Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forsskål, Fl.

König, Julia, Siwakoti, Mohan, Hilger, Hartmut H. & Weigend, Maximilian, 2015, A revision of the genus Cynoglossum L. (Boraginaceae Juss.) in Nepal and notes on the widespread Asian species, Phytotaxa 224 (1), pp. 1-28 : 13-19

3. Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forsskål, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 41. 1775. Figs. 1 E, F ; 3 E, F ; 5 G–I ; 11 .

Holotype:—[ Al Hadiyah , Yemen, March 1763], P. Forsskål 312 (C-10002127!).

≡ Paracynoglossum lanceolatum (Forssk.) R.R. Mill (1984: 474) .

= Cynoglossum canescens Willdenow (1809: 180) . Lectotype (here designated):— C.L. Willdenow, s.n. (B-W-03335010!). Syntypes:— C.L. Willdenow, s.n. (B-W-03335000!, B-W-03335020!).—synonymised by Brand (1921), see also Verdcourt (1991).

= Cynoglossum hirsutum Thunberg (1794: 34) . Type:—[ South Africa, Western Cape] C.P. Thunberg, s.n. (UPS-V-003995).—synonymised by Brand (1921), see also Verdcourt (1991).

= Cynoglossum hispidum Thunberg (1794: 34) . Type:—[ South Africa, Western Cape], C.P. Thunberg (UPS-V-003996).—synonymised by Brand (1921).

= Cynoglossum vesiculosum Wallich ex G. Don (1838: 354) . Type:—[ Nepal], “Napalia, 1821”, N. Wallich 920 (K-000942369!)— but not “Napalia, 1821”, N. Wallich 920 (GDC-G-00205527 = C. wallichii !)

- Cynoglossum racemosum of Roxburgh in Roxburgh & Wallich (1824: 6), nom. illeg.

- Cynoglossum micranthum of Desfontaine (1804: 220), nom. nud.

- Echinospermum paniculatum E. Meyer ex de Candolle (1846: 149, 143), nom. nov. for Cynoglossum micranthum Desf. —synonymised by Brand (1921).

Erect, annual or biennial herb, 20–90 cm tall. Stems erect, single or branched from middle or below, branches spreading; densely appressed-pubescent, hair 0.5–1.5 mm long, without multi-cellular base, acroscopic. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate with acute apex. Basal leaves short petiolate, 4.7–15 cm × 1–3 cm, moderate to densely appressed pubescent. Upper sessile and smaller, moderate to densely pubescent. Trichomes long, straight, with multi-cellular base; adaxial 0.1–1 mm long; abaxial 0.2–1 mm long, on veins denser and longer; acroscopic. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, branches spreading at an obtuse angle, ebracteate. Pedicel 1–1.5 mm long, scarcely elongated in fruit. Calyx 1–1.5 mm long; lobes ovate, densely and shortly appressed-pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially, slightly enlarged in fruit, apex obtuse. Corolla infundibuliform, white to pale blue, 1.5–2.5 mm long; base 3–4 mm wide; limb 2–4 mm across; lobes rounded to oblong, 0.5–1 mm wide; faucal scales at mouth of tube, rectangular to obscurely two-lobed, ca. 1 mm × 1 mm. Anthers ovoid, ca. 0.4–0.6 mm long. Style ca. 0.5–1 mm long. Nutlets ovoid-globose, 1.2–2 mm × 0.8–2 mm, abaxially concave; regularly glochidiate; glochidia long and slender, up to 0.5 mm long, with multiple retrorse barbs and tubercles, marginal glochidia with widenend bases.

Distribution and Habitat: The species is widespread in Africa and is here reported from a range of Asian countries, from Yemen to Vietnam. It is found in fields, forests, waste places. Unlike the other species of Cynoglossum it is not restricted to higher elevations, but may be found from 150–4100 m asl.

Notes:— Cynoglossum lanceolatum is essentially a yet smaller version of C. furcatum and is an extremely widespread, weedy species, mostly annual, rarely biennial. A range of names have been proposed, but no consistent difference can be found and we advocate accepting a single, widespread species as previously proposed by Brand (1921).

Representative specimens:— BANGLADESH. Rangamati Hill District: Chittagong Hill Tracts, Gagra Road , 12.08.1987, M. A. Rahman & M. Hossain 87–132 ( E) ; Without precise locality, East Bengal, without date, Griffith 5970 ( P) .

