Cosmobaris scolopacea (Germar)

Prena, Jens, Yang, Jiani, Ren, Li, Wang, Zhiliang, Liu, Ning & Zhang, Runzhi, 2014, Nomenclatural changes, new country records and range extensions of Baridinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from China, Zootaxa 3841 (3), pp. 339-363 : 345-347

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.3841.3.2

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FCBA5D0D-AA6B-4CB9-9104-6D682F7A9802

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6126882

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/686D5E09-E372-B05D-FF26-C6E1FC65F8F2

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Cosmobaris scolopacea (Germar)
status

 

Cosmobaris scolopacea (Germar) View in CoL

( Figs. 5–8 View FIGURES 5 – 8 , 20 View FIGURES 19 – 20 )

Baris scolopacea Germar 1819: 132 View in CoL .

Holotype from Hungary without specified collecting site (repository unknown). Transferred to Baridius by Schönherr (1836), to Aulobaris by Heyden et al. (1883), to Cosmobaris by Casey (1920), to Melaleucus by Legalov et al. (2010), to Baris by Ramesha & Ramamurthy (2012).

Baridius coloratus Boheman View in CoL [in Schönherr] 1836: 700.

Holotype from E shore of Caspean Sea, Kazakhstan or Turkmenistan ( NHRS); examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Germar (1842).

Baridius pallidicornis Boheman View in CoL [in Schönherr] 1836: 702.

Holotype from Tauria [Crimea], Ukraine ( NHRS); examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Heyden et al. (1906).

Baridius parvulus Boheman View in CoL [in Schönherr] 1836: 701.

Holotype from Kislar [Kizlyar in Dagestan], Russia ( NHRS); examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Germar (1842).

Baridius vestitus Perris 1858: 143 View in CoL [not Bohemann 1836: 718].

Syntypes from Arcachon and Cape Ferret, France ( EAGM?); not examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Stein (1868). New homonymy.

Baris orientalis Roelofs 1875: 184 View in CoL .

Syntypes from Japan and Hong Kong ( BMNH, RBINS); not examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Prena (2011).

Cosmobaris americana Casey 1920: 344 View in CoL :

Syntypes from Rhode Island and Pennsylvania ( USNM); examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Gilbert (1964) [overlooked or not accepted by subsequent authors] and by Prena (2011).

Baridius carnerii Pic 1922: 30 View in CoL .

Syntypes from Mex [Al Maks], Egypt ( MNHN, NHMB, USNM); two examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Hustache (1932).

Baris lebedevi Roubal 1929: 56 View in CoL .

Two syntypes from Čardžui [Türkmenabat], Turkmenistan ( SNMC); not examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Prena (2011).

Cosmobaris sionilli Hayes 1936: 28 View in CoL .

Holotype male, Starved Rock, Illinois, U.S.A. ( INHS); not examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Gilbert (1964).

Cosmobaris squamiger Hayes 1936: 27 View in CoL .

Holotype male, Hardin, Illinois, U.S.A. ( INHS); not examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Gilbert (1964).

Baris borkhsenii Zaslavskij 1956: 357 View in CoL .

Holotype male, near “Tepsju”, Bukcheong County, North Korea ( ZIN); not examined. Synonymized with B. scolopacea by Prena (2011) and with B. orientalis by Hong et al. (2011).

Diagnosis. Cosmobaris scolopacea is understood here as a phenotypically plastic taxon (see notes below). Conspicuous vestiture and slender gestalt ( Fig. 5–8 View FIGURES 5 – 8 ) are helpful for recognition, but attention should be paid to an undescribed allopatric species in Yunnan and the somewhat stouter C. discolor (Boheman) from Africa, Asia minor, Australia (introduced) and Cyprus. Very small specimens can be disproportionately more slender and usually have uniform vestiture. Some Smicronyx have a similar scale pattern but smaller mesepimera, basally connate claws and ventrites with straight sutures.

