Phaeiris (Spach) M.B.Crespo, Mart.

Crespo, Manuel B., Martínez-Azorín, Mario & Mavrodiev, Evgeny V., 2015, Can a rainbow consist of a single colour? A new comprehensive generic arrangement of the ‘ Iris sensu latissimo’ clade (Iridaceae), congruent with morphology and molecular data, Phytotaxa 232 (1), pp. 448-450 : 448-450

13. Phaeiris (Spach) M.B.Crespo, Mart. -Azorín & Mavrodiev, comb. nov. Basionym: Iris subg. Phaeiris Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 13: 46 (1846) [I. subsect. Hexagonae Diels in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15a: 502 (1930)]. Type (holotype):— P. fulva (Ker Gawl.) M.B.Crespo, Mart. -Azorín & Mavrodiev [≡ Iris fulva Ker Gawl., Bot. Mag. 36: tab. 1496 (1812)]

Description:—Rhizomatous herbs, with deciduous aerial structures. Rhizome green-brownish or reddish, compact, stout, many-branched, nodose-annulate, with fibrous remains of old leaves on scars; roots numerous fibrous, long. Stems aerial, simple or 1–2 short branches in the upper part, sometimes markedly zig-zag, solid, ± circular in cross section. Leaves isobilateral, linear-ensiform, arching to stiffy, with scarcely prominent ribs, greenish to somewhat glaucous, equitant, not fetid; caulinar usually long, on bends, similar to basal. Flowers in small terminal clusters 1–3, or 1–2 on bends, long pedicellate. Spathe valves 2, equal or unequal, outer herbaceous or with scariose margins, inner partly or totally scarious at anthesis, acute, ± keeled. Perigone in 2 rows, ± differing

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in size and shape, fused in a ± hollow tube; falls erect to erect-patent, broadly ovate to oblanceolate or spatulate, ± patent to reflex towards apex, with a central ridge, pubescent, narrowed into claw; standards erect to patent, reflexed, linear to obovate-spatulate, retuse o pointed, narrowed into a long haft. Stamen filaments free, adnate to the fall bases. Ovary trilocular, with axile placentation. Style filiform, with 3 petaloid branches, up to half the length of falls, each one concealing a stamen; crests short, ± incurved, widely rounded-triangular to semiovate, with margins ± toothed to entire; stigma bilobed, with obtuse to triangular-acute lobes. Capsule oblong-ovate to oblong-cylindric, sometimes dropping, hexagonal in cross section, with 6 angles ± equally spaced, ± prominent and sometimes shortly winged, dehiscing from apex to about middle (exceptionally indehiscent), not hidden into spathes, pointed, sometimes shortly beaked; pericarp subcoriaceous. Seeds numerous, large in size, semidiscoid, ± angulose, flattened, without aril; testa thickened, corky, ± smooth. p = 7. Figs. 2H , 4G , 6K , 18E .

It includes at least 9 species, occurring in southeastern North America (from Ohio and Virginia to Louisiana and probably Texas) ( Fig. 19C ). This is a very variable group in which many specific taxa were described on the basis of weak morphological differences. Reticulate hybridisation has played an important role for diversification of the genus in natural habitats (Arnold et al. 2010). Some of those hybridogenous taxa can be treated as microspecies when are morphologically diverse, sexually fertile, and show a distinct ecology and/or biogeography. The identity and circumscription of some others is still in need of clarification .

