Coarazuphium kayapo Pellegrini, Ferreira & Vieira, 2022

Pellegrini, Thais Giovannini, Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, Zampaulo, Robson de Almeida & Vieira, Leticia, 2022, Three new troglobitic Coarazuphium (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Zuphiini) species from a Brazilian hotspot of cave beetles: exploring how the environmental attributes of caves drive ground-beetle niches, Subterranean Biology 43, pp. 97-126 : 97

Coarazuphium kayapo Pellegrini, Ferreira & Vieira sp. nov.

Figs 3 , 18-22 , 23-28

Type material.

Holotype: Brazil: Pará, Serra Sul de Carajás, Cave S11B-0177, 6°20'21.4"S, 50°30'21.0"W, 641 m a.s.l., ♂, 24.IX.2018, Ativo Ambiental leg. (ISLA 75757).

Paratype. Brazil: Pará, Serra Sul de Carajás, Cave S11D-0111, 6°23'48.1"S, 50°20'27.3"W, 1 ♀, 17.VII-04.VIII.2010, Carste Company leg. (MZSP49198).

Etymology.

The species name honors the Kayapó ethnic group, which is an important ethnic group of Brazilian indigenous people who live in the Amazon region. The natives do not designate themselves by this term, which was coined by neighboring groups to name them and which means "those who resemble monkeys", which is probably due to a ritual during which the Kayapó men, dressed in monkey masks, perform short dances. The Kayapó refer themselves as the mebêngôkre, which means "the men of the hole/place of water".

Differential diagnosis.

All characteristics of C. kayapo sp. nov. are consistent with the description of the genus Coarazuphium . This species differs from all other members of the genus by the following combination of characters: elytral outline subparallel, elytra with maximum width in the posterior half, with a very slight preapical sinuosity; location of setigerous punctures on the head dorsally: one pair of anterior supraorbital, one pair of postocular and one pair of posterior supraorbital posteriad the eyes; three other pairs of setae, smaller in length, surrounding the latter setigerous punctures; head has a pubescence concentrated in the vertex margin, with long bristles; antennae long, about 0.76 times as long as body length; metafemur without a spine medially at the ventral side; median lobe of aedeagus about 2.77 as long as left paramere and 5.30 as long as right paramere.

Description.

Size and proportions. OBL: 4.88 mm ♂, 4.96 mm ♀; EW: 1.61 mm ♂, 1.69 mm ♀; HW/PW: 0.93 ♂, 1.00 ♀.

Habitus. Body with uniform orange to brown color (Fig. 20 ).

Integument. Dorsally covered with short recumbent hairs.

Head. Subtrapezoidal (Fig. 20 ), HW/HL: 0.91 ♂, 0.97 ♀. Head almost as wide as pronotum. Setigerous punctures on the head dorsally marginally to the vertex: one pair of anterior supraorbital above the eyes; one pair of postocular immediately behind the eyes, laterally; one pair of posterior supraorbital; three other pairs of setae, smaller in length, surrounding the latter setigerous punctures; among these smaller setae, there are two pairs of occipital setae; pubescence is concentrated on the vertex of the head, some of those bristles are almost of the size of medium-sized setae. Ventrally, the pubescence is sparse and the bristles are of varying size, located on the mentum, mentum suture and in the apical third of the post-gena. Associated with the post-gena, one pair of fixed setae is located more outwards apically, next to the submentum. There is also a pubescence irregular in size and position (Figs 18 , 19 ). Eyes reduced, depigmented and flattened, situated laterally at the end of the genal sulcus, ommatidia are not visible at 50 ×. Antennae filiform and flagellar (Fig. 20 ), AL: 3.69 mm ♂, 3.59 ♀, AL/PL: 4.22 ♂, 4.03 ♀, A1L/A2-4L: 0.86 ♂, 0.88 ♀, of almost the same length in both genders. First antennomere (scape) with a long seta distally close to the apical portion, and a row of several semi-erect setae; 2nd one very short. Antennal segments 3-10 subequal and almost round in cross-section, except for the tip of the terminal antennomere, which is laterally flattened.

Prothorax. Pronotum trapezoidal, PL/PW: 0.72 ♂, 0.74 ♀ (Figs 18 , 20 ). Maximum pronotum width closely behind the anterior margin, which is almost as wide as head. Anterior angle rounded. Posterior angle acute. Dorsal surface with two pairs of lateral marginal erect setae: one longer, close to the antero-lateral angles (about 0.43 times as long as pronotum), and the other shorter, close to the postero-lateral angles. Prosternum with a pair of submedial anterior setae (Fig. 22 ).

Pterothorax. Metasternum longer than wide. Metepisternum wider than long.

Elytra and hind wings. Elytra free (Fig. 20 ), EL/EW: 1.72 ♂, 1.67 ♀. Elytra subparallel, with maximum width in the posterior third, EW/PW: 1.33 ♂, 1.40 ♀. Elytral apex with a very slight sinuosity. Elytral chaetotaxy: no discal setae present; the umbilicate series of the 8th stria with seven large setae (about 0.43 times as long as elytra) on each elytron situated as follows: three close to the anterior angle, two marginal in the lateral posterior half, and two on the posterior margin. Hind wings are very reduced (Fig. 21 ), 0.275-mm long, HWL/EL: 0.10.

