Archidasyphyllum (Cabrera) P.L. Ferreira, Saavedra & Groppo (2019: 13)

Ferreira, Paola De Lima, Antonelli, Alexandre & Groppo, Milton, 2021, Touch me carefully: a step towards understanding morphological diversity in the South American spiny sunflowers (Compositae, Barnadesioideae), Phytotaxa 518 (2), pp. 109-142 : 113-114

1. Archidasyphyllum (Cabrera) P.L. Ferreira, Saavedra & Groppo (2019: 13)

Type: — Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides (Less.) P.L.Ferreira, Saavedra & Groppo

Trees, up to 30 m tall, multi-stemmed. Stems erect or decumbent, much-branched, lenticelate, cylindrical, scales imbricate at base, glabrous, strigose, villous, or velutinous, unarmed or with axillary spines in pairs of fascicles, straight, convergent or rarely divergent, glabrous or rarely sparse pubescent at base and becoming glabrous towards the apex. Leaves alternate, spiral, sessile to petiolate, persistent or deciduous, blade narrow elliptic, elliptic, obovate or orbiculate, coriaceous, pale or lustrous, glabrous or pubescent in both surfaces, base acute or obtuse, margin flat, ciliate, apex mucronate or spiny; venation brochidodromous or eucamptodromous. Capitulescence terminal or axillary, monocephalous or spiciform. Capitula 20–35-flowered, homogamous, discoid, sessile to pedunculate, involucre campanulate, 3–4-seriate, phyllaries coriaceous, green or brown, erect or rarely slightly reflexed, glabrous or densely villous, ovate-triangulate grading to lanceolate, apex unarmed or mucronate, margin flat, ciliate. Receptacle flat, pilose. Flowers isomorphic, bisexual, or pistillate by the gynoecium atrophy, corolla tubular (5+0), ligulate (5+0), subbilabiate (4+1) or bilabiate (3+2), 5-lobed, white to cream, externally sericeous at lobes apex. Anthers 5, apical appendage emarginated, basal appendage lanceolate, acute to rounded, caudate, calcarate or ecalcarate, inserted at the throat of the corolla, filaments free, glabrous. Style cylindrical, cream to yellow. Cypsela fusiform, densely villous. Pappus plumose, slightly shorter or equal to corolla length, bristles whitish. Pollen with intercolpal depressions (Suessy & Urtubey 2007). Chromosome number unknown.

Fig. 3a–b ; 10e .

Distribution and habitat: — Archidasyphyllum comprise two species restricted to the Nothofagus (southern beech) forest (broadleaf and mixed beech forest) of central Chile and adjacent central-western areas of Argentina from above an altitude of 1,200 m a.s.l. ( Cabrera 1959, Ferreira et al. 2019).

Notes: — Archidasyphyllum can be distinguished from the rest of Barnadesioideae by a set of characters: monoecious or gynodioecious trees reaching 30 m tall, discoid capitula, and anthers with emarginated apical appendages. Cabrera (1959), in the taxonomic revision of Dasyphyllum , considered Archidasyphyllum as a subgenus due to the high morphological similarity, because both genera have discoid capitula, a monoecious or gynodioecious breeding system, pollen with intercolpar depressions, and similar corolla shape and color. Moreover, Cabrera (1959) believed that Dasyphyllum , especially the subgenus Archidasyphyllum (Archi —from the ancient Greek ἀρχι- chief, early + Dasyphyllum —a genus of Barnadesioideae ) was the most primitive group and therefore the ancestor of the other genera within the subfamily. However, molecular phylogenies recovered Dasyphyllum subgenus Archidasyphyllum as sister to the Arnaldoa and Fulcaldea clade ( Gustafsson et al. 2001, Gruenstaeudl et al. 2009, Ferreira et al. 2019). Therefore, Ferreira et al. (2019) elevated the subgenus Archidasyphyllum to the rank of genus based on molecular phylogenetic, morphology, and biogeographical evidence. Although all phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data recover Archidasyphyllum as sister to Fulcaldea and Arnaldoa , this clade is morphologically diverse and synapomorphies that support the relationships are still unknown ( Funk & Roque 2011, Ferreira et al. 2019).

Iconography: — Poeppig & Endlicher (1835 –1836), Cabrera (1959).

Accepted species:—1.1. Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides (Less.) P.L.Ferreira, Saavedra & Groppo ; 1.2. Archidasyphyllum excelsum (D. Don) P.L.Ferreira, Saavedra & Groppo.

Selected specimens examined: — ARGENTINA. Río Negro: Bariloche, near Blest , 800 m, 41°02’S, 71°49’W, 03 March 1979, K. Rahn 4643 ( MO; 1.1). Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, January 1968, Esk 150 ( MBM; 1.1) . CHILE. Araucanía: Cautín, 3 km E of Melipeuco, 600 m, 38°51’S, 71°42’W, 03 February 1990, M.F. Gardner 4704 (E; 1.1). Malleco, Camino entre Curacautín y Malalcahuello, 3 km antes de Manzanar, 700 m, 38°28’S, 71°47’W, 07 January 1977, C. Marticorena 1225 (B; 1.1). Caraucautín , Estrada para Parque Nacional Tolhuaca , próximo à Terma de Tolhuaca , na beira da estrada, no lado esquerdo, 1065 m, 38°14’43’’S, 71°44’44.2’’W, 25 September 2013, C.L. Silva-Luz 200 (SPFR, SPF; 1.1). Bío-bío: Recinto, N from Hotel Lleuques, toward small hill, 750 m, 14 January 1993, T.F. Stuessy 12703 ( WU; 1.1). Los Lagos: Llanquihue, Lago de todos los santos, 41°13’S, 72°16’W, K.W. Wolffhügel s.n. (B; 1.1). Osorno, Parque Nacional Puyehue, Termas de Puyehue , 560 m, 40°40’S, 72°20’W, 01 February 1988, M.F. Gardner 4045 (E; 1.1). Los Rios: Valdivia, Cordillera de la Costa, road to Curiñanco on the way to Parque Oncol., 379 m, 30°46’16.9’’S, 73°19’W, 18 January 2003, M.F. Gardner 8 (E; 1.1). Valparaíso: Quillota, Olmué, Cordillera de la Costa, Parque Nacional La Campana (sector Granizo), 700 m, 32°57’S, 71°05’W, 01 February 1998, P. Baxter 2 (E; 1.2). Quillota, Parque Nacional Cerro Campana, 17 January 1993, T.F. Stuessy 12749 ( WU; 1.2) .

Figures

FIGURE 3. Archidasyphyllum and Arnaldoa. A–B: Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides. A: Habit. B: Multi-stemmed tree with fasciculate spines. C–D: Arnaldoa weberbaueri. C. Habit. D. Capitulum. Photos by Marcelo Monge (A–B), Gari Ccana-Ccapatinta (C), and Daniel Montesinos (D).

FIGURE 10. Geographical distribution for the genera of Barnadesioideae. A: Dasyphyllum. B: Chuquiraga. C: Barnadesia (red dots) and Huarpea (blue triangle). D: Doniophyton (blue triangles); E: Archidasyphyllum (blue triangles); Fulcaldea (blue triangles)—these words (triagle) in plural (triangles).