BHUTAN. Paro District: Bhutan [Paro District], Paro, 10000 ft, 15.11. [?]1914, R. E. Cooper 3589b ( E) ; Punakha District: 1km N. of Punakha Dzong , 1270 m, 27°37 N, 89°51 E, 10.09.1984, I. W. J. Sinclair & D. G. Long 4925 ( E) ; Heso Thangkha on Wangdi / Chirang road, Upper Gaseloo Block , 1200 m, 14.03.1991, C. Parker 4891 ( E) ; Thimphu District: Bhutan [Thimphu District], between Lobeysa and Lometsawa, 2000 m, 17.06.1975, A. J. C. Grierson & D. G. Long 451 ( E) ; Trongsa District: near Pertimi , 27°13 N, 90°41 E, 1400 m, 03.04.1982, A. J. C. Grierson & D. G. Long 4265 ( E) ; Wangdue Phodrang District: Bhutan [Wangdue Phodrang District], Samtengang, Tashi Coling , Keyebaka , Chojom , 1500 m, 26.04.1967, G. Murata et al. 10099 ( BM) ; Bhutan [Wangdue Phodrang District], 2500 m, 11.08.1989, R. King 1007 ( E) .

MYANMAR ( BURMA). Mindst, 5000 ft, 09.06.1956, F Kingdong-Ward 22829 ( GB).

CHINA. Chekiang Province: Yen Tang Shan , 11.08.1927, C. Y. Chiao 14624 ( GB) ; Sichuan Province: [China, Sichuan Province], Omai-hsian, Mt. Omei , 13.12.1940, W. P. Fang 15712 ( A) ; [China, Sichuan Province], Omei-hsian, Mt. Omei , 01.09.1942, C. L. Chow 6641 & 6693 ( A) ; [China, Sichuan Province], Omei-hsian, Mt. Omei , 29.10.1942, W. H. Wang 8037 ( A) ; [China, Sichuan Province], Omei-hsian, Mt. Omei, 1400 m, 20.10.1941, W. P. Fang 17828 ( A). Omei-hsian , Mt. Omei , 1400 m, 25.08.1928, W. P. Fang 3344 ( P) ; Tchen-kéou-tin district, no date, R. P. Farges s.n. ( P, P); [Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture] Province of Batang, Soulié 9170 ( P) ; Yunnan Province: [China, Yunnan Province], Shikong, 3000 ft, July–August 1939, S. Y. Hu & Y. C. Kong 902 ( A) ; China [Yunnan Province], Lijiang, 09.07.1999, S. Y. Hu & Y. C. Kong Y129 ( A) ; [China, Yunnan Province], Mengla Xian , 900 m, 03.05.1992, T. Zhanhuo 92–397 ( A) ; La Kou , 2400 m, no date, R.- P. Maire s.n. ( P, P) ; Tong-tchouan , 2500 m, no date, R.- P. Maire s.n. ( P, P) ; [Kunming], ear Songming , anno 1910, F. Duclouox 7581 ( P) ; Kin yu koa, no date, M. Leduc s.n. ( P) ; Yolin-chan near Song min, mo date, Ducloux 7582 ( P) ; Yunnan , without precise locality, 27.06.1915, P. Siméon-Ten s.n. ( P) ; No locality, June 1882, J. M. Delavay s.n. ( P) ; Locality illegible, 01.08.1889, J. M. Delavay 3841 ( P, P) ; Locality illegible, 06.06.1887, J. M. Delavay s.n. ( P) ; Locality illegible, 17.08.1888, J. M. Delavay 4567 ( P, P) ; Guangdong Province: Kwangtung, Yam Na Shan, Mei District , W. T. Tsang 21537 ( P) ; Guangxi Province: Kwangsi, Ling Yün Hsien, 1.06.1933, A. N. Steward & H. C. Cheo 565 ( P) .

