Graphis subserpentina Nylander (1863: 465)

Kalb, Jutarat, Lücking, Robert & Kalb, Klaus, 2018, The lichen genera Allographa and Graphis (Ascomycota: Ostropales, Graphidaceae) in Thailand-eleven new species, forty-seven new records and a key to all one hundred and fifteen species so far recorded for the country, Phytotaxa 377 (1), pp. 448-450 : 448-450

Graphis subserpentina Nylander (1863: 465) .

Type :— SRI LANKA [Ceylon]. Gardner s.n. (H-Nyl. 8012!, holotype) .

Thallus corticolous, whitish gray to grayish green, continuous, smooth to uneven, thinly corticate, dull or slightly glossy. Lirellae erumpent, with thick lateral thalline margin, elongate, up to 6 mm long, straight, curved or sinuous, simple or irregularly branched, labia convergent, entire, black, not pruinose, disc concealed, (subserpentina- morph). Exciple laterally carbonized; hymenium clear; ascospores 1/ascus, hyaline, densely muriform, with 16–28 transverse septa and 2–5 longitudinal septa, 65–110 × 20–30 μm, halonate; 18–25 × 3–5-septate, 60–95 × 15–25 μm (Patwardhan & Kulkarni on annotation slip attached to the type); 57–110 × 20–26 μm (Awasthi on annotation slip attached to the type); 80–130 × 20–35 μm ( Lücking et al. 2009).

Chemistry: norstictic acid (major) (anal. K. Kalb).

Distribution and habitat:—Widely distributed within the palaeotropics and within Thailand, reported from Madagascar ( Aptroot & Sparrius 2008 –present), India, Sri Lanka (type locality), Malaysia ( Lücking et al. 2009, as Graphis adtenuans Nyl. ), Singapore ( Lücking et al. 2009, as Phaeographina alutacea Zahlbr. ), Indonesia, the Solomon Islands, Fiji, Hawaii and Australia (Archer 2009). For Thailand, it was first reported by Nakanishi et al. (2001) from Chiang Mai province, later by Poengsungnoen et al. (2010), from Loei province and most recently by Pitakpong et al. (2015) from Ubon Ratchathani province. It was collected from bark of various trees, including Thea sp. and Areca catechu , in hill evergreen forests, dry dipterocarp forests, lower montane scrubs, secondary rainforests and plantations from 20 up to 700 m elevation.

Remarks:—Very usual in species with large ascospores is the rather great variation of spore size even within the same specimen (see above).The distribution of this species given in Nakanishi et al. (2001) must be interpreted with care, because the authors had included G. insulana as a synonym of G. subserpentina . But both can however easily be separated by the inspersed hymenium of G. insulana .

Material from Thailand examined:— Chiang Mai province: Chiang Dao district, tambon Chiang Dao, surroundings of Wat Tham Chiang Dao , in a very disturbed, light hill evergreen forest, 440 m, 19°23’43’’ N, 98°55’46’’ E, 2 December 2016, J. & K. Kalb s.n. (hb. K. & J. Kalb 42043)— Phetchaburi province: Kaeng Krachan district , road from Ban Ktang Camp to Stream 1, in a humid secondary rainforest along a creek, 340 m, 12°48’12’’ N, 99°26’32’’ E, 8 December 2015, J. Sutjaritturakan & K. Kalb s.n. (hb. K. & J. Kalb 41264)— Chumphon province: Pathio district , tambon Chum Kho, surroundings of Tung Yoa Waterfall, in a disturbed, light deciduous forest along a creek, 85 m, 10°46’43’’N, 99°18’32’’ E, 20 December 2015, J. Sutjaritturakan & K. Kalb s.n. (hb. K. & J. Kalb 41373, 41379, 41434, 41436); Tha Sae district , in the area of tambon Tha Sae, in a betel palm plantation ( Areca catechu ), 20 m, 10°31’25’’ N, 99°02’04’’ E, 7 June 2008, J. Sutjaritturakan 674 (hb. K. & J. Kalb 42254) .