Rhynchosia minima

Bezerra, Luísa Maria De Paula Alves, Cândido, Elisa Silva, Vargas, Wanderleia De, Torke, Benjamin Marland, Lewis, Gwilym Peter & Perez, Ana Paula Fortuna, 2024, Taxonomic revision of Rhynchosia Lour. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Phaseoleae) in South America, Phytotaxa 643 (1), pp. 1-67 : 44-46

20. Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC., Prodr. 2: 385. 1825. ( Fig. 10 K–N )

Basionym: — Dolichos minimus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 726. 1753. Dolicholus minimus (L.) Medik., Vorles. Churpfälz. Phys.-Ökon. Ges. 2: 354. 1787. Dolicholus flavus Medik., Vorles. Churpfälz. Phys. -Ökon. Ges. 2: 354. 1787. (Lectotype, designated by Verdcourt [1971]: Tab XXI in Linnaeus, Hortus Cliffortianus [1737]). Iconography: Rodriguésia 70: 13. 2019.

Dolichos medicagineus Lam., Encycl. 2(1): 297. 1786. Presumed type: INDIA, “ Habitat in India ”, December 1794 (fr.), Klein s.n. (B -W1340-01 0 [digital image!]).

Glycine rhombifolia Willd., Sp. Pl. 3(2): 1065. 1802. Rhynchosia rhombifolia (Willd.) DC., Prodr. 2: 386. 1825. Presumed type: INDIA, “Nandaradah”, October 1794 (fr.), Klein s.n. (B-W 13466 -01 0 [digital image!]).

Glycine reflexa Baldwin ex Nutt. , Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 115. 1818. Type: UNITED STATES, s.loc., s.d. (fl./fr.), Baldwin & T. Nuttal s.n. (Lectotype, designated by Grear [1978]: NY 00578980 [!]; isolectotypes: PH 00005450 [digital image!], PH 00025953 [digital image!], PH 00025952 [digital image!]).

Glycine lamarckii Kunth , Nov. Gen. Sp. 6: 424–425. 1823. Type: CUBA, Havana, Crescit locis umbrosis, prope Havanam (Insula Cubae), s.d. (fr.), A. J. A. Bonpland & F. W. H. A. von Humboldt 1328 (Lectotype, designated here: P 00660115 [digital image!]; isolectotypes: P 00709008 [digital image!], P 00709009 [digital image!]).

Rhynchosia punctata DC., Mem. Légum. 365. t. 56. 1825. Type: FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne, s.d., M. Patris s.n. (Holotype: G [not seen]).

Glycine littoralis Vahl ex DC., Prodr. 2: 385. 1825. nom. nud.

Rhynchosia ervoidea DC., Mém. Légum. 368. 1825.

Rhynchosia mexicana Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. 287. 1838. Presumed type: MEXICO, s.loc., s.d. (fl.), Lay & Collie s.n. (E 00369050 [digital image!]).

Phaseolus caribaeus Eaton & Wright, Man. Bot. , 8: 353–354. 1840.

Rhynchosia laxiflora Cambess., Voy. Inde 4: 44. 1841. Type: INDIA, s.loc., s.d. (fl./fr), V. Jacquemont 1394 (Lectotype, designated here: Pl. 54 in Voyage dans l’Inde 44 [1841]).

Rhynchosia aureoguttata Andersson, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 41: 252. 1853. Type: ECUADOR, Galapagos, “hab in insula Charly”, s.d. (fl./fr.), Andersson s.n. (Lectotype designated inadvertently [as holotype] by Grear 1978]): S-R-9720 [digital image!]; isotypes: LD 1552766 [digital image!], UPS [not seen]).

Rhynchosia exigua Andersson, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 41: 252–253. 1853. Type: ECUADOR, Galapagos, “hab in insula Charly”, s.d. (fl.), Andersson s.n. (Lectotype, designated inadvertently [as holotype] by Grear [1978]: S-R-9724 [digital image!]; isotypes: K [not seen], UPS [not seen]).