NEPAL. East: East Nepal, Dhara Pani (1000 m), Mohamabedi Khola (400 m), Tamur Bridge (300 m), Tekunala (800 m), 03.06.1972, H. Kanai et al. 724081 ( BM, KATH) ; Mechi Zone: Taplejung District : [Taplejung], 4000 ft, 01.07.[?]1969, L. H. J. Williams 1049 ( BM) ; Koshi Zone: Dhankuta District: Hile (1910 m), Pakhribas (1700 m), Gholi Kharka ( Dholikharka , 1300 m), 87°15 E, 27°00 N, 02.07.1988, M. Suzuki et al. 88 ( E) ; Hile (1910 m), Pakhribas (1700 m), Gholi Kharka ( Dholikharka , 1300 m), 87°15 E, 27°00 N, 02.07.1988, M. Suzuki et al. 8820073 ( BM) ; Sankhuwasabha District: Himalaya, East Nepal , Tumlingtar (450 m), Khandbari (1150 m), 26.07.1977, H. Ohashi et al. 770059 ( BM, E) ; Sagarmatha zone: Solukhumbu district, Bhandar-Sete , 2300−2550m, 10.08.1985, H. Ohba et al. 8571732 ( KATH) ; Pike khop (27°32’N− 88°31’E), Tama khani (2530m), Beni (2240m), Fera (2490m), 25.07.1995, F. Miyamota et al. 9580075 ( KATH) ; Central: Central Nepal, Sim Chotala (960 m), Ramche (1800 m), Gram (1900 m), 20.08.1972, H. Kanai et al. 721660 ( BM) ; [Central] Nepal, Ghasa , S. of Tukucha, Kali Gandaki, 7500 ft, 06.07.1954, Stainton et al. 1616 ( BM) ; [Nepal], between Jahr Lama , [?] Buri Gandaki, 11000 ft, 04.07.1953, P. C. Gardner 1117 ( BM) ; Nepal, near Lumsum , 7500 ft, 17.07.1954, Stainton et al. 3510 ( BM, E) ; Central Nepal, Tatopani (1360 m), Dana (1550 m), Titre (1600 m), Gasa (2100 m), 16.07.1983, H. Ohba et al. 8350458 ( BM). [?Maharajgunj Khola], Maharigam Khola, 13000 ft, 27.07.1952, O. Polunin et al. 1643 ( BM) ; Janakpur Zone: Dolakha District: Shivalaya (1800 m), Maligaon (2200 m), Ratmate (2270 m), Bkal (2020 m), Jiri (1860 m), 86°17 E, 27°36 N – 86°14 E, 27°31 E, 07.08.1985, H. Ohba et al. 8571461 ( BM, KATH) ; Ramechhap District, Choarma (2760 m), Kyama (2600 m), 86° E, 27°41 N – 86°25 E, 27°37 N, 03.08.1985, H. Ohba et al. 8571145 ( E) ; Bagmati Zone: Kathamndu District: Kathmandu , 1500 m, 24.04.2009, A. Sukhorukov s.n. ( E) ; Sanku , 10 miles NE of Katmandu, 08.– 11.07.1956, Kenneth de B. Codrington 48 ( BM) ; Sanku , 10 miles NE of Katmandu, 08.– 11.07.1956, Kenneth de B. Codrington 71 ( BM) ; Kathmandu , east side, 1300 m, 27°42 N, 85°20 E, 02.08.1974, J. H. de Haas 2019 ( BM) ; Nuwakot District: Trisuli Bazar , 630 m, 27°55´47 N, 85°08´43 E, 13.07.1994, M. Suzuki et al. 9485003 ( E) ; Nuwakot, Salme Village, Tine , 1600 m, 26.06.1981, J. Wiart 536 ( E) ; Narayani Zone: Bara District: Simara , 500 ft, 09.08.1953, P. C. Gardner 1545 ( BM) ; Chitwan District: Khagendramalli ( Chitwan Jungle Lodge (170 m), Machan Wildlife Resort (250 m )), 22.01.1996, M. Mikage et al. 9614258 ( E) ; Rampur , 320m, 05.08. 1992, I. Shrestha & N. Joshi 175 ( KATH) ; Parsa District: Parsa Wildlife Reserve, along Bhalu Khola , 27°13´55–14´17 N, 84°57´07–24 E, 220 m, 10.11.1995, M. Mikage et al. 9552852 ( E, KATH) ; West: Jum Khola , 28°27 N, 81°50 E, 13.04.1974, J. F. Dobremez 2481 ( E) ; Ghar Khola , 7000 ft, 14.06.1954, Stainton et al. 5757 ( BM) ; Gandaki Zone: Kaski District: Pokhara , 3500 ft, 23.07.1954, Stainton et al. 6471 ( BM, E) ; Poyora [Pokhara], 9500 ft, 28.07.1952, O. Polunin et al. 330 ( BM, E) ; Birethani (1100 m), Tirkhedhunga (1600 m), Ulleri (2100 m), Banthani (2200 m), 1200 m, 28°19 N, 83°47 E – 28°22 N, 83°44 E, 25.07.1996, T. Hoshino et al. 9666015 ( E) ; Tanahu District: Marshyangdi Khola , 3000 ft / 915 m, 22.04.1954, Stain ton et al. 2533 ( BM, E) ; Lumbini Zone: Nawalparasi District: Barghat , 240m, 26.06. 1993, P. P. Kurmi KB 816 ( KATH) ; Rupandehi District: Khasyanis forest , “Kuro”, 150 m, Jun 1971, J. Makin 188 ( BM) ; Dhawalagiri Zone: Myagdi District : Marma Khola, 31.03.1952, O. Polunin et al. 716 ( E) ; Ranipauwa ( N. of Beni ), 3500 ft, 23.05.1994, Stainton et al. 588 ( BM, E) ; Mid-West: Karnali Zone: Jumla DistrictBetrun Gargiahst & Tumigan, SE of Jumla, 10500 ft, 21.07.1952, O. Polunin et al. 4815 ( BM) ; Gum, near Rara Daha 8000 ft, 14.08.1952, O. Polunin et al. 5207 ( BM) ; Far West: Seti Zone: Bajhang District: Bajhnag, trail from Surma to Thalara , 2396 m, 29°37’10 N, 81°5’22 E, 10.07.2009, H. Ikeda et al. 20913088 ( E) ; Bajura District: Tolebhir (1700m), Kabhri (1500 m), Berma (1170 m), 81°44´26 E, 29°19´6 N – 81°43´02 E, 29°24´11 N, 09.08.1991, M. Suzuki et al. 9160422 ( E) ; Mahakali Zone: Kanchanpur District: Royal Shuklaphanta Wild life Reserve , Jhilmila , Shuklaphat, 200 m, 80°11–13 E, 28°46–48 N, 08.10.1996, M. Mikage et al. 9689142 ( BM) ; Dadeldhura district, Lipna , 1000m, 12.08.1980, K. R. Rajbhandari et al. 5251 ( KATH).— without precise locality, Mayangdi Khola, 3000 ft., 22.04.1954, Stainton et al. 2533 ( P) .

