Carriola Swinhoe, 1922, stat. rev.

Shovkoon, Dmitry F. & Trofimova, Tatyana A., 2024, Review of the genus Carriola Swinhoe, 1922 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Lymantriinae), with descriptions of four new species, Nota Lepidopterologica 47, pp. 57-79 : 57

publication ID	https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.47.114772
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:18BDAA9F-5AE5-479A-BC3D-1998C8193791
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7798530C-8537-54E6-83F7-D7E32D47691F
treatment provided by	Nota Lepidopterologica by Pensoft
scientific name	Carriola Swinhoe, 1922, stat. rev.
status

Treatment

Carriola Swinhoe, 1922, stat. rev. View in CoL

Carriola Swinhoe, 1922. Type species: Leucoma ecnomoda Swinhoe, 1907; by monotypy.

Diagnosis.

Externally, Carriola is recognized by the beige-green ground colour of the wings and the unique pattern of hyaline windows, the largest of which occupy the discal cell and the hyaline satellite spot between it and the apex. In females, the wings are almost entirely transparent, with the exception of the basal and marginal areas, where the scale covering is preserved. A characteristic feature of the Carriola forewing venation is the presence of the RS1-RS4 cell (Fig. 2 View Figures 1, 2 ) which not present in the Arctornis species we studied (Fig. 1 View Figures 1, 2 ). The RS1 vein anastomoses briefly with RS2-S3. RS2 and RS3 is also anastomosed over a third of the length of RS3 (Fig. 2 View Figures 1, 2 ). The tymbal organs on the third abdominal sternum of the male Carriola are absent (Fig. 4 View Figures 3–9 ), unlike in Arctornis , where they are pocket-like and well developed (Fig. 3 View Figures 3–9 ). The male genitalia of Carriola are similar in general structure to those of Arctornis (Fig. 5c View Figures 3–9 ), but differ clearly in the absence of the saccular pocket at the base of the valva and the peculiar long and slender harp that emerges from this saccular pocket in Arctornis species (Fig. 5b View Figures 3–9 ). Carriola females have a medial oval projection of sternum VII covering the anterior margin of the antrum, whereas in Arctornis females sternum VII is unmodified (Fig. 6 View Figures 3–9 ). The shape and size of the pseudopapillae differ in Arctornis and Carriola : in Carriola the pseudopapillae of the females are weakly sclerotised, with small setae, elongated and uniformly narrow; in Arctornis the pseudopapillae are broader and gradually narrow towards the apex. The female genitalia are characterised by a reduction of the anterior apophyses, as found in some Arctornis species. The signum in the bursa is large and scobinated, but in contrast to Arctornis it is not elongated but clearly heart-shaped ( Arctornis ecnomoda species group) or triangular with rounded edges ( Arctornis fenestrata species group).

Description.

Head. Frons and vertex golden-brown or black (see C. zolotuhini sp. nov.) and covered with dense drooping scales, with small tufts at base of antennae. Eyes large and round. Labial palpi bent obliquely upwards, densely hairy, pale on the underside in the same colour as abdomen, orange above. Male antennae bipectinate with long branches, female antennae similar in structure but less developed. Thorax. Patagia, tegulae and thorax golden-beige in colour and covered with dense hair scales. Legs covered with golden-brown scales for most species of Carriola except C. zolotuhini sp. nov. (see under this species). Tibiae of forelegs densely covered with orange-coloured hair scales. Epiphysis present in males and absent in females. The 'formula' of the tibial spur is 0-2-4 (Figs 7-9 View Figures 3–9 ). Forewings (Figs 10 View Figures 10–18 - 27 View Figures 19–27 ) triangular, forewing margin/costa in both sexes in a ratio of about 1.2:1. The upper side of forewing of male beige-green in colour, with two hyaline windows. Central window occupies the central cell and covers up to half the length of cells M2-M3, M3-CuA1, CuA1-CuA2, and CuA2-1+2A, and bordered by clearly visible antemedial and subterminal lines (Fig. 2 View Figures 1, 2 ). Hyaline satellite located between it and apex in Rs4-M1, and confined to postmedial and subterminal lines. Chevron-shaped discal spot forming a characteristic triangle with postmedial line. Underside of forewings lighter and less contrasting background, without distinct pattern of bands, hyaline windows lined outwards with brown or black scales.