Rhynchosia minima var. lutea Eggers, Smithsonian Misc. Collect. 23(3): 43. 1879. Type : UNITED STATES, Virgin Islands, St. Croix, December 1873 (fl./fr), H. F. A. Eggers s.n. (Lectotype, designated here: C 10012337 [digital image!]; isolectotypes: C 10012338 [digital image!], C 10012339 [digital image!]).

Rhynchosia minima var. pauciflora Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 204. 1891. Type : PUERTO RICO, Guayama, January 1874 (fl./fr.), O. Kuntze 566 (Lectotype, designated inadvertently [as holotype] by Grear 1978: NY 00026934[!]; isolectotype: US 00004687 [digital image!]).

Rhynchosia mínima var. diminifolia Walraven, Brittonia 22(1): 85. 1970. Type : UNITED STATES, Florida , Monroe Co , Big Pine Key, Walraven 163 (Holotype: GA [not seen]).

Vine herbaceous or suffrutescent, twining or prostrate, stems branched, pilose to pubescent, indumentum white to light yellow, with yellow to light brown vesicular glands, but lacking bulbous-based trichomes. Stipules 1.5–5 × 0.5–1.5 mm, free, persistent, narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, externally pilose to pubescent with yellow vesicular glands, but lacking bulbous-based trichomes. Leaves trifoliolate; petiole 0.7–6 cm long; leaf rachis 0.5–1.5 cm long; stipels persistent to falling late; leaflets 1.5–7 × 1–5 cm, ovate, deltoid, rhombic or elliptical, surface not bullate, attenuate to acuminate at apex, truncate, obtuse or rounded at base, margin entire, pilose to pubescent, with yellow vesicular glands on both surfaces. Inflorescences axillary, racemose, 4–21.9 cm long, many-flowered, exceeding the length of the subtending leaf; bracts caducous; pedicels 0.5–2.5 mm long. Flowers 3–8 mm long excluding the pedicel; calyx 2–5 mm long, pubescent with yellow vesicular glands, but lacking bulbous-based trichomes, lobes lanceolate, not exceeding the corolla in length; standard petal 4–7 × 3–5 mm, obovate to rounded, emarginate or rounded at apex, villous or pilose to pubescent, with yellow vesicular glands, but lacking bulbous-based trichomes, claw 0.5–1.5 mm long, auricle ca. 0.5 mm long; wing petals 4–6 × 0.5–1 mm, oblong, claw 1–1.5 mm long, auricle ca. 0.5 mm long; keel petals 4–7 × 0.5–1 mm, falcate, claw 1–2 mm long; stamens 4–7 mm long; ovary 2.2–2.8 mm long, densely pubescent, with yellow vesicular glands. Fruits 0.7–2.3 × 0.5–0.8 cm, brownish to blackish, without constrictions between the seeds, falcate, pilose to pubescent with yellow vesicular glands, but lacking bulbous-based trichomes. Seeds 2–4 × 2–3 mm, ovate or reniform, unicolored, brown to black.

Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes: — Rhynchosia minima was first described by Linnaeus (1753) as Dolichos minimus . It is the only species of the genus that has a cosmopolitan distribution. Since it has been collected in many parts of the world and studied by several taxonomists, different names have been attributed to it.

In the protologue of Glycine lamarckii, Kunth (1823) mentioned the collection “Crecit locis umbrosis, prope Havanam” but did not designate a specific type specimen. Grear (1978) in his revision of the neotropical species of Rhynchosia only cited the collection Bonpland 1328 (which possesses characters that match those given in the species protologue), deposited in P, as an isotype and no other reference to the type collection has been published since then. We designate here the specimen with barcode number P 00660115 as the lectotype of G. lamarckii .

Grear (1978) mentioned that the type species of R. punctata is housed in G, but we were unable to find it. We decided to keep this taxon as a synonym of R. minima based on an analysis of the illustration provided in the species protologue. Also, efforts to access the type species of Glycine littoralis , R. ervoidea and Phaseolus caribaeus were unsuccessful, since the original descriptions did not cite any material, and no reference to these names was observed on any specimens studied by us. Therefore, we also retained these taxa as synonyms of R. minima based on the characters that were given in the taxon protologues.