INDIA. [India], [?] Aeklayan , 26°5 N, 87°54 E, 5500 ft, 23.05.[?]1969, L. H. J. Williams 190 ( BM) ; Delhi: no date, A. W. Kefwani ( GB) ; Himachal Pradesh: [India, Himachal Pradesh], Simla , 7000 ft, 30.07.1888, George Watt 8892 ( E) ; Simla, without date, Harmand 137 ( P) ; Simla, without date, Harmand s.n. ( P) ; Tamil Nadu: [Nilgiris district, Ooty], Utakamand, Nilgherries , 23.02.1863, M. J. Rémy 14 ( P) ; Sikkim: Calcuttensis, Sikkim , 3500 ft, 16.07.[?]1908, W. C. Craib 573 ( E) ; Rate Chu bridge, N. of Gangtok , 1770 m, 10.07.1996, D. G. Long et al. & H. J. Noltie 93 ( E) ; Darjeeling District: Tista , 700 m, 20.06.1960, H. Kanai et al. 7568 ( BM) ; Eastern Himalaya, Tista , 1000 ft, 15.05.1912, G. H. Cave s.n. ( E) ; Junction of Great and Little Rungit Rivers , 27°07 N, 88°18 E, 07.08.1992, D. G. Long et al. 1258 ( E) ; Arunachal Pradesh: Flora of eastern Himalaya, Riang , 2000 ft, 08.06.1913, G. H. Cave s.n. ( E) ; Assam: without date and locality, Masters s.n. (P−04083639, P− 04082307 pro parte) ; Uttarakhand: [Kumaon Region] Alomora, Kumaon , 5000 ft., R. Strachey & J. E. Winterbottom 8 ( P).— without state or details — Kanaor inferieur, D. Royle 1131 ( P) .

LAOS: 240 km on route from Vinh to Traminh (?), 1500−1600 m, 30.08.1929, M. E. Poilane 16794 ( P) ; [Xieng Khouang Province], Si Xieng Khouang, “grottes des Jarres”, 1100 m, Mai 1931, herbier M. Petelot, C. Colani s.n. ( P, P) .