Distribution. The species complex occurs from the Iberian Peninsula to Japan and has a continuous range throughout N China ( Fig. 20 View FIGURES 19 – 20 ). In North America, it was introduced to Pennsylvania in the 1880s ( Casey 1892) and to California in the late 1930s ( Van Dyke 1950). The two introduced populations dispersed rapidly, merged in the 1960s or 70s at the latest and reached Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Québec in Canada ( McNamara 1991; Webster et al. 2012).

Notes. We retain this species in Cosmobaris and ignore the unexplained placements in Melaleucus Chevrolat by Legalov et al. (2010) and Baris Germar by Ramesha & Ramamurthy (2012). An amalgamation with Melaleucus is partially justified and, in fact, was implicitly made in the original description of Cosmobaris , but Melaleucus in the sense of Legalov et al. (2010) is polyphyletic.

Cristofaro et al. (2013) found evidence for genetically distinct subpopulations in the C. scolopacea complex, in particular that specimens from the American E and W coasts (known as C. americana ) are genetically identical to each other but different from S European and Central Asian specimens. Their material did not include specimens from E Asia, which usually are recognized as C. orientalis (Roelofs) , so the relationship of the latter to the nominotypical European form and the enigmatic American invader remained unknown. Authors have justified the validity of C. orientalis with allopatry and differences in vestiture (e.g., Hong et al. 2011), but vestiture is affected by temperature and humidity during metamorphosis and allopatry is not confirmed by our data ( Fig. 20 View FIGURES 19 – 20 ). Our preliminary analysis of specimens from Beijing and Jiangsu showed that their cox1 barcode region agrees with that of American specimens (M.-C. Bon, in litt.), thus providing evidence for an Asian origin of the 1880s and 1930s incursions to the United States. However, a comprehensive comparison of representative material from the entire range is needed to determine the names, ranks, distributions as well as morphological, biological and genetic differences of the various subpopulations.

Biology. Adults weevils have been found on numerous Amaranthaceae , such as Achyranthes japonica , Amaranthus cannabinus , A. hybridus , A. retroflexus (all Amaranthoideae ), Beta vulgaris , B. cicla (Betoideae) , Atriplex halimus , A. thunbergiifolia , Chenopodium album , Halimione portulacoides (all Chenopodioideae ), Kali collina , K. tragus and K. turgida (Salsoloideae) . Several eggs are laid in the stem around July/August. The conspicuously yellow larva overwinters in the root and pupates therein in late spring ( Hustache 1932; Gilbert 1964; Scherf 1964; Nikulina 2000). The weedy nature of the rapidly spreading C. album might have contributed to the wide dispersal of the weevil.

