Dichotomius (Luederwaldtinia) problematicus (Luederwaldt, 1923)

Chamorro, William, Marin-Armijos, Diego, senjo, Angelico & Vaz-De-Mello, Fernando Z., 2019, Scarabaeinae dung beetles from Ecuador: a catalog, nomenclatural acts, and distribution records, ZooKeys 826, pp. 1-343 : 126-127

Dichotomius (Luederwaldtinia) problematicus (Luederwaldt, 1923) Plate 28D

Pinotus problematicus Luederwaldt, 1923: 7 (original description. Type locality: Franz Guiana [= French Guiana], Peru, Loja Sued-Ecuador, Piscobamba Sued-Ecuador, Guayaquil West-Ecuador).

Pinotus problematicus : Luederwaldt 1929: 66 (characters in key); Balthasar 1941: 349 (cited for Peru); Balthasar 1951: 335 (cited for Peru).

Dichotomius problematicus : Medina et al. 2001: 138 (cited for Colombia); Krajcik 2012: 92 (complete list of species); Sarmiento-Garcés and Amat-García 2014: 111 (comment Table 2); Ratcliffe et al. 2015: 197 (cited for Peru).

Dichotomius (Luederwaldtinia) problematicus : Chamorro et al. 2018: 95 (cited for Ecuador).

Dichotomius (Luederwaldtinia) problematicus var. problematicus : Carvajal et al. 2011: 320-321 (cited for Ecuador).

Dichotomius problematicus var. planus Luederwaldt, 1923: 9 (original description); Luederwaldt 1929: 66 (characters in key); Carvajal et al. 2011: 320-321 (cited for Ecuador).

Type specimens.

Pinotus problematicus Luederwaldt, 1923. Twelve syntypes examined deposited at the MZUSP. Lectotype to be designated in a future work on this species group.

Syntype (♂): "Loja / Oscordill. / Sabanilla / F. Ohs. 29. 9. 05 [p]", "Pinotus / problemat. Lüd. / forma b. / Lüd. det. 23 [hw]", "Pinotus ♂ / inachus Er. / var. problemat. Lueder. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17543 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]".

Syntype (♂): "ECUADOR / Sigiro E. W. [p]", "Pinotus ♂ / problemat. Lüd. / forma a. / Lüd. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♂ / inachus Er. / forma a. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17532 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]".

Syntype (♂): "ECUADOR / Arenal E. W. [p]", "Pinotus ♂ / problemat. Lüd. / forma a. / Lüd. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♂ / inachus Er. / forma a. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17533 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]".

Syntype (♀): "ECUADOR / Arenal E. W. [p]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat. Lüd.? / forma a. / Lüd. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus Er. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17534 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]".

Syntype (♀): "S. Ecuador / Piscobamba / M. Witt [p]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus Er. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat. Lüd. / forma c. / Lüd. det. 23. [hw]", "17535 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]".

Syntype (♀): "S. Ecuador / Piscobamba / M. Witt [p]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat Lüd / forma c / Lüd. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus Er. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17536 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]".

Syntype (♀): "ECUADOR / Sigiro E. W. [p]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat. Lüd. / forma a. / Lüd. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus Er. / forma a. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17537 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]".

Syntype (♀): "Ecuador / Loja E. W [p]", "Kein Penis. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat. Lüd. / forma a. / Lüd. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus Er. / forma a. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17538 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]".

Syntype (♀): "Ecuador / Loja E. W. [p]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat. Lüd. / forma c. / Lüd. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus Er. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17539 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]".

Syntype (♀): "S. Ecuador / Loja / F. Ohs. 8. 10. 05 [p]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat. Lüd. / forma c. / Lüd. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus Er. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17540 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]".

Syntype (♂): "S. Ecuador / Piscobamba / M. Witt [p]", "Pinotus sp / nr inachus Har [hw]", "Pinotus ♂ / problemat. Lüd. / forma c. / Lüd. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♂ / inachus Er. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17541 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]".

Syntype (♀): "Loja [illegible, p]", "Kein Penis! [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat. Lüd. / forma b. / Lüd. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus var. pro- / blemat Lueder. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "♀ [hw]", "17544 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]".

Distribution.

Ecuador and Peru.

Records examined.

LOJA: Comunidades Río Yangana, 1500 m (2 specimens MQCAZ); El Arenal (2 specimens MZUSP); Los Malacatos (1 specimen MQCAZ); Piscobamba (3 specimens MZUSP); San Pedro de Vilcabamba (1 specimen MQCAZ); Sabanilla [= El Tambo ZAMORA CHINCHIPE] (1 specimen MZUSP); Sigiro (2 specimens MZUSP); without specific locality (4 specimens MZUSP). MORONA SANTIAGO: Bosque Domoso (5 specimens CEMT; 2 specimens MQCAZ); road Mendez-Paute km 8 (1 specimen CEMT). NAPO: Rio Hollín, 1500 m (2 specimens MQCAZ). PASTAZA: road Triunfo-Arajuno (3 specimens CEMT; 4 specimens MQCAZ). SUCUMBÍOS: Gonzalo Pizarro, Simón Bolivar, 1200 m (3 specimens MECN). TUNGURAHUA: Baños, El Topo, 1590 m (56 specimens CEMT). ZAMORA CHINCHIPE: km 1 road Cumbaritza-Gualaquiza, 1100 m (12 specimens CEMT; 13 specimens MQCAZ); km 1 road Namirez-Zamora, 1000 m (8 specimens CEMT; 13 specimens MQCAZ); km 4 road Zumbi-Yantzaza (5 specimens CEMT; 7 specimens MQCAZ).

Literature records.

GUAYAS: Guayaquil, west Ecuador ( Luederwaldt 1923: 7). LOJA: without specific locality, Sued-Ecuador ( Luederwaldt 1923: 7); Piscobamba, 2200 m ( Luederwaldt 1923: 7).

Temporal data.

Collected in January, February, March, June, July, August, October, November, and December.

Remarks.

Inhabits the foothill evergreen forests and lower evergreen montane forests in the Amazonian range from 1200-1590 a.s.l. In the Andean region, it was registered for the montane cloud forests from 1800-2200 m a.s.l. Collected with pitfall traps baited with human feces.

Luederwaldt (1923) cited the Franz Guyana [= French Guiana] and Guayaquil, west Ecuador (towards the Pacific coast) as the type localities for this species. It is possible that this species is also found in the Amazon foothill forests in southern Ecuador and northern Peru.