.5 + 0.5 + 7.5 + 10.8 + 1.9), tibia 2: 4.8, tibia 3: 3.3, tibia 4: 5.1; tibia 1 l/d: 75. Habitus and prosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. figs. 1–4). Carapace with dark pattern as in W. tjapukai (cf. fig. 3). Ocular area ochre; distance PME­ PME 0.105; diameter PME 0.105; distance PME­ALE 0.055; diameter AME 0.095. Clypeus with pair of dark stripes converging distally, not modified; sternum dark brown except laterally. Chelicerae light brown with pair of high proximal humps and distinctively projecting black apophyses that are visible in lateral view (figs. 59, 60), with stridulatory ridges. Palps as in fig. 61, bulb and procursus as in figs. 62–65. Legs light brown, with slightly darker rings preceding whitish tips of femora and tibiae; without spines and vertical hairs; with curved hairs on all tibiae and metatarsi 1–3; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 10%; tarsus 1 with>25 pseudosegments, proximally pseudosegmentation very indistinct. Opisthosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. fig. 1), gray with blackish and white spots except ventrally; genital plate brown; brown plate in front of spinnerets.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 5 males: 6.0–7.5; the male from Double Island is significantly larger (tibia 1: 9.7), but is otherwise identical. Several males have on the prolateral side of the bulb, distal to the large spine (arrow in fig. 65), one or two additional tiny spines.

FEMALE: In general very similar to male, but chelicerae and palps dark brown, and opisthosoma frontodorsally with unpaired sclerotized area, opposing part of thoracic furrow that is less deep and more heavily sclerotized than in male. Tibia 1 in 8 females: 5.2–7.2; female from Double Island significantly larg­ er (tibia 1: 9.2). Epigynum with two pairs of lateral elevations and median pocket (fig. 66); in some females median light area less diverging posteriorly; dorsal view as in fig. 67.

DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in eastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales, from ~20°– 30°S (map 5).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Mt. Goonaneman : Male holotype above, with 13 1♀ ( QMB S50119 ) ; Goodnight Scrub via Wallaville (25°05̍S, 152°00̍E), June 28, 1974 (J. Covacevich), 13 ( QMB S49886 ) ; Nipping Gully , ‘‘site 2’’ (25°40̍S, 151°26̍E), Aug. 21–Oct. 9, 1998 (G. B. Monteith), rainforest, 200 m elev., 13 ( QMB S49232 ) ; Double Island Pt., ‘‘near Little Freshwater Creek’’ (25°56̍S, 153°11̍E); Aug. 4, 1985 (J. Gallon, K. Sedler, R. Kropp), 13 1♀ ( QMB S49814 ) ; Cooloola (26°12̍S, 153°03̍E), Sept. 14, 1973 (R. Raven), dead tree trunk, 13 2 juveniles ( QMB S49885 ) ; Searys Scrub, Cooloola (26°12̍S, 153°03̍E), Feb. 6, 1976 (R. Raven, V. E. Davies), under logs, 4♀ ( QMB S50114 ) ; Mt. Coolum (26°34̍S, 153°05̍E), Jan. 1984 (B. R. Jahake), 13 ( QMB S50161) ; Dandabah, Bunya National Park (26°53̍S, 151°37̍E), Feb. 29, 1976 (unknown collector), 13 2♀ ( QMB S50126 ) ; Marlaybrook, Bunya Mountains (26°54̍S, 151°39̍E), Mar. 6, 1976 (R. Raven, V. E. Davies), 13 1♀ ( QMB S50141 ) ; Bunya Mountain (26°54̍S, 151°34̍E), Sept. 4, 1974 (R. Raven), 13 1♀ ( QMB S49816) ; Upper Brookfield (27°50̍S, 152°55̍E), rainforest, April 29–May 13, 1981 (V. E. Davies, R. Raven), 13 ( QMB S49790 ) ; same locality and collectors, Mar. 18, 1981, 1♀ 1 juvenile ( QMB S49965 ) ; Gold Creek Reservoir, Brookfield (27°30̍S, 152°55̍E), Sept. 17, 1980 (R. Raven, V. E. Davies), 1♀ 2 juveniles ( QMB S 49977 ) ; Bahr’s Scrub (27°44̍S, 153°10̍E), May 23, 1981 (G. Monteith), 13 1 juvenile ( QMB S50194 ) ; Killarney , ‘‘ 9 km out’’ (~28°20̍S, 152°20̍E), Aug. 10, 1997 (L. J. Boutin), under rocks and bark, 13 ( QMB S40374 ) ; The Head, via Killarney (28°23̍S, 152°19̍E), Aug. 18–Nov. 17, 1974 (G. & S. Monteith), 13 ( QMB S50213) ; Kroombit Tops, Lower Dry Creek (24°24̍S, 151°01̍E), Dec. 9–19, 1983 (V. E. Davies, J. Gallon), 13 1♀ ( QMB S49810) ; Kroombit Tops , 65 km SW of Gladstone (24°22̍S, 151°01̍E), 1000–1100 m elev., Feb. 22–26, 1982, 1♀ ( QMB S50314 ) ; Nob Creek, Byfield (22°52̍S, 150°37̍E), Apr. 27, 1979 (G. B. Monteith), rainforest, sieved litter, 1♀ ( QMB S50209 ) ; 5 km NW of Mt. Macartney (20°49̍S, 148°30̍E), Apr. 21, 1979 (G. B. Monteith), open forest, sieved litter, 480 m elev., 13 ( QMB S50202 ) ; Pandanus Creek (20°48̍S, 148°33̍E), Cathu SF, Apr. 22, 1979 (G. B. Monteith), creek margin, 80 m elev., 13 2♀ 2 juveniles ( QMB S50198 , 50204 , 50205 ). New South Wales: 0.5 km from Wheatly Creek Road on Camp Creek Road (28°47̍S, 152°19̍E), Feb. 4– Apr. 9, 1993 (M. Gray, G. Cassis), 13 ( AMS KS38374 ) .

Wugigarra undanbi , new species Figures 68–77

TYPE: Male holotype from Mt. Archer , Kilcoy (26°57̍S, 152°34̍E), Queensland, Australia ; Apr. 29, 1985 (J. Gallon), rainforest, ~ 1500 ft. elev., in QMB ( S34674 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Undanbi, an aboriginal tribe from northeastern Queensland. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Apparently closely related to W. eberhardi , yawai , and sphaeroides (note the similarity in procursus and bulb shapes), distinguished by the smaller size (note the lack of overlap in tibia 1 length), the higher carapace and opisthosoma (figs. 68, 69), and the simple flat epigynum with posterior pocket (fig. 76).

MALE (holotype): Total length 2.1, carapace width 1.06. Leg 1: 16.6 (4.0 + 0.4 + 4.4 + 6.5 + 1.3), tibia 2: 2.4, tibia 3: 1.9, tibia 4: 2.5; tibia 1 l/d: 55. Habitus and prosoma shape as in figs. 68–70. Carapace ochre, with darker markings as in fig. 70. Ocular area ochre, laterally darker; distance PME­PME 0.135; diameter PME 0.095; distance PME­ALE 0.045; diameter AME 0.055. Clypeus with wide dark mark; sternum brown. Chelicerae dark ochre, proximally thicker but without hump, distally with pair of black apophyses not visible in lateral view (figs. 68, 69). Palps in general as in W. yawai (cf. fig. 61), bulb and procursus as in figs. 71–75. Legs light brown, without rings; with single ventral row of spines on femora 1 (~25) and 2 (~8), with curved hairs on metatarsi 2 only, without vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 13%; tarsus 1 with>15 pseudosegments, proximally pseudosegmentation very indistinct. Opisthosoma shape as in fig. 68, gray with blackish spots except ventrally; genital plate large, brown, trapezoidal; brown plate in front of spinnerets.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 8 males: 3.6–4.8 (x = 4.3).

FEMALE: In general very similar to male, but without spines on femora. Tibia 1 in 8 females: 2.4–3.6 (x = 2.8). Epigynum simple brown plate with posterior pocket (fig. 76); dorsal view as in fig. 77.

DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in eastern Queensland, from ~20°– 28°S (map 4).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Mt. Archer , Kilcoy: Male holotype above, with 1♀ in same vial ; Mt. Mee , ‘‘site 2’’ (27°05̍S, 152°41̍E), 550 m elev., June 26–Oct. 30, 1978 (G. B. Monteith), 13 ( QMB S50216) ; Neurum Creek, Mt. Mee (27°05̍S, 152°42̍E), 210 m elev., Oct. 28, 1977 – Jan. 20, 1978 (G. B. Monteith), 1♀ ( QMB S49975) ; Mt. Tenison Woods (27°19̍S, 152°45̍E), rainforest, 750 m elev., stick brushing, May 15, 1997 (G. B. Monteith), 13 2♀ ( QMB S43065 ) ; Mt. Glorious, Hiller property (27°20̍S, 152°46̍E), Jan. 20– Apr. 26, 1978 (G. B. Monteith), 1♀ ( QMB S49972 ) ; Mt. Glorious (27°20̍S, 152°46̍E), Apr. 26, 1988 (P. Johns, V. E. Davies), 13 1♀ ( QMB S50302 ) ; same locality, Sept. 20, 1979 (G. B. Monteith), rainforest, stick brushing, 13 1♀ 1 juvenile ( QMB S50295 ) ; Upper Brookfield (27°30̍S, 152°55̍E), Sept. 7–Oct. 6, 1981 (V. E. Davies, R. Raven), rainforest, 13 ( QMB S50294 ) ; same locality, Oct. 5, 1981 (V. E. Davies, R. Raven), rainforest, 2♀ 3 juveniles ( QMB S50312 ) ; same locality, Aug. 14, 1981 (R. Raven, V. E. Davies), litter, rainforest, 13 2♀ 9 juveniles ( QMB S50301 ) ; same locality, Mar. 19, 1982 (R. Raven), litter, rainforest, 1♀ ( QMB S50309 ) ; same locality, Jan. 12, 1982 (R. Raven), litter, rainforest, 1♀ 1 juvenile ( QMB S50311 ) ; same locality, July 3, 1981 (V. E. Davies, R. Raven, Ditter), rainforest, 23 1♀ ( QMB S50313 ) ; 5 km NW of Mt. Macartney (20°49̍S, 148°30̍E), open forest, 480 m elev., sieved litter, Apr. 21, 1979 (G. B. Mon­ teith), 43 ( QMB S50191 , 50199 , 50214 ) ; Cape Hillsborough (20°55̍S, 149°03̍E), open forest, 10 m elev., sieved litter, Apr. 16, 1979 (G. B. Monteith), 13 ( QMB S50215) .

Wugigarra jiman , new species

Figures 78–83

?‘‘ Psilochorus ’’ sp. 2: Huber, 1998: fig. 2L (see Note below).

?‘‘ Psilochorus ’’ sp.: Huber, 2000: figs. 84, 132, 178 (see Note below).

NOTE: The species studied by Huber (1998, 2000) is either conspecific or closely related to the present species. However, it was collected from Magnetic Island, about 700 km N of the localities listed below.

TYPE: Male holotype from Taroom District (25°25̍S, 149°58̍E), Queensland, Australia ; Nov. 12, 1996 – Jan. 1997 (P. Lawless), vine thicket on hill, in QMB ( S37223 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Jiman, an aboriginal tribe from the Taroom area, Queensland. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of W. undanbi , easily distinguished from this and all other known congeners by the proximal position of the male cheliceral apophyses (figs. 78, 79).

MALE (holotype): Total length 1.9, carapace width 0.97. Leg 1: 14.3 (3.7 + 0.3 + 3.9 + 5.3 + 1.1), tibia 2: 2.3, tibia 3: 1.6, tibia 4: 2.3; tibia 1 l/d: 59. Habitus and prosoma shape very similar to W. undanbi (cf. figs. 68–70). Carapace ochre, with darker pattern similar to W. undanbi (cf. fig. 70). Ocular area ochre; distance PME­PME 0.120; diameter PME 0.080; distance PME­ ALE 0.040; diameter AME 0.055. Clypeus with pair of brown marks; sternum brown. Chelicerae brown, proximally with pair of distinctive apophyses; with stridulatory ridges (figs. 78, 79). Palps in general similar to W. yawai (cf. fig. 61), bulb and procursus as in figs. 80–83. Legs light brown, tips of femora and tibiae whitish, preceded by darker rings; with single ventral row of spines on femora 1 (~20) and 2 (~10), with curved hairs on tibiae and metatarsi 1 and 2, without vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 21%; tarsus 1 with>13 pseudosegments, proximally pseudosegmentation very indistinct. Opisthosoma shape as in W. undanbi (cf. fig. 68), gray with blackish spots except ventrally; genital plate large, brown; brown plate in front of spinnerets.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in other male: 3.5 (missing in others).

FEMALE: Unknown (the single female sectioned in Huber [1998] had a pair of characteristic horns laterally on the epigynum).

DISTRIBUTION: Known from two localities in southeastern Queensland (map 5). The species might actually have a much wider distribution (see Note above).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Taroom District : Male holotype above ; Mt. Rose via Taroom (25°25̍S, 149°58̍E), 260 m elev., vine scrub, Dec. 16, 1997 – Mar. 4, 1998 (D. J. Cook), 13 ( QMB S44355 ) ; Isla Gorge (25°16̍S, 149°56̍E), 8.4 km SSW of lookout, vine scrub, 360 m elev., Dec. 19, 1997 – Mar. 3, 1998 (G. Monteith, D. Cook), 13 ( QMB S44351 ) ; same locality, Sept. 21–Dec. 19, 1997 (G. Monteith), 13 ( QMB S44245 ) .

Wugigarra wiri , new species Figures 84–90

TYPE: Male holotype from Finch Hatton (21°09̍S, 148°38̍E), Queensland, Australia ; Apr. 7–14, 1975 (R. Kohout, V. E. Davies), sheet web against rock, in QMB ( S34678 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Wiri, an aboriginal tribe from middle­eastern Queensland. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from known congeners by the pair of apophyses distally on the bulb (figs. 87, 88) and by the shape of the procursus tip (figs. 84–86).

MALE (holotype): Total length 3.1, carapace width 1.48. Leg 1: 45.6 (11.7 + 0.7 + 11.7 + 18.7 + 2.8), tibia 2: 7.6, tibia 3: 5.5, tibia 4: 7.6; tibia 1 l/d: 88. Habitus and prosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. figs. 1–4). Carapace with dark pattern as in W. tjapukai (cf. fig. 3). Ocular area brown; distance PME­PME 0.145; diameter PME 0.120; distance PME­ALE 0.095; diameter AME 0.095. Clypeus with wide brown band, not modified; sternum dark brown except laterally. Chelicerae brown, very similar to those of W. tjapukai (cf. fig. 5), with pair of black apophyses whose tips are visible in lateral view, without proximal humps, with stridulatory ridges. Palps in general as in W. bulburin (cf. fig. 94), bulb and procursus as in figs. 84–88. Legs light brown, tips of femora and tibiae whitish; without spines and vertical hairs; with curved hairs on tibiae and metatarsi 1 and 2; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 9%; tarsus 1 with>25 pseudosegments, proximally pseudosegmentation very indistinct. Opisthosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. fig. 1), ochre­gray with dark spots except ventrally; genital plate large, brown; brown plate in front of spinnerets.

FEMALE: In general very similar to male, but chelicerae and palps dark brown. Tibia 1: 9.3 (missing in others). Epigynum brown, with posterior pocket (fig. 89); dorsal view as in fig. 90.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality in middle­eastern Queensland (map 5).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Finch Hatton: Male holotype above, with 3♀ ( QMB S50113).

Wugigarra bulburin , new species Figures 91–100

TYPE: Male holotype from Bulburin

(24°30̍S, 151°35̍E), Queensland, Australia; Mar. 17–24, 1975 (R. Kohout, V. E. Davies), in QMB ( S34671 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from all known congeners by the unique set of apophyses on the male chelicerae (figs. 92, 93).

MALE (holotype): Total length 1.9, carapace width 1.00. Leg 1: 21.5 (5.3 + 0.3 + 5.5 + 8.8 + 1.6), tibia 2: 3.1, tibia 3: 1.5, tibia 4: 3.0; tibia 1 l/d: 67. Habitus and prosoma shape very similar to W. undanbi (cf. figs. 68–70). Carapace ochre, with slightly darker spot behind ocular area, small spot posteriorly, and darker margins. Ocular area ochre; distance PME­PME 0.120; diameter PME 0.095; distance PME­ALE 0.055; diameter AME 0.055. Clypeus with pair of brown marks, distally with unsclerotized median projection (fig. 91); sternum light brown laterally, darker longitudinal band medially. Chelicerae ochre, with set of very distinctive apophyses and stridulatory ridges (figs. 92, 93). Palps as in fig. 94, bulb and procursus as in figs. 94–98. Legs ochre to light brown, femora and tibiae with whitish tips preceded by slightly darker rings; without spines and vertical hairs; with curved hairs on tibiae and metatarsi 1–3; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 8%; tarsus 1 with>20 pseudosegments, proximally pseudosegmentation very indistinct. Opisthosoma shape similar to W. undanbi (cf. fig. 68), but not as high; gray with large blackish spots except ventrally; genital plate trapezoidal, brown; brown plate in front of spinnerets.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 9 males: 5.5–5.7 (x = 5.6).