THAILAND. Prov. Chiang Mai: near Ban Pha Mon (Chom Tong), 900 m, 31.05.1979, J. E. & Y. Vidal 6250 ( P) ; [Chom Tong?] Jawm Tong, Mae Soi Ridge, Mae Soi subdsitrict, 1475 m, 20.07.1991, J. F. Maxwell 91-684 ( P) . Provinz Mae Hong Son: [Amphoe Mae Sariang] northern Thailand, 20 km W of Bo Luang towards Mae Sariang , N 18 ° 08, E 98 ° 12, 04.07.1968, K. Larsen et al. 2077 ( AAU, P) .

VIETNAM. B ắc K ạn Province: [Ch ợ Đồn District,] Col de Bellevue , 28.04.1957, P. Tixier 07 (P-04083647) ; Hòa Bình Province: Due-Nhem, without date, Eberhardt 4217 ( P, P, P) ; Province Hà N ội: Hanoi, March 1922, M. Petelot 369 ( P) ; Lâm Đồng Province: Lang-Bian mountains , Dalang to Dran , 200−1000 m, 09.02.1914, A. Chevalier 30631 ( P, P, P) ; Lang-Bian mountains, Bellevue to Dran , 800−1000 m, 30.04.1919, A. Chevalier 40435 ( P) ; Lang-Bian mountains, Dran , 1000 m, 04.05.1919, A. Chevalier 40553 ( P) ; Lang-Bian mountains, Dran, 1000 m, 20.06.1922, Poilan 3920 ( P) ; Lac Duong district, Da Chay, 29−31 km NE of Dalang city, 1550−1700 m, N 12 ° 07´, E 108 ° 36´, 14.04.1997, L. Averyanov & N. Q. Binh VH 3951 ( P).— without precise locality, 1866−1868, Mekong, Thorel 9999 ( P, P) ; Dalat, around Lang Bian palace, 07.10.1924, F. Evrard 1319 ( P, P) .

YEMEN. Jebel Masar , Haraz, 2600 m, 08.06.1979, J. R I. Wood 2834 ( BM) ; SO de Jebel Masar , 1900 m, 14.05.1887, A. Deflers 406 ( P) ; Ta´izz Governorate: Mount Saber , anno 1837, Botta s.n. ( P, P, P) ; Urssil, Wadi Hedjan , 06.02.1889, G. Schweinfurth 1139 ( P) ; Souk el Khamis, 2300 m, 27.06.1887, A. Deflers 581 ( P) ; Gebal Schibam, 2600 m, 12.05.1987, A. Deflers 353 ( P) .

Cultivated material: SWAZILAND. Hhohho, seeds obtained from: Kew - Millenium seed bank 94823, anno 1992, cultivated in Berlin, seeds sown 17.08.2009, specimen prepared: 22.02.2010, M. Weigend 9198-2 ( B, M).

Unidentified localities: “ Indes Orientales ”, without date and locality, V. Jacquemont 1450 (P-04083641, P-04083642) ; “ Indes Orientales ”, without date and locality, V. Jacquemont 2460 (P-04083643, P-04083645) ; “ Indes Orientales ”, without date and locality, V. Jacquemont 1504 (P-04083646) ; “ Indes Orientales ”, without date and locality, V. Jacquemont 1908 (P-04083644) ; “ Indes Orientales ”, without date and locality, V. Jacquemont 578 (P-04083706) ; “ Jade ”, without date, herbier A. De Jussieu s.n. ( P) ; Without date and locality, M. Poilane s.n. (P-04083694) ; Coromandel, Distr. Concan , Sikkim, etc., Dec.1867, L. Pierre s.n. (P-03512629 pro parte).—evidently a mixed collection, C. lanceolatum is the plant directly above the label .

4. Cynoglossum microglochin Royle ex Bentham, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 1: 305. 1836. Figs. 2 A, B ; 4 A, B ; 5 J–L ; 12.

Holotype:—Cashmere, 1835, J. F. Royle, s.n. (K-000942463!).

= Cynoglossum grandiflorum Bentham , in Royle (1836: 305). Lectotype (here designated):—[ INDIA, Cashmere, Harpoo, Choor, Kedarkanta], Cynglossum grandiflorum , 1835, N. W. India, Royle s.n. (K-000998430!). Syntypes:— Cynglossum grandiflorum , N. W. India, Royle s.n. (PH-00009264!; K-000998432!).