In the protologue of R. laxiflora no mention of a type specimen was made and no specimen matching the information given in the original description was found. We designate here the illustration Pl. 54 in Voyage dans l’Inde v. 44 (1841) as the lectotype of R. laxiflora .

Grear (1978) cited the collections Andersson 379 and 380 at S as the holotypes of R. aureoguttata and R. exigua , respectively. In Flora of Ecuador, Ståhl et al. (2016) correctly stated that Grear’s (1978) reference to these collection numbers was incorrect, since the numbers “379” and “380” are, in fact, the sequence of numbers used in the nomenclatural headings in the original description of these taxa. Thus, Ståhl et al. (2016) designated the collections deposited in S R. aureoguttata and R. exigua lectotypes. This procedure was justified on the grounds that there are duplicates of both collections which were probably available to Andersson when he described his two new species and no specific duplicates were designated as types by him. However, as Grear was the first who cited the collections from S as the holotypes of R. aureoguttata and R. exigua , he inadvertently lectotypified them (see Turland et al., 2018, Art. 9.10, Ex. 11; Prado et al. 2020).

Eggers (1879) described R. minima var. lutea but did not cite a specific specimen as a type. Grear (1978) cited a specimen deposited in C, annotated by Eggers as R. minima var. lutea , as a “presumed isotype ”. Nonetheless, there are three duplicates of this collection housed at C (C 10012337, C 10012338, C 10012339), and no other specimens of this collection were encountered by us. Thus, we have chosen here the specimen with barcode number C 10012337 as the lectotype of R. minima var. lutea .

Kuntze (1891) in the protologue of R. minima var. pauciflora mentioned the location “Portorico: Guayama” but he did not give any other information about the type specimen. Grear (1978) cited a specimen from NY as the holotype (based on the reported locality). As there is a duplicate of this collection deposited in US and the author did not specify a particular specimen as type, Grear’s (1978) citation of the specimen at NY as the holotype constitutes and inadvertent lectotypification (see Turland et al., 2018, Art. 9.10, Ex. 11; Prado et al. 2020).

Walraven (1970) mentioned that the holotype of R. minima var. diminifolia is deposited in GA, but our efforts to access it were unsuccessful. As Walraven gave a complete description of the taxon in his species protologue and all the described characters match those of typical R. minima , we retain R. minima var. diminifolia as a synonym.

Rhynchosia minima is commonly confused with R. edulis because they have similar characters regarding leaves and flowers ( Fig. 10 K, N ), but they are quite different concerning fruit shape (falcate in R. minima [ Fig. 10 L–M ] vs. oblong to slightly-obovate in R. edulis ). Other characters that differentiate these species are discussed in the taxonomic notes of R. edulis .

Reproductive phenology: —Flowering and fruiting throughout the year.

Distribution and habitat: — Rhynchosia minima has a cosmopolitan distribution. It is widespread throughout South America, except for a lack of records from Uruguay ( Fig. 12 ). It grows in a wide variety of environments, including ruderal areas, pastures, roadsides, forest edges, grasslands and campos rupestres (rocky fields).

Conservation status: —Least Concern (LC). Rhynchosia minima is assessed as LC based on IUCN Red List criteria ( Poveda 2012; IUCN 2022). The species is the most widespread of the genus and the only one which has a cosmopolitan distribution.