FEMALE: In general similar to male, but sternum without light lateral areas, and chelicerae and palps brown. Opisthosoma frontodorsally with unpaired sclerotized area, opposing posterior part of thoracic furrow that is less deep and more heavily sclerotized than in male. Tibia 1 in 2 females: 4.1, 4.2. Epigynum with posterior sclerotized scape, apparently with pocket (fig. 99); dorsal view as in fig. 100.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Bulburin area, southeastern Queensland (map 6).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Bulburin: Male holotype above, with 53 3♀ ( QMB S49818 ) ; Bulburin (For­ estry Nursery ), NW of Bundaberg (24°31̍S, 151°29̍E), rainforest, 580 m elev., Mar. 1975 (M. Gray, C. Horseman), 13 1 juvenile ( AMS KS6571 ) ; same data, 2♀ 1 juvenile ( AMS KS0099 ) ; same data, under rock and under logs, 33 ( AMS KS6789 ) .

Wugigarra yirgay , new species Figures 101–109

TYPE: Male holotype from Clifton Beach (16°46̍S, 145°40̍E), Queensland, Australia ; 1971–1972 (N. Clyde Coleman), in QMB ( S49884 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Irukandji (also called Yirgay), an aboriginal tribe from the Cairns area, northeastern Queensland. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from all known congeners by the male chelicerae provided with several modified hairs (figs. 101, 102), and by the long thin procursus (fig. 103). The QMB has a closely related undescribed species from Diamond Hill, Iron Range (northern Queensland), with identical chelicerae, but with different procursus tip, bulb, and epigynum (QMB S50263).

MALE (holotype): Total length 2.0, carapace width 0.97. Leg 1: 26.8 (6.9 + 0.4 + 6.9 + 10.7 + 1.9), tibia 2: 4.0, tibia 3: 2.8, tibia 4: 4.1; tibia 1 l/d: 74. Habitus and prosoma shape similar to W. tjapukai (cf. figs. 1–3). Carapace ochre, with slightly darker median and lateral bands. Ocular area ochre; distance PME­PME 0.135; diameter PME 0.085; distance PME­ALE 0.055; diameter AME 0.055. Clypeus ochre, unmodified; sternum ochre­yellow. Chelicerae ochre, with dark brown modified hairs, and stridulatory ridges (fig. 101). Palps as in fig. 103, femur without ventral apophysis, procursus tip and bulb as in figs. 103–107. Legs ochre­yellow, with slightly darker rings on femora subdistally, patellae and tibiae proximally, tibiae subdistally; tips of femora and tibiae whitish; with curved hairs on metatarsi 1 and 2; without spines and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 8%; tarsus 1 distally with ~15–20 fairly distinct pseudosegments, proximally pseudosegmentation difficult to see. Opisthosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. fig. 1), ochre gray with some blackish spots except ventrally; genital plate hardly darker; light brown plate in front of spinnerets.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 2 other males: 8.1 (both). These two males are slightly larger than the holotype, but appear identical in shape.

FEMALE: In general similar to male, but dark median band on carapace extends around ocular area, clypeus and sternum darker (brown), and dark rings on legs more distinct. Epigynum very simple in ventral view (fig. 108), without pocket; dorsal view as in fig. 109.

DISTRIBUTION: Known from three localities in northeastern Queensland (map 6).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Clifton Beach: Male holotype above, with 1♀ in same vial ; Endeavour Range 11 miles W of Cooktown (15°30̍S, 145°06̍E), Nov. 14, 1975 (R. Raven, V. E. Davies), litter, 13 ( QMB S50269 ) ; Mt. Cook (15°30̍S, 145°15̍E), Nov. 14, 1975 (R. Raven, V. E. Davies), 13 3 juveniles ( QMB 50144) .

Wugigarra arcoona , new species

Figures 110–114

TYPE: Male holotype from Arcoona Bluff (30°26̍S, 138°58̍E), upper slopes at west end of bluff, Gammon Ranges National Park, South Australia, Australia; May 3, 1989 (D. C. Lee), in SAM (N1999/781).

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from all known congeners by the male chelicerae having several small cones proximally and a pair of larger apophyses distally (fig. 110), and by the shape of the procursus tip (fig. 114) and the bulb (figs. 112, 113).

MALE (holotype): Total length 2.3, carapace width 1.03. Leg 1: 17.1 (4.7 + 0.4 + 4.9 + 5.9 + 1.2), tibia 2: 3.4, tibia 3: 2.5, tibia 4: 3.3; tibia 1 l/d: 57. Habitus and prosoma shape as in W. undanbi (cf. figs. 68– 70), but carapace less high. Carapace ochreyellow, with slightly darker band around ocular area. Ocular area light ochre; distance PME­PME 0.115; diameter PME 0.085; distance PME­ALE 0.020; diameter AME 0.080. Clypeus with slightly darker wide mark; sternum whitish. Chelicerae ochre to light brown, proximally much wider than distally, with some black cones, with stridulatory ridges, distally with pair of inwardfacing apophyses (fig. 110). Palps as in fig. 111, femur without ventral apophysis, procursus tip and bulb as in figs. 112–114. Legs ochre­yellow, darker rings hardly visible; with curved hairs on tibia 1 and metatarsi 1 and 2; without spines and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 28%; tarsus 1 distally with ~10 indistinct pseudosegments, proximally pseudosegmentation difficult to see. Opisthosoma shape as in W. undanbi (cf. fig. 70), ochre gray with some blackish spots except ventrally; genital plate and plate in front of spinnerets not darker.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 4 other males: 3.1, 4.3, 4.7, 4.8.

FEMALE: The SAM has a female specimen from ‘‘base of Beda Hill, South Gap Station’’ (31°51̍S, 137°37̍E) that might be conspecific (SAM N1999/784). It has a very distinctive epigynum with a sclerotized scape.

DISTRIBUTION: Known from two areas more than 2000 km apart: Gammon Ranges in South Australia, and Melville Island in Northern Territory (map 6). I personally find the Melville record dubious, and suggest that one question it until further material is found.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: South Australia: Gammon Ranges, Arcoona Bluff: Male holotype above ; same data, 13 ( SAM N1999 /778) ; Arcoona Creek near Elephant Hill (30°26̍S, 138°59̍E), May 5, 1989 (D. Hirst), 13 ( SAM N1999 /782) ; 3.3 km SSW of Welcome Well, Arcoona Station (31°17̍S, 137°02̍E), Nov. 10–14, 1996 (Stony Desert Survey), 13 ( SAM N1999 /783). Northern Territory: Melville Island, Pickertaramoor (~11°46̍S, 130°53̍E), Jan. 16, 1990 (M. J. Tyler), 13 in SAM (N1999/860) .

Wugigarra muluridji , new species Figures 115–122

TYPE: Male holotype from Bakers Blue Mt. , 17 km W of Mt. Molloy (16°42̍S, 145°10̍E), Queensland, Australia ; Jan. 8–9, 1990 (ANZSES), 800 –1000 m elev., in QMB ( S34680 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Muluridji, an aboriginal tribe from northeastern Queensland. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from most known congeners by the male chelicerae that have no modification other than a proximal pair of humps (fig. 115); W. wunderlichi has similar chelicerae but extremely different palps (e.g., femora with ventral apophyses).

MALE (holotype): Total length 2.8, carapace width 1.35. Leg 1: ~36.5 (9.6 + 0.4 + 9.6 + ~14.5 + ~2.4), tibia 2: 6.3, tibia 3: 4.5, tibia 4: 6.4. Habitus and prosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. figs. 1–4). Carapace ochre­brown, with darker median band and lateral margins. Ocular area brown; distance PME­PME 0.135; diameter PME 0.105; distance PME­ALE 0.065; diameter AME 0.065. Clypeus ochre­brown; sternum light brown. Chelicerae light brown, with proximal bulge and stridulatory ridges (fig. 115); hairs on bulge slightly stronger than others. Palps in general as in W. tjapukai (cf. figs. 6, 7), procursus and bulb as in figs. 116–120. Legs ochre­brown, darker rings hardly visi­ ble (femora subdistally, tibiae proximally and subdistally), tips of femora and tibiae whitish; curved hairs on tibiae 1–3 and all metatarsi; without spines and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 7%; tarsus 1 distally with ~25 fairly distinct pseudosegments, proximally pseudosegmentation difficult to see. Opisthosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. fig. 1), dark gray with blackish spots except ventrally; genital plate and plate in front of spinnerets light brown.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in other male: 9.3.