Needed new combinations:— Phaeiris albispiritus (Small) M.B.Crespo, Mart. -Azorín & Mavrodiev, comb. nov. Basionym: Iris albispiritus Small, Addisonia 14: 3, pl. 450 (1929). Phaeiris brevicaulis (Raf.) M.B.Crespo, Mart. -Azorín & Mavrodiev, comb. nov. Basionym: Iris brevicaulis Raf., Fl. Ludov. : 20 (1817) [ Limniris brevicaulis (Raf.) Rodion., Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92: 553 (2007); Iris hexagona var. lamancei J.N.Gerard, Gard. & Forest 8: 286 (1895)]. Phaeiris fulva (Ker Gawl.) M.B.Crespo, Mart. -Azorín & Mavrodiev, comb. nov. Basionym: Iris fulva Ker Gawl., Bot. Mag. 36: tab. 1496 (1812) [ Neubeckia fulva (Ker Gawl.) Alef., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 21: 297 (1863); Limniris fulva (Ker Gawl.) Rodion., Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92: 553 (2007)]. Phaeiris giganticaerulea (Small) M.B.Crespo, Mart. -Azorín & Mavrodiev, comb. nov. Basionym: Iris giganticaerulea Small, Addisonia 14: 5, pl. 451 (1929) [ Limniris giganticaerulea (Small) Rodion., Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92: 553 (2007)]. Phaeiris hexagona (Walter) M.B.Crespo, Mart. -Azorín & Mavrodiev, comb. nov. Basionym: Iris hexagona Walter, Fl. Carol. : 66 (1788) [ Limniris hexagona (Walter) Rodion., Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92: 552 (2007)]. Phaeiris nelsonii (Randolph) M.B.Crespo, Mart. -Azorín & Mavrodiev, comb. nov. Basionym: Iris nelsonii Randolph, Baileya 14: 150 (1966) [ Limniris nelsonii (Randolph) Rodion., Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92: 553 (2007)]. Phaeiris savannarum (Small) M.B.Crespo, Mart. - Azorín & Mavrodiev, comb. nov. Basionym: Iris savannarum Small, Addisonia 9: 57 (1925) [ Iris hexagona var. savannarum (Small) R.C.Foster, Contr. Gray Herb. 119: 49 (1937)]. Phaeiris violipurpurea (Small) M.B.Crespo, Mart. -Azorín & Mavrodiev, comb. nov. Basionym: Iris violipurpurea Small, Addisonia 14: 1 (1929), pro hybr. Phaeiris violivenosa (Small) M.B.Crespo, Mart. -Azorín & Mavrodiev, comb. nov. Basionym: Iris violivenosa Small, Contr. New York Bot. Gard. 327: 333, 339 (1931). Phaeiris × cacique (N.C.Hend.) M.B.Crespo, Mart. - Azorín & Mavrodiev, comb. nov. Basionym: Iris × cacique N.C.Hend., Bull. Amer. Iris Soc. 293: 80 (1994); Iris fulva cv. Cacique J.Berry , nom. nud.] ( P. fulva × P. savannarum ). Phaeiris × flexicaulis (Small) M.B.Crespo, Mart. -Azorín & Mavrodiev, comb. nov. Basionym: Iris flexicaulis Small, Addisonia 12: 9, pl. 389 (1927), pro sp. ( P. brevicaulis × P. giganticaerulea ). Phaeiris × fulvala (Dykes) M.B.Crespo, Mart. -Azorín & Mavrodiev, comb. nov. Basionym: Iris fulvala Dykes, Gen. Iris : 81 (1912) ( P. brevicaulis × P. fulva ). Phaeiris × vinicolor (Small) M.B.Crespo, Mart. -Azorín & Mavrodiev, comb. nov. Basionym: Iris vinicolor Small, Addisonia 12: 1 (1927), pro sp. ( P. fulva × P. giganticaerulea ).

Figures

FIGURE 2. External morphology of rootstock (bulbs, rhizomes and roots). A) Iridodictyum reticulatum, bulb with reticulate outer tunics (photo: Ken Walker); B) Xiphion heracleanum, bulb with membranous outer tunics and stem bulbil (photo: Manuel B. Crespo); C) Juno narbutii, bulb with persistent fleshy roots (photo: Ken Walker); D) Juno rosenbachiana, bulb with persistent fleshy roots (photo: Ken Walker); E) Limniris pseudacorus, rhizome with swollen annulate annual growths (photo: G.–U. Tolkiehn); F) Hermodactylus tuberosus, rhizome with pseudodigitate tubercles (photo: Attilio Marzorati); G) Junopsis barbatula, fleshy tuberous roots surrounding the inconspicuous central rhizome (photo: Ken Walker); H) Phaeiris hexagona, rhizome with fibrous remains of old leaves on scars, and fibrosus roots (photo: Ken Walker); I) Siphonostylis lazica, rhizome dichotomously branched and fibrous roots (photo: Ken Walker); J) Zhaoanthus odaesanensis, slender stoloniferous rhizomes with long, thin roots bearing nodules (photo: Christy Hensler); K) Rodionenkoa gracilipes, heterogeneous rhizome with cord-like branches (photo: Ken Walker); L) Cryptobasis bungei, short rizhomes with reddish-brown remains of leaf sheaths forming an apical neck-like structure (MO s.n.).