Hindwings (Figs 10 View Figures 10–18 - 27 View Figures 19–27 ) triangular with rounded apex. General outline of pattern, colour, and the way the hyaline windows are arranged repeat the forewing. There are often two hyaline satellite windows, the second of which is located between the veins Sc+R1-Rs. Hindwings of females with more extensive hyaline areas, which include satellite spots extending over the entire wing from the subbasal to terminal line. Live moths with light green veins and hyaline windows also greenish in colour. However, this pigment is not permanent and changes to yellow in collections. Abdomen. Abdominal segments hairy, comparatively slender, mostly covered with beige scales. Underside with lighter golden tones. Male genitalia (Figs 28-36 View Figures 28–36 ). Uncus short, broad towards base and supplemented by modified caudal process of tergum VIII - superuncus. Valva elongate, one third to one quarter as wide as long, simple, undivided, without processes or with medial costal process. Juxta U-shaped with distinct lateral lobes. Aedeagus short, half as wide as long, strongly bevelled at its anterior and posterior end. The everted vesica round, without cornuti, covered with very small spines. Female genitalia (Figs 37-44 View Figures 37–44 ). Posterior margin of sternum VII with medial oval projection covering antrum. Papillae anales weakly sclerotised, broad and rounded. Pseudopapillae membranous, uniformly narrow and covered with small setae. Anterior apophyses reduced. Posterior apophyses slender and as long as lobes of papillae anales. The antrum bowl-shaped, small. Ductus bursae membranous, as long as lobe of papillae anales, strongly narrowed before antrum, and gradually widened before corpus bursae. Corpus bursae rounded, rather short, and as long as ductus. Signum present, as large as a third or half of corpus bursae, generally scobinated and distinctly heart-shaped ( Carriola ecnomoda species group) or triangular with rounded edges ( Carriola fenestrata species group).

Remarks.

The differences in the configuration of the valva, and the shape of the signum, indicate a division into two morphological species groups within Carriola . The species of the Carriola ecnomoda group have a simple, elongated valva without sclerotised processes, and a heart-shaped signum, while the group of Carriola fenestrata species is characterised by the presence of well-sclerotised costal processes in the valva and a rounded, triangular signum in the bursa of the female genitalia.

Biology.

The flight period is from January to December in lowland and mountain forests. Carriola zolotuhini sp. nov., C. polyakovi sp. nov., C. shorokhovi sp. nov., prefer lowland forests, although the last species also occurs at an elevation of 1140 m.a.s.l.; C. ecnomoda , C. witti sp. nov., C. thyridophora C. seminsula , C. saturnioides , and C. fenestrata occur at elevations of up to 1200-1600 m.a.s.l.

The host plant is only known for C. ecnomoda , whose caterpillars feed on Durio zibethinus ( Bombacaceae ) according to Holloway (1999).

Distribution.

(Figs 45-53 View Figures 45–53 ). China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sundaland, the Lesser Sunda Islands and Sulawesi, and the Philippines.

Check-list of Carriola Swinhoe, 1922

Carriola ecnomoda species group

C. ecnomoda (Swinhoe, 1907)

C. thyridophora (Hampson, [1893])

C. witti sp. nov.

C. seminsula (Strand, 1914)

C. saturnioides (Snellen, 1879)

C. polyakovi sp. nov.

C. shorokhovi sp. nov.

Carriola fenestrata species group

C. fenestrata (Hampson, [1893])

C. zolotuhini sp. nov.