FEMALE: In general very similar to male, but chelicerae and palps brown. Tibia 1 in two females: 6.5, 7.8. Epigynum large, brown, without pocket (fig. 121); dorsal view as in fig. 122.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality in northeastern Queensland (map 6).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Bakers Blue Mt.: Male holotype above, with 13 2♀ 1 juvenile ( QMB 47811).

Wugigarra gia , new species Figures 123–130

TYPE: Male holotype from Mt. Dryander (20°15̍S, 148°33̍E), Queensland, Australia ; Nov. 21, 1992 (G. Monteith, G. Thompson, H. Janetzki), 700 m elev., in QMB ( S49559 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Gia, an aboriginal tribe from the Proserpine area. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from all known congeners by the male chelicerae with their large, light, bifid protrusions (figs. 123, 124) and by the tip of the procursus and the bulb (figs. 125–127).

MALE (holotype): Total length 3.7, carapace width 1.74. Leg 1 missing, tibia 2: 7.9, tibia 3: 5.7, tibia 4: 7.7. Habitus and prosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. figs. 1–4). Carapace ochre, medially and laterally slightly darker. Ocular area slightly darker than carapace; distance PME­PME 0.185; diameter PME 0.105; distance PME­ALE 0.055; diameter AME 0.065. Clypeus ochre, unmodified; sternum ochre­yellow. Chelicerae ochre to light brown, with pair of light protrusions and stridulatory ridges (figs. 123, 124). Palps in general similar to W. yawai (cf. fig. 161), but retrolateral apophysis on femur without distal projection; procursus and bulb as in figs. 125–127. Legs light brown, without darker rings, tips of tibiae whitish; with curved hairs on tibiae and metatarsi; without spines and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 2 at 11%; tarsus 2 distally with ~14 quite distinct pseudosegments, proximally pseudosegmentation difficult to see. Opisthosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. fig. 1), ochre­gray, covered with blackish spots except ventrally; genital plate and plate in front of spinnerets light brown.

FEMALE: In general very similar to male, but sternum much darker; opisthosoma dor­ sofrontally with small transverse plate, but opposing side of carapace apparently not modified. Epigynum as in figs. 128, 129; dorsal view as in fig. 130.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality in middle­eastern Queensland (map 6).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Mt. Dryander: Male holotype above, with 1♀ in same vial.

Wugigarra bujundji , new species

Figures 131–142 , 148–150

TYPE: Male holotype from Mt. Finnigan (15°49̍S, 145°17̍E), Queensland, Australia ; Nov. 9, 1974 (L. R., V. E. Davies, D. Joffe), on tree trunks, 3200–3600̍ elev., in QMB ( S49974 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Kokobujundji (also called Bujundji), an aboriginal tribe from the Mt. Finnigan area. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to W. wunderlichi and wulpura , distinguished by the pair of apophyses distally on the male chelicerae (fig. 134), by the tip of the procursus (compare figs. 133, 147, 155), and by the bulbal apophyses (compare figs. 131 and 135 with 114–146). The QMB also has a very close undescribed relative from Spear Creek, northeastern Queensland (QMB 50139, 50117), which differs only in details of procursus and bulb shape.

MALE (holotype): Total length 3.3, carapace width 1.58. Leg 1: 39.5 (10.0 + 0.7 + 9.9 + 16.1 + 2.8), tibia 2 missing, tibia 3: 5.1, tibia 4 missing; tibia 1 l/d: 74. Habitus and prosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. figs. 1–4). Carapace ochre, with wide median and marginal brown bands. Ocular area brown; distance PME­PME 0.145; diameter PME 0.145; distance PME­ALE 0.095; diameter AME 0.105. Clypeus ochre, unmodified; sternum brown, lateral margins lighter. Chelicerae light brown, with pair of small apophyses distally and low humps frontally (fig. 134); stridulatory ridges as in fig. 138. Stridulatory pick is a modified hair proximally on palpal femur (fig. 140). Palps as in figs. 131 and 132, mostly ochre­yellow, only procursus and bulb partly brown to black; femur with distinct ventral apophysis (fig. 131); procursus tip and bulb distinctive, as in figs. 131—133 and 135. Legs ochre­brown, without rings, tips of femora and tibiae whitish; curved hairs on tibia 1 and all metatarsi; without spines and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 5%; tarsus 1 dis­ tally with ~18 quite distinct pseudosegments (fig. 136 shows two near the tip), proximally pseudosegmentation not visible in dissecting microscope. Tarsal claws as in fig. 142. Opisthosoma similar to W. tjapukai , slightly longer, ochre­gray, with blackish spots except ventrally. Genital plate brown, about trapezoidal; gonopore without epiandrous spigots (fig. 137). Brown plate in front of spinnerets.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 9 males: 9.7–11.9 (x = 10.5). Some males have an additional small spine where the arrow points in fig. 135.

FEMALE: In general very similar to male, but chelicerae and palps darker brown; fewer stridulatory ridges than male (fig. 139). Tibia 1 in 13 females: 7.3–10.0 (x = 8.7). Epigynum as in fig. 148, light to dark brown; dorsal view and cleared ventral view as in figs. 149 and 150. Two spigots on ALS (fig. 141).

DISTRIBUTION: Known from several localities in the Cairns area, northeastern Queensland (map 7).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Mt. Finnigan : Male holotype above, with 1♀ in same vial ; Mt. Finlay (15°49̍S, 145°21̍E), Nov. 29, 1975 (R. M., V. E. Davies), 23 4♀ 1 juvenile ( QMB S49978 ) ; Twelve Mile Scrub (15°50̍S, 145°19̍E), Nov. 22–27, 1975 (collector not given), complex mesophyll vine forest on granite, 13 1♀ 1 juvenile ( QMB S50140 ) ; Gap Creek (15°50̍S, 145°19̍E), Nov. 19, 1974 (D. Joffe), 13 2♀ ( QMB S50127 ) ; Mt. Hartley (15°46̍S, 145°20̍E), 1600 ft elev., Nov. 6, 1974 (J. C., D. Joffe, V. E. Davies), 1♀ ( QMB S50138 ) ; Home Rule, Granites Track (15°44̍S, 145°18̍E), tangle web against tree trunks, 1200’ elev., Nov. 16, 1974 (D. Joffe, V. E. Davies), 53 6♀ ( QMB S50261) ; same locality, Nov. 11, 1974 (J.C., D.J., K. Mc. D.), 3♀ ( QMB S50121 ) ; Home Rule (15°44̍S, 145°18̍E), in base of dead palm frond, Nov. 13, 1974 (D. Joffe), 13 1♀ ( QMB S50115 ) ; Mt. Hedley, The Hummock (15°44̍S, 145°17̍E), fine shawl web in hollow, Oct. 12, 1974 (V. E. Davies), 23 2♀ ( QMB S50116 ) ; Mt Fisher , 7 km SW of Millaa Millaa (17°33̍S, 145°34̍E), Apr. 27–29, 1982 (G. Monteith, D. Yeates, D. Cook), 1050–1100 m elev., 13 1♀ 2 juveniles ( QMB S50238 ) .

Wugigarra wunderlichi (Deeleman­Reinhold, 1995) , new combination Figures 143–147 , 151–153

Psilochorus wunderlichi Deeleman­Reinhold, 1995: 37–38 , figs. 16–21.

TYPES: Male holotype from Cape Tribulation (16°05̍S, 145°26̍E), Queensland, Australia ; July–Aug. 1992 (J. Wunderlich), in QMB (S51022), examined. One male and one female paratypes, same collection data, in QMB (male) and Collection Deeleman­ Reinhold (female), not examined .

Figs. 148–153. Wugigarra bujundji (148–150) and W. wunderlichi (151–153), epigyna. 148, 151.

Ventral views. 149, 152. Cleared ventral views. 150, 153. Dorsal views. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (148–153).

DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to W. bujundji and wulpura , distinguished from the first by the absence of apophyses on the male chelicerae (fig. 143), from the second by the tip of the procursus (compare figs. 144 and 155), and by the bulbal apophyses (compare figs. 145 and 147 with 156 and 157).