= Cynoglossum nervosum Bentham ex C.B. Clarke , in Hooker f. (1883: 158). ≡ Cynoglossum petiolatum var. nervosum (Bentham ex C.B Clarke.) Bennet (1983: 592) ; ≡ Cynoglossum microglochin var. nervosum (Bentham ex C. B. Clarke) Y.J. Nasir (1989: 163) . Lectotype (designated by Kazmi in J. Arnold Arbor. 52: 348. 1971 as „type“):—[Kulu, Jalauri Pass, India Pangee, alt. 12,000 ft.,], Edgeworth 6052 (erroneously given as Edgeworth s.n. in Kazmi 1971 (K-000942360!). Syntype:—[Pangee, India], 12000 ft., Dr. Watt s.n. (K-000942362!).

Plants perennial herbs, up to 1 m tall. Stems single or several, branched from middle or below. Sparsely and slightly spreading pubescent, hair 0.4–1 mm long, without multicellular base, orientation towards base. Leaves 5–20 cm × 3–8 cm, ovoid-oblong to ovoid with acute apex. Basal long petiolate, sparsely appressed pubescent. Upper sessile and smaller, sparsely appressed pubescent. Hair short to long, soft, with multi-cellular base; adaxial hair 0.3–1 mm long, on veins without hair; abaxial hair 0.2–0.3 mm long, on veins denser and spreading; orientation to apex; big leaves strongly with multi-cellular hair base. Inflorescences ebracteate. Pedicel 2–3 mm long, slightly elongated in fruit. Calyx 2.5–3.5 mm wide, densely pilose outside; lobes ovate to oblong, apex acute. Corolla infundibuliform, blue to dark blue or purple, 7–10 mm long; base 5–7 mm wide; 8–12 mm across; lobes rounded to oblong, ca. 2.5 mm wide; faucal scales at mouth of tube, rectangular to obscurely two-lobed, ca. 1 mm × 1 mm. Anthers oblong, ca. 1.3–1.5 mm long. Style ca. 2.5–2.7 mm long. Nutlets ovoid, 3–4 mm × 2–3 mm, abaxially planar; irregularly glochidiate, abaxially and in the centre less densely glochidiate; glochidia 0.2–2 mm long, with multiple retrorse barbs; marginal glochidia erect, with widenend bases, central glochidia shorter.

Distribution and Habitat Widespread from Bhutan to Pakistan, but restricted to the higher elevations of the Himalayas. Growing in open, grassy slopes, but also in Abies forest, elev. 2100–3750 m.

Note: —The large flowers, fruits and leaves and the peculiar erect marginal wing on the nutlets make this species easy to identify. There is considerable diversity with regards to indument density, with some specimens very densely pubescent and others subglabrous. This no doubt reflects habitat conditions, with the more pubescent specimens from drier, open sites. Comparing the types and extant specimens of the three species C. nervosum , C. microglochin and C. grandiflorum we were unable to find any distinguishing characters, apart from the fragmentary nature of the type of C. microglochin . There appears to be just a single, not even very variable large-fruited and large-flowered species of Cynoglossum in the entire region of Bhutan to Pakistan.

Representative specimens:— BHUTAN. Thimphu District: Thimphu, below Barshong, 3500 m, 27°43 N, 89°36 E, 04.10.1984, I.W.J. Sinclair & D.G. Long 5556 (E).

INDIA. Himachal Pradesh: NW India, [Himachal Pradesh], Kalalop, 8000 ft, 16.08.1895, J. H. Lace 789 ( E); [?] Dalhousie, 7000 ft, 23.09.1874, anon. 22980 ( BM) ; Simla, 1956, John W. Chiddell 110 ( BM) ; Chota Dara, 3750 m, 21.08.1988, R. McBeath 2185 ( E) ; Kasauli, 2000 m, aut. 1885, Ram Baksh 2528 ( E) ; Lahul, Sissu, 10300 ft, 08.07.1941, N. L. Bor. 11908 ( E) ; Jammu and Kashmir: Kashmir, Srinagar, Pahalgam, 7500 ft, 01.07.1978, C. R. Lancaster 74 ( BM) ; [India], Kashmir, above Gulmarg, Khillanmarg, 09.07.1978, C. R. Lancaster 3 ( BM) ; [India], Kashmir, Khillanmarg, 10800 ft, 13.08.1956, O. Polunin 56/248 ( E) ; Punjab: Punjab, 7000 ft, aug 1879, J. R. Drummond 1335 ( E) ; Kashmir, Pir Punjab, 7000 ft, 28.06.1902, J. R. Drummond 14021 ( E) .