Selected Specimens Examined:— ARGENTINA. Formosa: Pilcomayo, Laguna Niack Neck, Cnia , El Paraiso, 5 km W de Palma Sola, 28 February 1996 (fl./fr.), A. Schnini & C. Cuadrado 30451 ( NY) ; ibid., Norte a 2 km de Laguna Branca, 18 October 1948 (fl./fr.), I. Morel 6276 ( NY) . Jujuy: Ledesma, 8 km caminho al bananal desde ruta 34 ( Rio Piedras ), 6 April 1972 (fl.), E. Parada 731 ( NY) ; Perico, rio Perico , 28 March 1977 (fl./fr.), A. Krapovickas & A. Schinini 30643 ( MBM) ; San Pedro de Jujuy , 16 May 1945 (fr.), J. Herrera 499 ( NY) . Salta: General José de San Martín, Yacimiento Río Pescado , 13 km del desvio de la Ruta Nac. 50 camino a los pozos gasíferos, 02 May 2003 (fr.), O. Morrone et al. 4556 ( MBM) ; La Caldera, cerca del dique Campo Alegre , February 1987 (fl.), C. Palací 855 ( NY) ; Orán, 200 m de la confluência del rio Pescado y la ruta nac. 50, 12 March 2001 (fl./fr.), R. Fortunato et al. 7114 ( NY) . BOLIVIA. Beni: Gral. Ballivián, 2 kms de Santa Rosa hacia el rio Yata , 16 September 1993 (fl.), R. Michel & St. G. Beck 1174 ( NY) . La Paz: Abel Iturralde, Parque Nacional y Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Madidi , Cerranias de los alrededores del campamento de guardaparques El Bala, 06 December 2004 (fl.), A. Araujo et al. 1455 ( NY) . Santa Cruz: Andrés Ibanez, 10 km by gravel road SE of San José and the turnoff from the Santa Cruz-Samaipata highway, 3 April 2007 (fl./fr.), M. Nee 54966 ( NY) ; ibid., along new paved highway from Santa Cruz to Abapó , 10 km N of Basilio, 19 April 1998 (fl./fr.), M. Nee 49100 ( NY) ; Chiquitos, Vale de Tucavaca entre Santiago y Santo Corazón, km 50 de Santiago , 25 April 2008 (fl./fr.), J. R. I. Wood et al. 24475 ( UB) ; Cordillera , Santa Cruz ca. 200 kms hacia el Sud, 12 March 1981 (fr.), St. G. Back 6465 ( NY) ; Florida, zone of massive red sandstone mountains along highway from Santa Cruz to Samaipata , 15 February 1998 (fl./fr.), M. Nee 48318 ( NY) ; German Busch, 2 km del portón del Rincón del Tigre en el camino a Carmen Rivero Torrez , 31 March 2009 (fl.), J. R. I Wood & P. Pozo 25974 ( UB) ; Ichilo , 55 km NW linea recta de Santa Cruz, 19 March 1981 (fl.), St. G. Beck 6619 ( NY) ; Nuflo de Chavez, vicinity of Perseverancia , 12 September 1990 (fl./fr.), R. Frey & K. U. Kramer 741 ( NY) ; Puerto Suarez, rodovia para Corumbá , 23 October 1988 (fr.), G. Hatschbach et al. 52506 ( NY) ; Santiesteban, 7.5 km by road NW of bridge at Chané Independencia , 5 April 1998 (fr.), M. Nee 48851 ( NY) ; San Ignacio de Velasco, 12 km hacia E, Mercedes de las Minas Barbecho de 1.5 anos, 24 April 1986 (fr.), R. Seidel & St G. Beck 322 ( NY) . BRAZIL. Amazonas: Ilha de Marrecão , 12 February 1977 (fl./fr.), G. T. Prance et al. 24386 ( INPA, NY) ; Ilha do Careiro , 25 November 1985 (fl.), Junk 1057 ( INPA) ; Manacapurú , 2 February 1963 (fl./fr.), A. Castellanos s.n. ( INPA) . Amapá: Macapá , saída para BR-156, próximo a CODEASA, 25 August 1988 (fl./fr.), N. M. S. et