MALE (type locality, QMB S50304 ): Total length 2.8, carapace width 1.42. Leg 1: 40.4 (10.4 + 0.5 + 10.0 + 16.8 + 2.7), tibia 2: 6.6, tibia 3: 4.7, tibia 4: 6.8; tibia 1 l/d: 75. Habitus and prosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. figs. 1–4). Carapace ochre, with wide median and marginal brown bands. Ocular area brown; distance PME­PME 0.105; diameter PME 0.135; distance PME­ALE 0.095; diameter AME 0.080. Clypeus brown, unmodified; sternum dark brown. Chelicerae brown, unmodified except pair of frontal bulges, with stridulatory ridges (fig. 143). Palps in general as in W. bujundji (cf. figs. 131, 132), femur apophysis slightly thinner and more proximal; procursus tip and bulb distinctive, as in figs. 144–147. Legs light brown, without darker rings, tips of femora and tibiae whitish; curved hairs on tibiae 1 and 2 and on metatarsi 1, 2, and 4; without spines and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 7%; tarsus 1 distally with ~25 quite distinct pseudosegments, proximally pseudosegmentation not visible in dissecting microscope. Opisthosoma similar to W. tjapukai , but slightly longer; ochregray, with many blackish and some white spots except ventrally; genital plate brown, about trapezoidal; dark brown plate in front of spinnerets.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 3 other males: 9.2, 9.3, 9.6 (holotype); carapace width in holotype: 1.28.

FEMALE: In general very similar to male, but chelicerae and palps darker brown; stridulatory files on chelicerae present, not absent as described by Deeleman­Reinhold ( 1995); tibia 1 in 2 females: 7.6, 8.9. Epigynum as in figs. 151–153, light to dark brown; dorsal view and cleared ventral view as in figs. 152 and 153.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the Cape Tribulation area, northeastern Queensland (map 7).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Cape Tribulation : Male holotype above ; 5 km W of Cape Tribulation (16°05̍S, 145°26̍E), 780 m elev., Sept. 28, 1982 (G. Monteith, D. Yeates, G. Thompson), 1♀ 1 juvenile, ( QMB S50298 ) ; 3.0 km W of Cape Tribulation (16°05̍S, 145°27̍E), 500 m elev., Oct. 2, 1982 (G. Monteith, D. Yeates, G. Thompson), 13 1♀ ( QMB S50318 ) ; 1.5 km NW of Cape Tribulation (16°05̍S, 145°28̍E), sea level, Oct. 8, 1982 (G. Monteith, D. Yeates, G. Thompson), 43 2 juve­ niles ( QMB S50304 ) ; Cape Tribulation, Pilgrim Sands (16°04̍S, 145°28̍E), Aug. 27, 1988 (J.C., T.C., R. Raven), 13 1♀ ( QMB S13924 ) .

Wugigarra wulpura , new species Figures 154–157

TYPE: Male holotype from 4.5–5 km W of Cape Tribulation (16°05̍S, 145°26̍E), Top Camp , Queensland, Australia ; 760–780 m elev., Oct. 1–6, 1982 (G. Monteith, D. Yeates, G. Thompson), in QMB ( S34662 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Wulpura, aboriginal rainforest dwellers in northeastern Queensland. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to W. wunderlichi and bujundji , distinguished from both by the two long dorsal projections on the procursus (figs. 154, 155), and by the bulbal apophyses (figs. 156, 157).

MALE (holotype): Total length 3.1, carapace width 1.61. Leg 1: 38.5 (9.5 + 0.5 + 9.5 + 15.9 + 3.1), tibia 2: 6.7, tibia 3: 4.8, tibia 4: 7.0; tibia 1 l/d: 68. Habitus and prosoma shape as in W. tjapukai (cf. figs. 1–4). Carapace ochre, with wide median and marginal brown bands. Ocular area brown; distance PME­PME 0.145; diameter PME 0.145; distance PME­ALE 0.120; diameter AME 0.095. Clypeus ochre, unmodified; sternum brown, lateral margins lighter. Chelicerae light brown, similar to those of W. wunderlichi (cf. fig. 143), with low humps frontally and stridulatory ridges; without apophyses. Palps in general as in W. bujundji (cf. figs. 131, 132), but femur more slender and ventral apophysis smaller; procursus tip and bulb distinctive, as in figs. 154–157. Legs light brown, without dark rings, tips of femora and tibiae whitish; with curved hairs on tibiae 1 and 2 and metatarsi 1–3; without spines and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 6%; tarsus 1 distally with ~25 quite distinct pseudosegments, proximally pseudosegmentation not visible in dissecting microscope. Opisthosoma similar to W. tjapukai (cf. fig. 1), slightly longer, ochre­gray, with blackish spots except ventrally; genital plate brown, about trapezoidal; brown plate in front of spinnerets.

FEMALE: In general very similar to male, but chelicerae and palps darker brown; tibia 1 in single known female: 8.9. Epigynum externally not distinguishable from that of W. wunderlichi (cf. fig. 151). It is possible that this female is in fact W. wunderlichi , which occurs in the same area.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality near Cape Tribulation, Queensland (map 7).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 4.5–5 km W of Cape Tribulation: Male holotype above, with 13 1♀ 2 juveniles ( QMB S50293 ).

Wugigarra idi , new species

Figures 158–163

TYPE: Male holotype from Bellenden Ker Range, Summit TV Station (17°16̍S, 145°37̍E), Queensland, Australia ; 1560 m elev., dung trap in rainforest, Nov. 1–7, 1981 ( Earthwatch / Queensland Museum), in QMB (S50235) .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Idindji (also called Idi), aboriginal rainforest dwellers from the Cairns area, northeastern Queensland. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from most congeners by the male chelicerae (several cones; fig. 161); from W. burgul (which has very similar chelicerae) by the procursus (longer and very different tip: figs. 160, 162), and especially by the bulb with its prominent prolateral armature of black apophyses (figs. 159, 163). The QMB has a very close undescribed relative from Mt. Bartle­Frere, 0.5 km N of S Peak (17°24̍S, 145°49̍E) (QMB S49721 ), with different procursus tip and bulbal apophyses.

MALE (holotype): Total length 2.0, carapace width 1.10. Leg 1: 18.3 (4.7 + 0.3 + 4.8 + 6.9 + 1.6), tibia 2: 2.9, tibia 3: 2.1, tibia 4: 3.0; tibia 1 l/d: 63. Habitus as in fig. 158. Prosoma shape similar to W. undanbi (cf. figs. 69, 70), but carapace less elevated; carapace ochre, medially with slightly darker broad band. Ocular area light brown; distance PME­PME 0.120; diameter PME 0.085; distance PME­ALE 0.040; diameter AME 0.040. Clypeus with wide brown mark; sternum dark brown. Chelicerae light brown, with several small cones (fig. 161), proximal cones on elevation (fig. 158). Palps as in figs. 159 and 160; femur with distinct retrolateroventral apophysis (arrow in fig. 160); bulb and procursus tip as in figs. 159, 160, 162, 163. Legs light brown, with indistinct darker rings subdistally on femora and tibiae; tips of femora and tibiae whitish; without spines, curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 14%; tarsus 1 with>15 pseudosegments, proximally pseudosegmentation very indistinct. Opisthosoma shape as in fig. 158, gray with blackish spots except ventrally; genital plate large, light brown, trapezoidal; light brown plate in front of spinnerets.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 2 other males: 5.2 (both).

FEMALE: Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Bellenden Ker Range, northeastern Queensland (map 8).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Bellenden Ker Range, Summit TV Station: Male holotype above ; same data, 13 ( QMB S50237 ) ; same locality, Oct. 28, 1983 (G. Monteith, D. Yeates, G. Thompson), 13 (poorly preserved) ( QMB S50253 ) ; Bellenden Ker Range, Cable Tower 3 (17°16̍S, 145°51̍E), 1054 m elev., Oct. 25– 31, 1981 (Earthwatch / Queensland Museum), 13 ( QMB S27997 ) .

Wugigarra burgul , new species Figures 164–169

TYPE: Male holotype from 3.0 km W of Cape Tribulation (16°05̍S, 145°27̍E), Queensland, Australia ; 500 m elev., Oct. 2, 1982 (G. Monteith, D. Yeates, G. Thompson), in QMB ( S34659 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: In Yidini, the aboriginal language of the Cairns­Yarrabah region, burgul is a mythical being, believed to be able to take on any form. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from most congeners by the male chelicerae (several cones; fig. 165); from W. idi (which has very similar chelicerae) by the procursus (shorter and very different tip; figs. 167–169), and by the simpler bulb (compare figs. 159 and 166).

MALE (holotype): Total length 1.4 (1.6 with clypeus), carapace width 0.72. Leg 1 missing, tibia 2: 2.24, tibia 3: 1.56, tibia 4: 2.24. Habitus as in fig. 164. Prosoma shape similar to W. undanbi (cf. figs. 69, 70), but carapace less elevated; carapace ochre, without dark marks. Ocular area ochre; distance PME­PME 0.095; diameter PME 0.075; distance PME­ALE 0.035; diameter AME 0.025. Clypeus slightly darker than carapace; sternum brown. Chelicerae light brown, with several small cones (fig. 165), proximal cones on slight elevation. Palps as in figs. 166 and 167, femur with distinct retrolateroventral apophysis (arrow in fig. 167), procursus tip as in figs. 168 and 169. Legs ochre, with indistinct darker rings subdistally on femora and tibiae; without spines, curved, and vertical hairs (legs 1 missing). Opisthosoma shape as in fig. 164, gray with large blackish spots except ventrally; genital plate light brown, trapezoidal; light brown plate in front of spinnerets.

