Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabricius, 1801)

Smith, Sarah M., Beaver, Roger A. & Cognato, Anthony I., 2020, A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China, ZooKeys 983, pp. 1-442 : 1

Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabricius, 1801) Fig. 88G, H, L

Bostrichus ferrugineus Fabricius, 1801: 388.

Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabricius): Ferrari 1867: 23.

Tomicus trypanaeoides Wollaston, 1867: 114. Synonymy: Browne 1955: 355; Schedl, 1960a: 9.

Xyleborus fuscatus Eichhoff, 1868a: 400. Synonymy: Schedl 1960a: 8.

Xyleborus confusus Eichhoff, 1868a: 401. Synonymy: Schedl 1957: 16.

Xyleborus retusicollis Zimmermann, 1868: 146. Synonymy: Bright 1968: 1312.

Xyleborus amplicollis Eichhoff, 1869: 280. Synonymy: Schedl 1960a: 8.

Xyleborus insularis Sharp, 1885: 193. Synonymy: Schedl 1941: 116.

Xyleborus tanganus Hagedorn, 1910a: 8. Synonymy: Schedl 1960a: 8.

Xyleborus nyssae Hopkins, 1915a: 66. Synonymy: Schedl 1960a: 9.

Xyleborus soltaui Hopkins, 1915a: 66. Synonymy: Bright 1968: 1312.

Xyleborus hopkinsi Beeson, 1929: 246. Synonymy: Schedl 1960a: 8.

Xyleborus argentinensis Schedl, 1931: 345. Synonymy: Schedl 1960a: 8.

Xyleborus rufopiceus Eggers, 1932: 303. Synonymy: Wood 1989: 176.

Xyleborus schedli Eggers, 1934a: 83. Synonymy: Schedl 1960a: 9.

Xyleborus nesianus Beeson, 1940: 200. Synonymy: Beaver 1991: 95.

Xyleborus notatus Eggers, 1941a: 107. Synonymy: Schedl 1960a: 8.

Xyleborus subitus Schedl, 1949: 280. Synonymy: Schedl 1960a: 9.

Type material.

Holotype Xyleborus hopkinsi (NHMUK), paratype (FRI). Holotype Xyleborus nesianus (BPBM). Holotype Xyleborus notatus (NMNH). Holotype Xyleborus nyssae (NMNH). Holotype Xyleborus retusicollis (MCZ). Holotype Xyleborus schedli (NMNH). Holotype Xyleborus soltaui (NMNH).

Diagnosis.

2.5-3.1 mm long (mean = 2.84 mm; n = 5); 2.78-3.11 × as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the protibiae obliquely triangular, broadest at distal 1/3; declivity smooth, shiny (specimen must be dry); declivity with a pair of prominent tubercles on interstriae 3; declivity distinctly sulcate between suture and interstriae 3; interstriae 1 armed only by a denticle at declivital summit; and interstriae 2 unarmed.

Similar species.

Xyleborus affinis , X. cognatus , X. festivus , X. perforans , X. pfeilii , X. volvulus .

Distribution.

Probably native to tropical America ( Wood 1977; Gohli et al. 2016), but now in temperate and tropical regions around the world. Not common in the Oriental region, but more widely present than indicated by Wood and Bright (1992). Recorded in the study region only from India (West Bengal), and Taiwan.

Host plants.

Strongly polyphagous, with several hundred hosts recorded ( Schedl 1963a; Ohno 1990; Ohno et al. 1988, 1989).

Remarks.

The biology of the species is described by Schedl (1963a) and Entwhistle (1972). Norris (1976) summarizes studies by his group on the role of the associated ambrosia fungi in the nutrition and development of the beetle, the requirement of a fungal-produced steroid for pupation, and of associated bacteria for oocyte maturation. The species has some economic importance as a pest of cocoa ( Theobroma cacao ) ( Malvaceae ) as a vector of cocoa wilt ( Entwhistle 1972). Wood (2007) considers it one of the most destructive species of harvested timber in South America. Measurements were taken from Atkinson et al. (2013). We were unable to measure Asian specimens. Measurements were of New World specimens from Guyana, Panama, Peru and the United States (Florida and Michigan) in MSUC.

Figures

Figure 88. Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of Xyleborus affinis, 2.2 - 2.5 mm (A, B, I), X. bidentatus, 3.4 - 3.5 mm (C, D, J), X. cognatus, 2.8 - 3.1 mm (E, F, K), and X. ferrugineus, 2.5 - 3.1 mm (G, H, L).