al. 2079 ( CEN) . Bahia: Feira de Santana , km 04 da estrada do feijão, 04 June 1994 (fl./fr.), E. Melo & F. França 1094 ( SP) ; Ilheus, elevação logo após a ponte Ilhéus / Pontal , 27 November 1983 (fl.), A. M. Carvalho 2063 ( RB, UB, UEC) ; ibid., área do CEPEC, km 22 da rodovia Ilhéus—Itabuna (BR 415), 02 September 1981 (fl./fr.), J. L. Hage & H. S. Brito 1286 ( NY, RB) ; Irecê, Alto de Gabriela , córrego sobre calcário, 10 May 1984 (fl./fr.), Fotius 3848 ( IPA) ; Itabuna, a 25 km para Buerarema , 10 July 1964 (fl./fr.), N. T. Silva 58347 ( UB) ; Jussari, RPPN Serra do Teimoso, rodovia Jussari-Palmira , entrada ca 7, 5 km de Jussari , Trilha para o topo da serra 15º9’43’’ S 39º32’20’’ W, 27 July 2005 (fl./fr.), L. A. Q. et al. 765 ( RB) ; Salvador, Parque Metropolitano de Pitaçu , 14 February 1998 (fl./fr.), A. S. Conceição & J. Costa 178 ( INPA) ; Santo Estevão próximo a BR 116, caatinga 12º29’55.1’’ S 39º20’53.5W, 29 July 2001 (fl.), V. C. Souza et al. 26715 ( UEC) ; Uruçuca, BR 101, 21 January 1976 (fr.), P. Montouchet 2209 ( UEC) . Ceará: Entre Crato e Sítio Romualdo , 31 July 1964 (fl.), A. Castellanos 25202 ( IPA) ; Estrada de Crato-Joazeiro , 17 May 1957 (fl.), T. N. Guedes 375 ( UB) ; Quixeré, Chapada do Apodi. Fazenda Mato Alto , 110m alt., 5º11’0’’S 37º49’0’’W, 13 June 1996 (fl./fr.), L. W. Lima-Verde et al. 253 ( IPA) . Espirito Santo: Vitória , beira de praia, 07 September 1977 (fr.), J. Semir et al. 5846 ( SP, UEC) . Goiás: Campinaçu, 8 km do estádio de futebol de Minaçu, na estrada para o canteiro de obras da AHE Cana Brava , 03 October 2000 (fl./fr.), T. B. Cavalcanti et al. 2605 ( CEN) ; Inhumas, rodovia Goiânia—Goiás , 07 September 1976 (fl./fr.), P. Gibbs et al. 2696 ( NY, UEC) ; Posse, Fazenda Sabonete , 08 October 2000 (fl./fr.), M. A. Silva et al. 4446 ( RB) . Maranhão: Bacabeira, Perizes , 5 July 1954 (fl./fr.), G. A. Black et al. 56-16466 ( UB) ; Island of São Luiz , 1940 (fr.), R. Froes 11883 ( NY) . Mato Grosso: Cáceres, Faz. Descalvados , 5 November 1978 (fl.), A. Allem et al. 2428 ( NY) . Mato Grosso Do Sul: Corumbá, Fazenda Bodoquena , 26 October 1978 (fl.), A. Allem et al. 2377 ( NY) ; ibid., Serra Grande, Planalto Residual do Urucum , interior de Floresta Estacional Decidual, 27 April 2004 (fr.), R. R. Silva & J. S Velásquez 903 ( UEC) ; ibid., Serra do Jacadigo, Planalto Residual do Urucum , 25 October 2033 (fl.), R. R. Silva & J. S. Velásquez 459 ( UEC) ; Ladário, Lagoa do Arroz , campo úmido 19º02’40.7’’ S 57º28’26.2’’W, 100m alt., 27 August 2004 (fl.), R. R. Silva, & M. V. Silva 1111 ( UEC) ; Miranda, Tição de Fogo 18 km ao N-NE de Guaicurus, 8 April 1973 (fl./fr.), J. S. Silva 151 ( SP) ; Porto Murtinho, Área do Exército , 11 May 2011 (fl./fr.), Matos-Alves et al. 632 ( UEC) . Minas Gerais: Coronel Xavier Chaves, beira da BR 383 próxima ao trevo para Prados , 4 February 2011 (fl.), M. Sobral 13562 ( RB) ; Governador Valadares , 24 November 1941 (fl./fr.), M. Magalhães 801 ( UB) ; Grão Mogol, 14 km após a cidade, na estrada para Cristália , 24 January 2002 (fl.), R. S. Rodrigues et al. 1363 ( UEC) ; Iguatama, Fazenda Faroeste, margem esquerda do Rio São Miguel , 10 August 2003 (fl./fr.), P. H. A. Melo & G. P. Santos 811 ( RB) ; Porteirinha, na trilha para Cachoeira , 28 June 2002 (fl./fr.), R. S. Rodriges & A. S. Flores 1570 ( UEC) ; Santa Maria Suaçuí, rodovia Santa Maria Suaçuí a Capelinha , 07 July 1978 (fl.), P. R. Salgado & V. T. Paulino IZ-702 ( UEC) . Paraíba: Carrapateira, Sítio Volta, nos arredores do Açude Volta 07º02’58.00’’ S 038º19’47.00’’ W, 24 September 2014 (fl.), J. L. Costa-Lima et al. 1861 ( RB) ; Solânea, Curimataú , 19 July 2001 (fl.), T. M. Grisi Velôso 264 ( IPA) ; Soledade , 1 January 1986 (fl.), M. Sales & M. Rodal s.n. ( PEUFR) ; ibid., Comunidade Rural - Barrocas , 21 April 2009 (fl./fr.), A. Trajano 88 ( IPA) ; Riachão do Bacamarte, sítio Torre , 28 August 1998 (fl./fr.), A. Laurênio et al. 1206 ( PEUFR) . Pernambuco: Arcoverde BR 232, 21 May 1980 (fl./fr.), L. Coradin et al. 2475 ( IPA) ; Brejinho , 19 May 1991 (fr.), A. Bocage s.n. ( IPA) ; Caruaru, Brejo dos Cavalos, Parque Ecológico Municipal , 01 December 1994 (fl./fr.), M. Sales et al. 445 ( PEUFR) ; Fernando de Noronha , 04 April 1993 (fl.), A. M. Miranda et al. 1061 ( INPA) ; ibid., caminho para baía do Sueste , 08 June 1999 (fl./fr.), A. M. Miranda & M. Grillo 3452 ( UB) ; Lagoa Grande, Vitivinícola Santa Maria , 16 July 1998 (fl.), L. H. Piedade-Kiill 76 ( RB) ; Ouricuri, Fazenda Estaca , 04 April 1984 (fr.), G. C. Lima 80 ( IPA) ; Recife-Petrolina , 1979 (fr.), D. Andrade-Lima et al. 79-9356 ( IPA) ; Serra Talhada, Açude do Saco , 06 September 1993 (fl./fr.), F. Galindo s.n. ( IPA) ; Triunfo, divisa dos municípios Triunfo-Princesa Isabel propriedade do sr. Petrônio , 25 February 1986 (fr.), V. C Lima 46 ( IPA) . Piauí: Parnaíba, Fazenda Monte Alegre S2º54’17’’ O41º46’36’’, 30 June 1994 (fl./fr.), M. S. Bona Nascimento 50 ( IPA) . Rio de Janeiro: Jacarepaguá, Ilha do Ribeiro , 9 June 1942 (fl.), E. Pereiro 46941 ( UB) ; Saquarema, Boqueirão , 25 July 1988 (fl.), A. M. Paiva et al. 13 ( RB) . Rio Grande do Norte: Riacho de Santana, Sítio de Sr. Otílio , 05 January 1968 (fl.), N. Lima 45 ( UB) . São Paulo: Campos do Jordão , 10 May 1942 (fl./fr.), O. Handro s.n. ( SP) ; Pereira Barreto, Sítio Laranja Azeda , 26 November 1987 (fl./fr.), M. A. Yokota & N. T. Sekiya 10 ( UEC) ; São José do Barreiro , 16 May 1978 (fr.), P. R. Salgado & V. F. Paulino IZ 439 ( UEC) ; São Roque , mata secundária, 26 April 1994 (fl./fr.)