FEMALE: Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality in northeastern Queensland (map 8).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 3.0 km W of Cape Tribulation: Male holotype above.

Wugigarra wanjuru , new species Figures 170–172

TYPE: Male holotype from east margin of Palmerston National Park (17°37̍S, 145°46̍E), Queensland, Australia ; 400 m elev., Dec. 10, 1995 – Feb. 7, 1996 (G. Monteith, D. Cook), in QMB ( S43258 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Wanjuru, aboriginal rainforest dwellers in the Innisfail and Babinda area. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from congeners by the male chelicerae provided with a few small cones (fig. 170), and by the long dorsodistal projection on the procursus (fig. 171).

MALE (holotype): Total length 1.5, carapace width 0.64. Leg 1: 13.97 (3.41 + 0.27 + 3.61 + 5.51 + 1.17), tibia 2: 1.95, tibia 3: 1.32, tibia 4 missing. Habitus as in W. burgul (cf. fig. 164). Prosoma shape similar to W. undanbi (cf. figs. 69, 70), but carapace less elevated; carapace ochre, only medially and around ocular area slightly darker. Ocular area ochre, slightly darker than carapace; distance PME­PME 0.095; diameter PME

2001 HUBER: PHOLCIDS OF AUSTRALIA 51

0.065; distance PME­ALE 0.025; diameter AME 0.025. Clypeus slightly darker than carapace; sternum brown. Chelicerae light brown, with some small cones and stridulatory ridges (fig. 170). Palps as in fig. 171; femur with distinct retrolateroventral apophysis (arrow in fig. 171); bulb as in figs. 171 and 172. Legs pale ochre, with indistinct darker rings subdistally on femora and tibiae; without spines, curved, and vertical hairs (legs 4 missing). Opisthosoma shape as in W. burgul (cf. fig. 164), gray with blackish spots except ventrally; genital plate light brown, trapezoidal; light brown plate in front of spinnerets.

FEMALE: Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality in northeastern Queensland (map 8).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Palmerston National Park: Male holotype above.

Wugigarra nauo , new species

Figures 173–181

TYPE: Male holotype from Kirton Point , Port Lincoln (34°43̍S, 135°52̍E), South Australia, Australia ; Dec. 17, 1981 (D. Hirst), in SAM (N1999/855).

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Nauo, a now extinct aboriginal tribe that originally inhabited the coastal scrub gum tree forest country in South Australia. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from the closely related W. kalamai by the much larger size, by the apophyses on the male chelicerae (compare figs. 175 and 185), and by details of procursus and bulb (compare figs. 177 and 184).

MALE (holotype): Total length 3.0, carapace width 1.39. Leg 1: 22.8 (6.0 + 0.5 + 6.3 + 8.4 + 1.6), tibia 2: 4.5, tibia 3: 3.1, tibia 4: 4.0; tibia 1 l/d: 53. Habitus and prosoma shape as in figs. 173 and 174; carapace brown, slightly darker medially, with radial stripes and darker mark posteriorly around ocular area. Eye pattern as in fig. 174; distance PME­PME 0.185; diameter PME 0.105; distance PME­ALE 0.055; diameter AME 0.075. Clypeus brown, unmodified; sternum ochre­brown, centrally lighter. Chelicerae brown, with two small cones on each side, with stridulatory ridges (fig. 175). Palps as in fig. 176, procursus and bulb as in figs. 176–178. Legs light brown, dark rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally, subdistally); tips of femora and tibiae whitish; with curved hairs on all tibiae and metatarsi; without spines and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 26%; tarsus 1 with ~22 quite distinct pseudosegments. Opisthosoma gray, with some blackish spots except ventrally; genital plate slightly darker, plate in front of spinnerets hardly visible.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in other male: 5.1.

FEMALE: In general very similar to male, but carapace higher with the two lobes almost touching each other. Opisthosoma fron­

175. Chelicerae, frontal view. Scale lines: 1 mm (173, 174), 0.3 mm (175).

todorsally apparently unmodified. Chelicerae also with stridulatory files. Palpal distal segments enlarged (fig. 179). Tibia 1 in 3 females: 4.5, 4.7, 5.3. Epigynum as in fig. 180, dorsal view as in fig. 181.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality in South Australia (map 8).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: South Australia: Kirton Point, Port Lincoln: Male holotype above, with 13 3♀ ( SAM N1999/856–9).

Wugigarra kalamai , new species Figures 182–185

TYPE: Male holotype from Helena­Aurora

Ranges (30°23̍S, 119°38̍E), Western Aus­ tralia, Australia; Sept. 26, 1995 (R. P. Mc­ Millan), pitfall traps, in WAM (99/1781).

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Kalamaia (Kalamai is a valid short form), an aboriginal tribe in southern Western Australia. The species name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from the closely related W. nauo by the much smaller size, by the apophyses on the male chelicerae (compare figs. 175 and 185), and by details of procursus and bulb (compare figs. 177 and 178 with 183 and 184).

MALE (holotype): Total length 1.7, carapace width 0.94. Leg 1: 17.3 (4.8 + 0.4 + 4.9 + 6.1 + 1.1), tibia 2: 2.9, tibia 3: 2.1, tibia 4: 2.8; tibia 1 l/d: 61. Habitus and prosoma shape very similar to W. nauo (cf. figs. 173 and 174); carapace ochre, posteriorly with single dark spot. Ocular area slightly darker; distance PME­PME 0.145; diameter PME 0.075; distance PME­ALE 0.025; diameter AME 0.080. Clypeus and sternum ochre. Chelicerae light brown, with proximal pair of large brown apophyses and two pairs of smaller distal, black apophyses (fig. 185). Palps as in fig. 182, procursus and bulb as in figs. 182–184. Legs light brown, without rings; with curved hairs on tibia and metatarsus 1 only; without spines and vertical

hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 27%; tarsus 1 distally with ~8 quite distinct pseudosegments, proximally pseudosegmentation not visible in dissecting microscope. Opisthosoma shape as in W. nauo (cf. fig. 173); gray with many blackish spots except ventrally; genital plate brown.

FEMALE: Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality in southern Western Australia (map 8).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Helena­Aurora Ranges: Male holotype above.

TRICHOCYCLUS SIMON, 1908

Trichocyclus Simon, 1908: 407 (type species by monotypy T. nigropunctatus Simon, 1908 ; examined).—Deeleman­Reinhold, 1993: 325; 1995: 35–36.

NOTE: The following diagnosis and description do not cover the ‘‘aberrant’’ T. watta , which is assigned tentatively to Trichocyclus .

DIAGNOSIS: Small­ to medium­sized (total length usually 3–5 mm, rarely under 2 mm) pholcids with globular or higher­than­long opisthosoma, mostly with large AME (AME diameter usually 80–130% of PME diameter, in T. harveyi only 70%), apparently restricted to Australia or the Australian region. Distinguished from Wugigarra (which is the only similar genus in Australia) by a characteristic weak zone dorsally on the male cymbium (asterisks in figs. 201, 248, 265); by the absence of the worm­shaped process on the bulb characteristic for Wugigarra ; by the absence of curved hairs on the legs; by the presence of several piriform gland spigots on the ALS (only 2 spigots on each spinneret in Wugigarra ); by the absence of stridulatory files in females; and by the characteristic and conservative shape of the epigynum that has a median projection but lacks a pocket (e.g., figs. 193, 213, 217).