Legs. Profemur 1.06 (♂) and 1.03 (♀) times as long as mesofemur, and 0.71 (♂, ♀) times as long as metafemur, respectively. Protibia 0.99 (♂) and 1.17 (♀) times as long as mesotibia, and 0.69 (♂) and 0.73 (♀) times as long as metatibia, respectively. Protibia 1.18 (♂) and 1.35 (♀) times as long as protarsus, respectively. Mesotibia 0.99 (♂) and 0.90 (♀) times as long as mesotarsus, respectively. Metatibia 1.02 (♂) and 1.01 (♀) times as long as metatarsus. First pro-, meso-, and metatarsomere each almost equal to tarsomeres 2-4 combined. Length of protibia and protarsus combined 1.93 (♂) and 1.99 (♀) times as long as pronotum, length of mesotibia and mesotarsus combined 2.12 (♂) and 2.07 (♀) times as long as pronotum, while length of metatibia and metatarsus combined 3.02 (♂) and 3.10 (♀) times as long as pronotum, respectively.

Abdomen. Ventrites 2-7 with a very fine pubescence. Seventh ventrite with a pair of small ventral setae at its posterior margin. Male genital segment oval, GSL: 0.96 mm, GSW: 0.56 mm.

Aedeagus. Median lobe of aedeagus slightly curved ventrally and elongate, narrowed apically, apical margin rounded (Figs 23-25 ), MLA: 0.82 mm, OML: 0.42 mm. Left paramere subtriangular, conchoid, about twice as long as wide, LPL: 0.30 mm; right paramere styliform, about three times as long as wide, distinctly shorter than the left one, RPL: 0.16 mm.

Female reproductive tract. Ovipositor (Figs 27 , 28 ): with a broad laterotergite; basal gonocoxite 1 longer than apical gonocoxite 2, with three long trichoid setae apicoventrally, in addition to a smaller trichoid setae observed only on the right gonocoxite 1; gonocoxite 2 strongly curved, falciform in lateral aspect, with slightly rounded apex, with preapical setose organ circuloid ventrally, with four nematiform setae, laterodorsal surface with many marginal pit pegs medially (on the lateroventral surface, the marginal pit pegs are located more apically). Female genital tract totally membranous (Fig. 26 ). Bursa copulatrix bulbous, expanded in the bursal saculus anterior to the common oviduct, which is curved to the right basally. Spermatheca, spermathecal gland duct, and spermathecal gland were broken and were not represented or visualized. No secondary spermathecal gland observed.

Distribution.

This species is endemic to caves of the region known as "Serra Sul de Carajás” and is currently known to occur in two caves located approximately 10 km from each other (South Mountain, Flona de Carajás, Parauapebas, state of Pará, northern Brazil) (Figs 2 , 4 , 7 ).

Figures

Figures 2 - 7. Geographic distribution of C. xikrin sp. nov., C. kayapo sp. nov. and C. xingu sp. nov. 2 location of the caves with occurrences of the new species in the state of Para, Brazil and South America 3 Coarazuphium kayapo sp. nov., a living specimen 4 location of the caves (circles) where Coarazuphium species have been collected. Shaded regions correspond to the different highlands in the area 5 photograph of the Sao Felix do Xingu region, where is situated the type locality (Cave SFX- 0057) of C. xingu sp. nov. 6 photograph of the N 1 N 8 area from the Serra Norte highland, where most of caves with occurrences of C. xikrin sp. nov. are located 7 photograph of a lake found in the Serra Sul highland, where caves with occurrences of C. kayapo sp. nov. are located. Photo credits: Ativo Ambiental (3), Fundacao Casa de Cultura de Maraba (5), Marcelo Rosa (6), and Robson de Almeida Zampaulo (7).

Figures 18 - 22. Coarazuphium kayapo sp. nov., external morphology 18 head and prothorax, lateral view 19 a detail of fixed setae dorsally in the posterior portion of the head, lateral view 20 habitus, dorsal view 21 a detail of hind wings, dorsal view 22 prothorax, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (20); 0.5 mm (18); 0.2 mm (22); 0.1 mm (19, 21).

Figures 23 - 28. Coarazuphium kayapo sp. nov., male and female genitalia 23 aedeagus, left lateral view 24 aedeagus, dorsal view 25 aedeagus, right lateral view 26 female reproductive tract, dorsal view 27 gonocoxite, dorsal view 28 preapical setose organ, dorsal view bc bursa copulatrix co common oviduct gc 1 gonocoxite 1 gc 2 gonocoxite 2 hs helminthoid sclerite Lt laterotergite mpp marginal pit pegs pso preapical setose organ sp spermatheca spg spermathecal gland spgd spermathecal gland duct st trichoid setae. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (26, 28); 0.2 mm (23 - 25); 0.125 mm (27).