., R. B. Torres et al. 117 ( SP) . Sergipe: Canindé São Francisco, caatinga Fazenda Poço Verde , 9 July 2005 (fl.), D. V. Braga et al. s.n. ( IPA) ; ibid., Fazenda Santa Maria , 9º37’01’’S 37º53’01’’W, 30 August 2005 (fl./fr.), D. C. Moura 776 ( IPA) . Tocantins: Aurora do Tocantins, estrada para Lavandeira, ca. de 10km de Aurora do Tocantins , 22 July de 2000 (fl./fr.), V. C. Souza et al. 24528 ( UEC) . CHILE. Tarapacá: Arica , 12 July 1970 (fl.), O. Zoellner 4935 ( MO) . COLÔMBIA. Arauca: Arauca, Caño Limón, campo petrolero de la Occidental de Colombia , 9 September 1998 (fl.), J. Forero & J. Betancur 149 ( NY) . Antioquia: Dabeiba, 30 km S de Dabeiba em la vía a Fuemia (corregimento), 23 November 1987 (fl.), R. Callejas et al. 5820 ( NY) ; Santa Fé de Antioquia, 87–92 km NE de Medellín margen izquierda del río Tonusco , 18 May 1990 (fl.), R. Callejas & F. J. Roldán 9451 ( NY) . Bolivar: Buenavista , 24 January 1918 (fl./fr.), F. W. Pennell 4010 ( NY) ; entre Sincelejo y Colosó , 11 December 1962 (fl.), R. R. Castañeda 9257 ( NY) . Cundinamarca: Girardot , 19 July 1917 (fl./fr.), H. H. Rusby & F. W. Pennell 159 ( NY) . Magdalena: Isla de Salamanca, em Moahoma , en la playa, 2 December 1966 (fr.), R. Romero-Castañeda 10513 ( NY) . Santa Marta , 1898-1899 (fl./fr.), H. H. Smith 50 ( NY) . Santo André: San Andres Island , June 1929 (fl.), R. A. Ivo 41 ( NY) . Sucre: Archipelago de San Bernardo, Isla Múcura , 5-30 December 1980 (fl.), G. Moreno & R. López 20 ( NY) . Valle del Cauca: Cali, Universidad del Valle ( Meléndez ), lote de malezas frente a Unicentro a lo largo de Paso Ancho ( Calle 13), 17 March 1985 (fl./fr.), A. Silverstone-Sopkin 1940 ( NY) ; Palmira, Granja Agricola , 17 July 1963 (fl./fr.), H. S. Mackee 10481 (P) . ECUADOR. Esmeraldas: Timber towards Esmeraldas , 30 May 1955 (fl.), E. Asplund 16529 ( NY) . Galapagos , s.d. (fl./fr.), Bauhmer 110 ( NY) . Guayaquil : s.loc., September 1918 (fl./fr.), J. N Rose & G. Rose 22463 ( NY) ; Guayas , June 1923 (fl./fr.), E. Asplund 7691 ( NY) ; ibid. Isla Puná, path from Campo Alegre to midway Rio Hondo , 6 July 1987 (fl.), J. E. Madsen 63789 ( NY) ; ibid., oil camp between Guayaquil and Salinas , June 1923 (fl./fr.), A. S. Hitchcock 20122 ( NY) . Lojas: Road Catamayo,- Gozanama, ca. km 10, just past bridge, over Rio Catamayo , 9 April 1996 (fl./fr.), B. B. Klitgaard et al. 121 ( NY) . Manabi: Pedernales Cantón, Camarones , 30 km S of Pedernales on coastal highway, 25 August 1998 (fl./fr.), D. Neill & QCNE botany interns 11305 ( NY) . GUYANA. Champagne: 3.0 km South of coastal highway, between Mahaicony & Abary Rivers, 15 August 1995 (fl.), S. R. Hill 27184 ( NY) . British Guyana: Demerara river , March 1898 (fl./fr.), Jenman 7327 ( NY) ; Vreed-en-Hoop, west bank of Demerara River, opposite Georgetown , 10-12 November 1919 (fl.), A. S. Hitchcock 16718 ( NY) . FRENCH GUIANA. Iles du Salut: Ile Royale, Sur une grille d’enceinte de batimento, 21 February 1985 (fl./fr.), G. Cremers 8426 (P). Plage des Hattes , région littorale, 26 March 1992 (fl./fr.), G. Cremers 12911 ( NY) . PARAGUAY. Concepción: Estancia Bello Horizonte , 17 November 1993 (fl.), E. M. Zardini & L. Guerrero 37269 ( NY) . Pte Rayes: Ruta Trans-Chaco, Río Monte Lindo , 14 March 1979 (fr.), A. Schinine & E. Bordas 16595 ( MBM) . PERU. Cajamarca: Contumazá, El Cruce (abajo de Cascas), 04 October 