DESCRIPTION: Total length in males usually ~ 2.5–5 mm, only T. harveyi and T. ungumi under 2 mm. Carapace oval, wider than long, with distinct thoracic groove not widened into thoracic pit, often with three pairs of lateral spots loosely connected to median spot by radial marks (e.g., fig. 187). Eight eyes in conservative pattern on moderately elevated ocular area. AME distinctively large (see above), only in T. septentrionalis male on elevation (fig. 244). Distance PME­ALE relatively small (~30–55% of PME diameter). Clypeus never modified. Male chelicerae usually with two pairs of distinctive frontal apophyses, the distal one more prominent (e.g., figs. 190, 199, 211). Significantly different cheliceral armature in T. septentrionalis (figs. 245, 246), arawari (figs. 264, 266), arnga (figs. 269, 270), and bugai (fig. 274). Stridulatory ridges always present on male chelicerae. Male palps large in relation to overall size (e.g., figs. 186, 275); coxa without retrolateral apophysis, trochanter without apophyses; femur conspicuously enlarged (e.g., figs. 191, 238, 256), with retrolateral hump proximally, usually without ventral apophyses ( T. ungumi , T. harveyi , and T. oborindi with brown ventral knob; fig. 277); patella triangular in lateral view (e.g., fig. 192); tibia simple, with 2 trichobothria in very proximal position (e.g., figs. 192, 206, 247, 256); cymbium with characteristic weak zone dorsally (e.g., figs. 201, 248, 265), with heavily sclerotized procursus usually provid­ ed with dorsal apophysis and ventral pocket (‘‘a’’ and ‘‘p’’ in figs. 197, 201, 206, 229, 232, 260, 273; apophysis always distinct, pocket shallow to very deep), distally with brush of hairlike membranous structures (e.g., figs. 216, 221, 229); bulb consisting of proximal globular part and distal sclerotized elements, often with transparent dorsal projection (arrows in figs. 191, 203, 252, 254, 260; asterisk in fig. 220); sperm duct opens close to this projection, without any embolus (shafted arrow in fig. 220). Tarsal organ capsulate (fig. 208). Legs usually long (leg 1 about 8–13 X body length, in T. harveyi only 5.6 X body length), usually medium thin (tibia 1 l/d ~50–85, in T. harveyi only 34), leg 1 always the longest, legs 2 and 4 about same length, leg 3 shortest; with dark rings on femur subdistally, patella + tibia proximally, and tibia subdistally; tips of femora and tibiae whitish; legs without spines and curved hairs, with few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 usually at 7– 16%, in T. harveyi at 30%; tarsus 1 sometimes with fairly distinct pseudosegments distally, sometimes pseudosegmentation not visible in light microscope; in SEM regular pseudosegmentation visible (fig. 210). Opisthosoma either globular or higher than long (very ‘‘high’’ opisthosomata usually point in dorsoposterior direction and could be regard­ ed as secondarily long; e.g., fig. 204); gray with black spots and sometimes white spots dorsally; genital plate usually light brown, about rectangular. Male gonopore without epiandrous spigots (figs. 207, 219). ALS with several piriform gland spigots (figs. 195, 209, 224, 225; examined: T. aranda , arawari , arabana , nigropunctatus ); other spinnerets typical for family.

Sexual dimorphism slight, females with shorter legs, often with larger (higher) opisthosoma; female chelicerae without stridulatory ridges. In most species female opisthosoma provided with two indistinct, usually whitish humps dorsofrontally; corresponding side on carapace either unmodified or distinctively elevated (fig. 261). Epigynum shape very conservative, consisting of two plates, frontal plate with median elevation (e.g., figs. 193, 213, 217), rarely with paired indentations (e.g., figs. 240, 241); internally simple, with pair of relatively small pore plates (e.g., figs. 194, 214, 234).

MONOPHYLY: All species included (except T. watta ) share the weak zone dorsally on the male cymbium. This character is otherwise only present in Aucana kaala , a ninetine from New Caledonia. The transparent projection dorsally on the bulb might be a further synapomorphy of the genus, but seems to be absent in some species (difficult to see).

GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS: Trichocylus is apparently part of holocnemines, whether this group is mono­ or paraphyletic. Within this group, the presence of fairly distinct pseudosegments suggests it is basal, while the procursus with its dorsal apophysis and ventral pouch, as well as the reduction of epiandrous spigots, suggest it might form a clade with Physocyclus and Artema (and possibly with Wugigarra ). Holocneminus might be close, but is insufficiently well known. See Relationships above (p. 6) for more detailed discussion.

SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS: Several species groups can be identified by morphological characters and are roughly supported by their geographical distribution: (1) The nullarbor group is most diverse in South Australia and southern Western Australia (map 9). T. nullarbor and kokata have identical chelicerae; T. nullarbor and hirsti have very similar procursi. T. pandima is assigned to this group because of the long dorsal apophysis on the procursus, similar only to kokata . (2) The nigropunctatus group, with three species in western Western Australia ( T. nigropunctatus , balladong , warianga ) and with T. arabana widely distributed in central Australia (map 10), share the shape of the procursus and the wide but short distal apophyses on the male chelicerae. (3) The aranda group, just to the north of the previous group (map 11), is distinguished by the rather slender procursus ( T. aranda , djauan , gnalooma ). T. kurara is assigned to this group because the male chelicerae are similar to those of T. gnalooma ). (4) T. septentrionalis is geographically close to the previous two groups, but is highly autapomorphic in structure. (5) The eastern group ( T. grayi , oborindi , pustulatus ), which is presently the only group known from Queensland (map 12), is distinguished by the straight distal element of the procursus. (6) The arawari group, with four species, is only known from Kimberley (map 13), and includes T. arawari , worora , arnga , and bugai . These species share a distinctive sclerotized element on the bulb set with scales (figs. 259, 272), as well as relatively huge pockets ventrally on the procursus; T. arawari and worora have very similar procursi, as do T. arnga and bugai . (7) T. harveyi and ungumi , both from Kimberley (map 14), have an unknown relation to each other and to any other species. (8) Finally, T. watta is assigned tentatively to Trichocyclus .

NATURAL HISTORY: The genus is most remarkable for its unparalleled ability among pholcid spiders to thrive in the Australian deserts, in the ‘‘dry heart’’ of the continent. Summarizing the information on collection labels, the spiders build their webs between and under rocks, at rocky cliff faces and overhangs, at the bases of trees and under logs, and in caves, hollows and wells, and in termite mounds and nests. No single­species study, or any closer published observation, is known to me.

DISTRIBUTION: Presently known from Australia only. The CLD collection has a male of an undescribed species from Togian Islands, Sulawesi, with remarkably similar chelicerae but very different procursus. Within Australia, all described species are from the western part of the continent (west of 140°E), with the remarkable exception of T. pustulatus . However, the collections studied contain (apart from T. pustulatus ) some unidentified females from Queensland and New South Wales (map 2), suggesting that the genus is rare rather than absent in the Great Artesian Basin and in the east.

COMPOSITION: The genus now includes a total of 23 species. Several types of evidence suggest that the actual number is significantly higher. First, nine species are known from just a single locality. Rather than indicating limited distribution, this probably reflects the spotty effort made so far by collectors. Second, the number of new species per decade represented in the collections studied does not seem to be leveling off; that is, six species were represented until 1980, 14 species until 1990, and 23 species until 2000. Third, vast areas of Australia lack any record, probably in part because of collector bias.

Figures

Figs. 10–16. Wugigarra tjapukai, n. gen., n. sp. (10–12), W. mamu, n. gen., n. sp. (13–16). 10, 11. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (10) and prolateral (11) views. 12. Left genital bulb, dorsal (slightly retrolateral) view. 13, 14. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (13) and prolateral (14) views. 15, 16. Left genital bulb, dorsal (15) and prolateral (16) views; shafted arrow: sperm duct opening; unshafted arrow: worm­shaped process. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Figs. 17–21. Wugigarra kaurna, n. gen., n. sp., male. 17. Habitus, lateral view. 18, 19. Prosoma, dorsal and frontal view. 20. Left palp, retrolateral view. 21. Chelicerae, frontal view. Scale lines: 1 mm (18, 19), 0.3 mm (21).

Figs. 22–27. Wugigarra kaurna, n. gen., n. sp. 22, 23. Left procursus tip, retrolateral (22) and dorsal (23) views. 24, 25. Left genital bulb, prolateral (24) and dorsal (25) views; shafted arrow: sperm duct opening; unshafted arrow: worm­shaped process. 26, 27. Epigynum, ventral (26) and dorsal (27) views. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (24–27), 0.2 mm (22, 23).

Figs. 28–32. Wugigarra kaurna, n. gen., n. sp. 28. Female ALS, with two spigots. 29. Male ALS (in front) and PMS (in back), with two spigots each. 30. Male palpal tarsal organ. 31. Stridulatory files on male chelicerae. 32. Male gonopore, without epiandrous spigots. Scale lines: 60 µm (31, 32), 20 µm (28, 29), 10 µm (30).

Figs. 33–39. Wugigarra sphaeroides (Koch), n. comb., male. 33, 34. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 35. Left palp, retrolateral view. 36, 37. Left procursus tip, retrolateral (36) and dorsal (37) views. 38, 39. Left genital bulb, dorsal (38) and prolateral (39) views. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (33–35, 38, 39), 0.2 mm (36, 37).

