Fordonia leucobalia (Schlegel, 1837)

Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y. & Lim, Kelvin K. P., 2023, Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution, Zootaxa 5287 (1), pp. 1-378 : 210-211

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:78E23714-8973-4755-BC94-0A751D7D2B37

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7968039

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/88502B73-FF4B-B8A4-FF6B-46447A9C0CAD

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Fordonia leucobalia (Schlegel, 1837)
status

 

Fordonia leucobalia (Schlegel, 1837) View in CoL — Native.

Homalopsis leucobalia Schlegel, 1837: 171 , 345–346, pl. 13, figs. 8, 9. Holotype: RMNH.RENA.1161, by original designation. Type locality: “ Timor ” (= Timor-Leste), Indonesia.

Crab-eating Water Snake

( Figure 24B View FIGURE 24 )

Singapore records.

Hemiodontus chalybaeus Jan, 1863: 79 View in CoL .— Jan & Sordelli, 1866 – 1870: pl. 28 VI 3.

Fordonia leucobalia View in CoL —Sclater, 1891a: 55.— Flower, 1899: 679.—Ridley, 1899: 208.— Boulenger, 1912: 164.— Hanitsch, 1912b: 16.— de Rooij, 1917: 189.—Sworder, 1923: 66 (Kranji).— Smith, 1930: 62 (Changi).— de Haas, 1950: 578.—L.M. Chou et al., 1980: 71.—K. Lim, 1989h: 64 (Changi Central).—K.K.P. Lim & L.M. Chou, 1990: 54.—K.K.P. Lim & Subharaj, 1992: 7 (Sungei Buloh Nature Park [= SBWR]).—K.K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 1992: 147.—K.K.P. Lim, 1993b: 2 (Lim Chu Kang Mangroves).—L.M. Chou et al., 1994: 105.—J.K.Y. Low et al., 1994: 158.—K. Lim, 1995: 16 (Lim Chu Kang Mangroves).— David & Vogel, 1996: 119.— Manthey & Grossmann, 1997: 352.— Cox et al., 1998: 39.—Chan-ard et al., 1999: 33.— Iskandar & Colijn, 2001: 92.— Jayne et al., 2002: 143.— Karns et al., 2002: 488 (Pasir Ris Park Mangroves).—K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 2002: 147.—J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2002: 107.—Voris & J.C. Murphy, 2002: 1626 (“Pasar” Ris [PRPM]).— Anonymous, 2003: 92 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).— Karns et al., 2005: 86.—J.C. Murphy, 2007: 179.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 110, 161.—K.K.P. Lim et al., 2008: 265.—P.K.L. Ng et al., 2008: 165.—P.Z. Chen, 2010: 195.— Das, 2010: 329.—P.K.L. Ng et al., 2011: 502.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 110, 161.— Das, 2012a: 110.—Voris & J.C. Murphy, 2012: 194.—Huang & P. Lee, 2014: 259, 260 (Pasir Ris Park Mangroves).—J.C. Murphy & Voris, 2014: 20.—Wallach et al., 2014: 298.—Chan-ard et al., 2015: 245.—Serin, 2015c: 163 (Pasir Ris Park Mangroves).—T.L. Su & S.S. Lim, 2016: 227.— de Lang, 2017: 287.— Das, 2018: 128.—Jayne et al., 2018: 638.— Leviton et al., 2018: 416 View Cited Treatment .— Charlton, 2020: 99.— Figueroa & McCleary 2021: 1281 (Pasir Ris Park Mangroves).—W.L. Cheong & Z.A.Z.W Wee, 2023: 1 (Pasir Ris Park Mangroves).

Fordonia leucobalia View in CoL var. D— Hanitsch, 1899: 12.

Enhydris plumbea —F.L.K. Lim & M.T.-M. Lee, 1989: 116 [= F. leucobalia, F.L.K. Lim pers. comm.].— F.L.K. Lim, 1991: 53.

Remarks. When F. leucobalia was first reported from Singapore, it was described as a new species, Hemiodontus chalybaeus ( Table 1 View TABLE 1 ) from one specimen deposited at ZMH ( Jan 1863) that is no longer extant. Boulenger (1890a) later synonymised it with F. leucobalia noting that Jan (1863) recognised the specimen as a different species because it had the internasal scale missing. Following Jan (1863), F. leucobalia was also reported from specimens at ZSI (Sclater 1891a), a specimen purchased by Hanitsch in September 1898 ( Hanitsch 1899), two specimens collected by Sworder (1923) at Kranji, and one specimen at the Raffles Museum from 1927 from Changi (Smith 1930). Then, F. leucobalia went unreported for 62 years ( Table 2 View TABLE 2 ) until Lim (1989h) documented one found in a drain on reclaimed land at Changi Central on 15 October 1989. Next, a dead one was encountered in a disused prawn pond at SBWR on 15 August 1992 ( Lim & Subharaj 1992), and a live one was found at LCKNP on 28 September 1993 (Lim 1995). Most commonly seen at PRPM, surprisingly the population from there was not reported until Karns (2002). Several reported observations from PRPM involved F. leucobalia being predated upon. First was a Paradoxurus musangus sitting on a branch with a dead F. leucobalia on 6 September 2014 ( Huang & Lee 2014), followed by a Periophthalmodon schlosseri with a F. leucobalia in its mouth on 11 June 2015 (Serin 2015c), and a juvenile T. purpureomaculatus that was filmed feeding on a F. leucobalia ( Figueroa & McCleary 2021) . Periophthalmodon schlosseri appear to feed frequently on F. leucobalia , as one of us also witnessed a predation event at PRPM on 8 October 2015 (A. Figueroa pers. obs.). More recently, two F. leucobalia were observed engaging in courtship behaviour at PRPM on 8 October 2022 ( Cheong & Wee 2023). The photograph in Figure 24B View FIGURE 24 was taken at PRPM on 12 November 2014 (A. Figueroa pers. obs.). LKCNHM has several specimens, mainly from after the 1990s.