NEPAL. Central: Bagmati Zone: Rasuwa District: Gopte (3500 m, 3200 m), Thale Patil (3400 m), 26.08.1972, H. Kanai et al. 721901 ( BM) ; West: Lumbini Zone: Kapilvastu District: Budhi Village , 18.07.[?]1886, J. F. Duthie 5803 ( BM) : Mid-West: Karnali Zone: Jumla Valley , 2316m, 10.10. 1975, T. B. Shrestha & N. P. Manandhar 04 ( KATH) .

PAKISTAN. Azad Kashmir: Tilpatra Forest, Rampur, Jhelum Valley, 9500 ft, 06.07.1940, F. Ludlow & G. Sherriff 7741 ( BM, E).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Adaxial leaf indument of Cynoglossum (leaf apex to the left): A, B C. amabile, smooth trichomes with unicellular, bulbous bases (F. Ludlow et al. 4658). C, D C. furcatum, scabrid trichomes with multicellular bases (A. Gröger et al. 226-1). E, F C. lanceolatum, trichomes with multicellular bases (L.H.J. Williams 1049). G, H C. microglochin, sparse, appressed indument, trichomes with multicellular bases (J.F. Duthie 5803). I, J C. wallichii, sparsely pubescent leaf surface, trichomes spreading, with multi-cellular hair bases (M. Weigend 9169).

FIGURE 2. Abaxial leaf indument of Cynoglossum (leaf apex to the left): A, B densely pubescent leaf surface of C. amabile with denser hair cover on veins (F. Ludlow et al. 4658). C, D densely pubescent leaf surface of C. furcatum with appressed hair cover, orientated towards leaf base (A. Gröger et al. 226-1). E, F densely pubescent leaf surface of C. lanceolatum with denser hair cover on leaf veins (L.H.J. Williams 1049). G, H densely pubescent leaf surface of C. microglochin with denser hair cover on leaf veins (J.F. Duthie 5803). I, J sparsely pubescent leaf surface of C. wallichii with multi-cellular hair bases and spreading hair (Botanische Gärten Bonn).

FIGURE 3. Fruits, nutlets and glochidia of Cynoglossum: A–C densely glochidiate nutlet of C. amabile with marginal glochidia slightly confluent forming a crest (M. Weigend 9115). D–F densely glochidiate nutlets of C. furcatum with disc glochidia in regular formation (A. Gröger et al. 226-1) G–I glochidiate nutlet of C. lanceolatum with slender and long glochidia (M. Weigend 9198). J–L less glochidiate nutlet of C. nervosum with marginal glochidia confluent and forming an erect “wing” (J.F. Duthie 5803).

FIGURE 4. Variability of fruit morphological detail types of nutlets and glochidia of Cynoglossum wallichii: A–C nutlet with disc glochidia on central keel and marginal ones forming a distinct wing (M. Weigend 9169). D–F nutlet with long and short disc glochidia and marginal ones forming a narrow wing (Stainton et al. 6483). G–I nutlet with only few disc glochidia and marginal ones with thickened base (R.E. Cooper 955). J–L nutlet with only less glochidia in centre and marginal ones confluent forming a prominent wing (M. Suzuki et al. 9160070). M–O nutlet with few glochidia in centre and marginal ones with thickened base (M. Minaki et al. 9105152).

FIGURE 5. Flowers and indument of Cynoglossum: A, B flowers of C. amabile (M. Weigend 9115). C–E flower of C. furcatum with prominent faucal scales and imbricated corolla surface (A. Gröger et al. 226-1). F–H flower of C. wallichii with prominent faucal scales (M. Weigend 9169). I–J stem indument of C. wallichii with half-spreading hair (M. Weigend 9169).

FIGURE 11. Cynoglossum wallichii G. Don. Different growth habits. A Plant with single stem branching from below with long inflorescences and elliptical leaves. B Smaller plant branching from the base with ovate leaves. C Specimen with single stem, terminal and young, still more or less congested inflorescence and very narrow leaves (A M. Weigend 9169; B. Miyamoto et al. 20210115; C Lowndes 1-082).