Figs. 40–42. Wugigarra sphaeroides (Koch), n. comb., epigynum in ventral (40), lateral (41), and dorsal (42) views. Scale line: 0.5 mm (40–42).

Figs. 43–50. Wugigarra sphaeroides (Koch), n. comb. 43. Male gonopore. 44. Male tarsus 1 near tip. 45. Stridulatory ridges on female right chelicera. 46. Scape on epigynum, ventrofrontal view. 47. Tip of procursus, showing brush of hairlike structures. 48. Male ALS, with two spigots. 49. Female palpal tarsal organ. 50. Tip of female palp. Scale lines: 50 µm (43–46), 20 µm (47, 48, 50), 5 µm (49).

Figs. 51–58. Wugigarra eberhardi, n. gen., n. sp. 51, 52. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 53. Left procursus and bulb, retrolateral view. 54, 55. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (54) and dorsal (55) views. 56. Left genital bulb, prolaterodorsal view. 57, 58. Epigynum, ventral (57) dorsal (58) views. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (51–53, 56–58), 0.2 mm (54, 55). Arrows point to variable structures.

Figs. 59–65. Wugigarra yawai, n. gen., n. sp., male. 59, 60. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 61. Left palp, retrolateral view; ‘‘a’’, ‘‘p’’ = apophysis and pocket. 62, 63. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (62) and dorsal (63) views. 64, 65. Left genital bulb, prolateral (64) and dorsal (65) views; unshafted arrow: worm­shaped process; shafted arrow: area where some males have 1–2 additional tiny spines. Scale lines: 0.4 mm (61, 64, 65), 0.2 mm (59, 60, 62, 63).

Figs. 66–67. Wugigarra yawai, n. gen., n. sp. 66. Epigynum and spinnerets, ventral view; arrow: pocket. 67. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.4 mm.

Figs. 68–75. Wugigarra undanbi, n. gen., n. sp., male. 68. Habitus, lateral view. 69, 70. Prosoma, frontal and dorsal views. 71. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view; ‘‘a’’, ‘‘p’’ = apophysis and pocket. 72, 73. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (72) and dorsal (73) views. 74, 75. Genital bulb, dorsal (74) and prolateral (slightly dorsal) views. Scale lines: 1 mm (68), 0.5 mm (69, 70), 0.2 mm (71, 74, 75), 0.1 mm (72, 73).

Figs. 76–83. Wugigarra undanbi (76, 77), and W. jiman (78–83). 76. Epigynum and spinnerets, ventral view. 77. Epigynum, dorsal view. 78, 79. Male chelicerae, lateral and frontal views. 80, 81. Genital bulb, prolateral (80) and dorsal (slightly retrolateral) (81) views. 82. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view. 83. Tip of left procursus, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Figs. 84–90. Wugigarra wiri, n. gen., n. sp. 84. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view. 85, 86. Tip of left procursus, prolateral (slightly dorsal) (85) and dorsal (86) views. 87, 88. Left genital bulb, retrolaterodorsal (87) and retrolateral (88) views; unshafted arrow: worm­shaped process; shafted arrow: sperm duct opening. 89, 90. Epigynum, ventral (89) and dorsal (90) views. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (84, 87–90), 0.2 mm (85, 86).

Figs. 91–98. Wugigarra bulburin, n. gen., n. sp., male. 91. Prosoma, lateral view, showing slightly modified clypeus. 92. Chelicerae, frontal view. 93. Cheliceral armature, oblique view. 94. Left palp, retrolateral view. 95, 96. Left genital bulb, dorsal (95) and prolateral (96) views; unshafted arrow: wormshaped process; shafted arrow: sperm duct opening. 97, 98. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (97) and dorsal (98) views. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (91, 94–96), 0.1 mm (92, 93, 97, 98).

Figs. 99, 100. Wugigarra bulburin, n. gen., n. sp. Epigynum, ventral (99) and dorsal (100) views. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

Figs. 101–109. Wugigarra yirgai, n. gen., n. sp. 101. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 102. Modified hairs on male chelicerae. 103. Left male palp, retrolateral view; ‘‘a’’, ‘‘p’’ = apophysis and pocket. 104, 105. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (104) and prolateral (105) views. 106, 107. Left genital bulb, prolateral (106) and dorsal (107) views. 108, 109. Epigynum, ventral (108) and dorsal (109) views. Scale lines: 0.4 mm (103, 106–109), 0.2 mm (101, 104, 105), 0.05 mm (102). Unshafted arrows: wormshaped process.

Figs. 110–114. Wugigarra arcoona, n. gen., n. sp., male. 110. Chelicerae, frontal view. 111. Left palp, retrolateral view. 112, 113. Left genital bulb, prolateral (112) and dorsal (113) views. 114. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.4 mm (111–113), 0.2 mm (110, 114). Unshafted arrows: worm­shaped process.

Figs. 115–122. Wugigarra muluridji, n. gen., n. sp. 115. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 116. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view. 117. Left procursus, dorsal view. 118–120. Left genital bulb, retrolateral (118), dorsal (119), and prolateral (120) views. 121, 122. Epigynum, ventral (121) and dorsal (122) views. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

Figs. 123–130. Wugigarra gia, n. gen., n. sp. 123, 124. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 125. Procursus and genital bulb, retrolateral view. 126. Genital bulb, prolateral view. 127. Tip of procursus, dorsal view. 128. Epigynum, ventral view. 129. Epigynum and spinnerets, lateral view. 130. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (128–130), 0.3 (123–127).

Figs. 131–135. Wugigarra bujundji, n. gen., n. sp., male. 131, 132. Left palp, prolateral (131) and retrolateral (132) views. 133. Tip of left procursus, dorsal view. 134. Chelicerae, frontal view. 135. Left genital bulb, dorsal view; arrow: area where some males have a small additional spine. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (131, 132), 0.3 mm (133–135).

Figs. 136–142. Wugigarra bujundji, n. gen., n. sp. 136. Pseudosegmentation of male tarsus 1. 137. Male gonopore. 138, 139. Stridulatory ridges on male (138) and female (139) chelicerae. 140. Stridulatory pick on female palpal femur. 141. Female ALS with two spigots. 142. Tarsal claws on male tarsus 1. Scale lines: 60 µm (138, 139), 30 µm (136, 137, 142), 15 µm (141), 5 µm (140).

Figs. 143–147. Wugigarra wunderlichi (Deeleman­Reinhold), n. comb., male. 143. Chelicerae, frontal view. 144. Left procursus and genital bulb, retrolateral view. 145, 147. Left genital bulb, prolateral (145) and dorsal (147) views; arrow: worm­shaped process. 146. Tip of left procursus, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (143–145, 147), 0.1 mm (146).

Figs. 154–157. Wugigarra wulpura, male. 154. Tip of left procursus, prolateral view. 155. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view. 156, 157. Left genital bulb, dorsal (156) and retrolateral (157) views; arrow: worm­shaped process. Scale line: 0.5 mm (154–157).

Figs. 158–160. Wugigarra idi, male. 158. Habitus, lateral view. 159, 160. Left palp, prolateral (159) and retrolateral (160) views; arrow: femur apophysis. Scale lines: 1 mm (158), 0.5 mm (159, 160).

Figs. 161–163. Wugigarra idi, male. 161. Chelicerae, frontal view. 162. Tip of left procursus, re­ trolateral view. 163. Left genital bulb, ‘‘distal’’ view; arrow: sperm duct opening. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

Figs. 164–169. Wugigarra burgul, male. 164. Habitus, lateral view. 165. Chelicerae, frontal view. 166, 167. Left palp, prolateral (166) and retrolateral (167) views; arrow: femur apophysis. 168, 169. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral (168) and prolateral (169) views. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (164), 0.2 mm (165–169).

Figs. 170–172. Wugigarra wanjuru, male. 170. Chelicerae, frontal view. 171. Left palp, retrolateral view (note that the genital bulb is rotated out of its natural position); arrow: femur apophysis. 172. Left genital bulb (view not clear). Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Figs. 173–175. Wugigarra nauo, male. 173. Habitus. 174. Prosoma, frontal view (slightly dorsal).

Figs. 176–181. Wugigarra nauo. 176. Left male palp, retrolateral view; arrow: sperm duct opening. 177. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral view. 178. Left genital bulb, prolateral view. 179. Left female palp, retrolateral view. 180, 181. Epigynum, ventral (180) and dorsal (181) views. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (179), 0.3 mm (176, 178, 180, 181), 0.1 mm (177).

Figs. 182–185. Wugigarra kalamai, male. 182. Left palp, retrolateral view. 183. Left genital bulb, prolateral view. 184. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 185. Chelicerae, frontal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (182, 183, 185), 0.1 mm (184).