FIGURE 4. Flower morphology: falls, standards and stylar branches, sometimes with spathe bracts (cont.). A) Limniris sibirica (photo: Frank Hoehnel); B) Limniris chrysographes (photo: Ken Walker); C) Limniris sanguinea (photo: Andrej Baryshenko); D) Eremiris lactea (photo: Andrey Korzun); E) Sclerosiphon songaricum (photo: Vladimir Kolobincev); F) Joniris brevituba (photo: Georgy Lazkov); G) Phaeiris giganticaerulea (photo: Rodney Barton); H) Zhaoanthus henryi (photo: Ken Walker); I) Zhaoanthus minutoaureus (photo: Dennis Kramb); J) Iridodictyum reticulatum (photo: Sean Zera); K) Iridodictyum danfordiae (photo: Peter Bohnert); L) Cryptobasis mariae (photo: Yuriy Danilevsky).

FIGURE 6. Carpology. A) Belamcanda chinensis, seeds black, long persistent on the central axis of fruit (photo: Stanislav Doronenko); B) Pardanthopsis dichotoma, seeds shortly winged (photo: Ken Walker); C) Gattenhofia verna var. smalliana, seeds with fleshy raphe and ribbed surface (photo: Ken Walker); D) Tectiris tectorum, seeds glossy, pyriform, apiculate, with inconspicuous aril (photo: Ken Walker); E) Evansia wattii, seeds matte, angulose, with small aril (photo: Dennis Kramb); F) Chamaeiris foetidissima, seeds reddish, persistent on valves of the opened fruit (photo: Ken Walker); G) Chamaeiris halophila, seeds with papery, loose testa (photo: David Pilling); H) Hermodactylus tuberosus, seeds globose with gelatinous aril (photo: Ken Walker); I) Lophiris cristata, seeds with long coiled appendage (photo: Jan Sacks); J) Zhaoanthus speculatrix, seeds with aril withering early as a wing (photo: Ken Walker); K) Phaeiris giganticaerulea, seeds large, flattened, with thickened, corky testa (photo: Robert R. Pries); L) Joniris uniflora, seeds with fleshy raphe vanishing on drying (photo: Robert R. Pries); M) Limniris sibirica, seeds discoidal, without aril, with subcorky testa (photo: Ken Walker); N) Rodionenkoa gracilipes, seeds with fleshy raphe and testa surface pitted (photo: Robert R. Pries); O) Junopsis collettii, seeds oblong with conspicuous whitish aril (photo: Ken Walker); P) Zhaoanthus koreanus, seeds globosecompressed, with fleshy raphe withering early as a wing (photo: Robert R. Pries); Q) Iris hoogiana, seeds with prominent aril and testa surface reticulate-wrinkled (photo: Robert R. Pries); R) Iris pumila, seeds without aril and testa surface reticulate-wrinkled (photo: Steve Hurst); S) Juno bucharica, seeds apiculate with fleshy appendage (photo: Ken Walker); T) Siphonostylis lazica, seeds angulose with testa surface covered with sessile glands (photo: Ken Walker). Scale bars in mm.

FIGURE 18. Habit and floral details. A) Eremiris lactea (Lindley 1840: t. 1); B) Sclerosiphon songaricum (photo: Vladimir Kolobincev); C) Joniris ruthenica (photo: Aleksandr Kostjukov); D) Joniris ruthenica (Ker Gawler 1811: t. 1393); E) Phaeiris fulva (Small 1927: t. 388).

FIGURE 19. Approximate distribution areas: A) Eremiris (yellow); B) Sclerosiphon (green); C) Phaeiris (red); D) Zhaoanthus (blue); E) Hermodactylus (white).