Material examined. CHINA. Beijing: numerous sites, 13.vii.1958, 5.vi.1963 (2x), 27.vi.1963, 8.vii.1963 (2x), 1.viii.1963, 23.v.1964, 22.vii.1964 (2x), 20.–22.viii.1964 (2x), 12.v.1980 (75x), 7.vii.1980 (2x), 2.viii.1980, 15.vi.2008, 23.v.2010 (2x), 8.vii.2013 (5x), 21.viii.2013 (numerous larvae) ( IZCAS 98). Fujian: Huangkeng, Jianyang, 21.vi.1960 ( IZCAS 1) ; Kuiqi, Fuzhou, 8.iii.1960 ( IZCAS 1). Gansu: Baitashan, Lanzhou, 17.vi.1962 ( IZCAS 1) ; Gaolan, 4.vii.1951 ( IZCAS 1) ; Jiuquan, 25.vii.1962 ( IZCAS 1). Heilongjiang: Haerbin, 2.vii.1950 ( IZCAS 1). Inner Mongolia: Huerhaote, 17.vii.1961 ( IZCAS 1), 13.v.1995 ( USNM 9) ; Pishan oil factory, 8.vi.1959 ( IZCAS 1) ; Zhongtan, 11.vi.1960 ( IZCAS 1). Jiangsu: Yinjiang bridge, Jiangdu Distr., Yangzhou, 6.viii.2013 ( KEIU 2). Jilin: Xinlitun, Liuhe, 8.viii.2013 ( KEIU 1) ; Shaanxi: Changmaotan, Yulin Dingbian, 10.vi.1987 ( IZCAS 1) ; Laoxiancheng, Zhouzhi, Qinling, 2.vi.2008, 27.vi.2008 ( IZCAS 2). Sichuan: Ganjiachao, 5.vii. 191984 ( IZCAS 1). Xinjiang: Anningqu, Urumchi, 19.vii.2005 ( IZCAS 4) ; Dasixiang, Shache, 20.vii.1987 ( IZCAS 1) ; Front Desert, Shihui Yao, 25.vii.2006 ( IZCAS 2) ; Fukanglin, Hui Pref., 22.vii.2005 ( IZCAS 1) ; Jingtian, Talimu, 20.vii.2005 ( IZCAS 2) ; Kuitun, Ili Kazakh Pref., 3.vii.1998 ( IZCAS 2) ; Lingyuanxi, Wulumuqi, 18.viii.2005 ( IZCAS 1) ; Qixiaxi, Asuke, 22.vii.1959 ( IZCAS 1) ; Shihezi, 20.vii.2005 ( IZCAS 3) ; Tacheng, 10.ix.1960 ( IZCAS 1) ; Xinhe, Asuke, 4.vii.2001 ( IZCAS 1) ; Uygur, Changji, 21.–27.viii.1958 ( IZCAS 10) ; Uygur, Wujiaqu, 20.vii.2005 ( IZCAS 10). Zhejiang: Fengyang Mountain, Lanju Luao Village, 30.vii.2008 ( IZCAS 1) ; Jincheng town, Gongchen Mtn., Lin'an City, 6.viii.2012 ( IZCAS 1). KAZAKHSTAN. Almaty, Sugatinski Valley, VII/1965 ( USNM 9). RUSSIA. Novosibirskaya Oblast: Karasuk, 28.vi.1998 ( USNM 1). TAJIKISTAN. Tigrovaja Balka Reserve, lower Vakhsh ( USNM 3). UZBEKISTAN. Karakalpak, Kakta Kupir, 30.vi.1965 ( USNM 2) ; Karakalpak, Nukus-Chimbai, 19.vi.1965 ( USNM 4) ; N Bukhara, 14.vi.1965 ( USNM 2).

NHRS

Swedish Museum of Natural History, Entomology Collections

RBINS

Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences

USNM

Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History

MNHN

Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle

NHMB

Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel

SNMC

Slovenske Narodne Muzeum

INHS

Illinois Natural History Survey

ZIN

Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, Zoological Museum

IZCAS

Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

KEIU

Korea University

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Coleoptera

Family

Curculionidae

Genus

Cosmobaris

Loc

Cosmobaris scolopacea (Germar)

Prena, Jens, Yang, Jiani, Ren, Li, Wang, Zhiliang, Liu, Ning & Zhang, Runzhi 2014
2014
Loc

Baris borkhsenii

Zaslavskij 1956: 357
1956
Loc

Cosmobaris sionilli

Hayes 1936: 28
1936
Loc

Cosmobaris squamiger

Hayes 1936: 27
1936
Loc

Baris lebedevi

Roubal 1929: 56
1929
Loc

Baridius carnerii

Pic 1922: 30
1922
Loc

Cosmobaris americana

Casey 1920: 344
1920
Loc

Baris orientalis

Roelofs 1875: 184
1875
Loc

Baridius vestitus

Perris 1858: 143
1858
Loc

Baridius coloratus

Schonherr 1836: 700
1836
Loc

Baridius pallidicornis

Schonherr 1836: 702
1836
Loc

Baridius parvulus

Schonherr 1836: 701
1836
Loc

Baris scolopacea

Germar 1819: 132
1819
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