1991 (fr.), A. Sagástegui 14489 ( NY) ; San Ignacio, Faical , 18 April 1996 (fl./fr.), J. Campos & P. Diaz 2641 ( NY) . La Libertad: Trujillo , 15 June 1985 (fl.), J. Mostacero et al. 712 ( NY) ; ibid. em cultivo de maíz, 2 July 1971 (fr.), A. Sagástegui 7578 ( NY) . Lima: Cieneguilla , 25 March 1966 (fl./fr.), J. Lopez 191 ( NY) . Loreto: Maynas, Iquitos, Carretera de Nanay , ca. 4500 m de Punchana a Nanay , 27 September 1983 (fl./fr.), M. Rimachi 7069 ( NY) ; ibid., Rio Itaya, Ushpa Caña across from Iquitos , 20 August 1981 (fl./fr.), S. McDaniel & M. Rimachi 25396 ( NY) . San Matín: Juan Jui, Alto Río Huallaga , January 1936 (fl.), G. Klug 4201 ( NY) . SURINAME. Beach west of the mouth of the Matapica river, north-east of Paramaribo , 01 April 1951 (fl./fr.), J. & P. A. Florschutz 1921 ( NY) ; ibid. March 1968 (fl./fr.), LBB 11082 ( NY) ; Coronie, N. Along canal, 22 October 1933 (fl./fr.), J. Lanjouw 1097 ( NY) . Saramaca: Experimental Farm Coebiti , 14 December 1983 (fl.), A. P. Everaarts 891 ( NY) . Wiawia: Reserve , 3 km E of Motcreek, 28 February 1969 (fl.), L. B. B. Sterringa 12382 ( US) . TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. Oropouche Lagoon , west coast, 25 March 1959 (fl./fr.), R. S. Cowan 1253 ( NY) . VENEZUELA. Anzoategui: Peñalver, Sucre , 24 November 1987 (fr.), A. Castillo & A. Franca 2607 ( NY) ; Libertad, road from El Vigia to Buenos Aires , 8-15 airline km NE of Bergantín, 27 November 1981 (fl./fr.), G. Davidse & A. C. González 19755 ( NY) . Barinas: a lo largo de los márgenes del Río Cáparo, entre Campamento Cachicamo y Boca de Garza, este de El Cantón, 12April 1968 (fl.), J.A. Steyermarck, G. Bunting & C. Blanco 102243 ( NY) . Carabobo: 32 km N of Valencia , 10 July 1982 (fl./fr.), C. D. Johnson 2390-82 ( NY) . Distrito Federal: Isla la Branquilla, playa La Muerta , sector noroeste de la isla, 25 January 2012 (fr.), A. Fernández, G. Rivas & J. J. Rodriguez 29756 ( NY) ; Vargas, Parroquia Catia la Mar , escuela naval, 06 June 1989 (fr.), N. Ramírez 2673 ( NY) . Edo Miranda: waste ground along Avenida Sur, Santa Fé, Urb. Santa Fé , Caracas , 06 December 1975 (fl.), J. A. Steyermark 112173 ( NY) . Santa Rosa—Clarines—Brarinas , 27 January 1947 (fl./fr.), H. M. Curran 555 ( NY) . Tachira: Jauregui, J. T. Colmenares, Unidad Agropecuaria de Los Andes, Campo Introducción de Forrajeras , Morotuto , 03 September 1967 (fl./fr.), J. A. Steyermark & E. R. Velasco 100033 ( NY) . Via Orituco Hato Becerra, Calabozo, Edo. Guárico , 06 July 1991 (fr.), N. Ramírez 3149 ( NY) . Yaracuy: San Felipe, Camino El Guayabo—La Hoya , 0, 5 km N de El Guayabo, 12 July 1973 (fl.), G. Agostini, G. Morillo & B. Morillo 1852 ( NY) .

Figures

FIGURE 10. Rhynchosia species. A, B. R. lineata. C–F. R. mantaroensis var. cuprinervia. G–J. R. melanocarpa. K–N. R. minima. (A, B by A. Mailhos); (C–F by R. Ripley) and (G–N by T. C. Monteiro).

FIGURE 12. Geographical distribution of Rhynchosia minima in South America.