Occurrence. Restricted to mangroves of LCKNP, PRPM, and SBWR. Uncommon.

Singapore conservation status. Endangered.

Conservation priority. Highest.

IUCN conservation status. Least Concern [2018].

LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. Singapore (no locality) : ZRC.2.3303 (no date), ZRC.2.3304 (29- Dec-1914) , ZRC.2.3931 (1986); Changi : BMNH 1968.792 (no date) , ZRC.2.3300 (1927); Changi Beach : ZRC.2.3489 (09-May-1996) ; Kranji: ZRC.2.3301 (29-Oct-1922) ; Kranji River : ZRC.2.3302 (20-Mar-1923) ; Lim Chu Kang: ZRC.2.5048 (19-Apr-2001) , ZRC.2.5045, ZRC.2.5047 (23-Apr-2001) ; Lim Chu Kang Mangroves: ZRC.2.3389 (28-Sep-1993) , ZRC.2.3462– ZRC.2.3465 (29-Dec-1995) , ZRC.2.3461 (16-Feb-1996) ; Pasir Ris: ZRC.2.5003 (03-Mar-2001) ; Pasir Ris Park Mangroves: ZRC.2.4578 (10- Jun-1999) , ZRC.2.4600 (15-Jul-1999) , ZRC.2.7094 (2011), ZRC.2.7092 (21-May-2011) , ZRC.2.7093 (02-Aug-2011) ; Seletar Reservoir: BMNH 1983.972 (no date); Serangoon Road : ZRC.2.3299 (16-Aug-1921) ; Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve : ZRC.2.3366 (15-Aug-1992) , ZRC.2.6304 (23-Feb-2001) .

Additional Singapore museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): NMW, SAMA, ZMH, ZMUC ; West Coast Road Prawn Ponds [= Jurong Prawn Ponds]: BPBM.

Singapore localities. Changi—Changi Beach—Jurong Prawn Ponds—Kranji—Lim Chu Kang—Lim Chu Kang Nature Park—Pasir Ris (not specified)—Pasir Ris Park Mangroves—Seletar Reservoir*—Serangoon Road*—Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve—Sungei Kranji.

Genus Gerarda Gray, 1849 (1 species)

Gerarda Gray, 1849: 39 View in CoL , 77 (type species: Gerarda bicolor Gray, 1849 [= Coluber (Homalopsis) prevostianus Eydoux & Gervais, 1837 ], by monotypy; gender feminine).

NHMUK

Natural History Museum, London

ZRC

Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore

NMW

Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien

BPBM

Bishop Museum

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Class

Reptilia

Order

Squamata

SubOrder

Serpentes

Family

Homalopsidae

Genus

Fordonia

Loc

Fordonia leucobalia (Schlegel, 1837)

Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y. & Lim, Kelvin K. P. 2023
2023
Loc

Fordonia leucobalia

Figueroa, A. & McCleary, R. J. R. 2021: 1281
Charlton, T. 2020: 99
Das, I. 2018: 128
Leviton, A. E. & Siler, C. D. & Weinell, J. L. & Brown, R. M. 2018: 416
de Lang, R. 2017: 287
Lim, K. K. P. & Chua, M. A. H. & Lim, N. T. - L. 2016: 227
Das, I. 2012: 110
Chen, P. Z. 2010: 195
Das, I. 2010: 329
Karns, D. R. & Murphy, J. C. & Voris, H. K. & Suddeth, J. S. 2005: 86
Anonymous 2003: 92
Jayne, B. C. & Voris, H. K. & Ng, P. K. 2002: 143
Karns, D. R. & Voris, H. K. & Goodwin, T. G. 2002: 488
Lim, K. P. & Lim, F. L. K. 2002: 147
Iskandar, D. T. & Colijn, E. 2001: 92
Cox, M. J. & van Dijk, P. P. & Nabhitabhata, J. & Thirakhupt, K. 1998: 39
Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W. 1997: 352
David, P. & Vogel, G. 1996: 119
Chou L. M. & Ng, P. K. L. & Lim, K. K. P. 1994: 105
Low, J. K. Y. & Arshad, A. & Lim, K. H. 1994: 158
Lim, K. K. P. 1993: 2
Lim, K. K. P. & Subharaj, R. 1992: 7
Lim, K. K. P. & Lim, F. L. K. 1992: 147
Lim, K. 1989: 64
Chou L. M. & Ho, S. H. & Khoo, H. W. & Lam, T. J. & Murphy, D. H. & Tan, W. H. 1980: 71
de Haas, C. P. J. 1950: 578
de Rooij, N. 1917: 189
Boulenger, G. A. 1912: 164
Hanitsch, R. 1912: 16
Flower, S. S. 1899: 679
1899
Loc

Fordonia leucobalia

Hanitsch, R. 1899: 12
1899
Loc

Hemiodontus chalybaeus

Jan, G. 1863: 79
1863
Loc

Gerarda

Gray, J. E. 1849: 39
1849
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