Cynoglossum furcatum Wall.

König, Julia, Siwakoti, Mohan, Hilger, Hartmut H. & Weigend, Maximilian, 2015, A revision of the genus Cynoglossum L. (Boraginaceae Juss.) in Nepal and notes on the widespread Asian species, Phytotaxa 224 (1), pp. 1-28 : 8-13

2. Cynoglossum furcatum Wall. in Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 6. 1824. Figs. 1 C, D ; 3 C, D ; 5 D–F ; 7 C–E ; 10 .

Lectotype (designated by Verdcourt in Kew Bull. 43: 347. 1988, as “ holotype ”):—[ NEPAL], Napala, Wallich 1829, N. Wallich 919 (K-000942373!) . Syntypes:—[ INDIA], Dulrajpur , Hindustonia, 1825 ; [ NEPAL], Napalia 1821, N. Wallich 919 (K-000942372!, E-00288394!, M-0174189), N. Wallich 919/2 (GDC-G-00205533!), N. Wallich 919/1 (GDC-G-00205534!, E-00288391!) ; [ INDIA], 1830, N. Wallich 919/1 (A-00096680!) ; [ INDIA], 1830, N. Wallich 919/2 (A-00096679!, E-00288392!) .

≡ Paracynoglossum furcatum (Wallich) Popov (1953: 679 , 717).

= Cynoglossum coeruleum Hochstetter ex A. de Candolle (1846: 148) . Lectotype (designated by Mill in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. : 481. 1984):—[prope ENSCHEDCAP, ETHIOPIA], in agris Abyssiniae , 30.07.1838, pl. Schimper abyss. sect. 2. n. 542 [from protologue]; ETHIOPIA, Endschedcap, W. Schimper 542 (G-DC, G-00202098; Isolectotypes: BM-000930344, BR-0000008359049, K-000418927, S-11-34573 , STU-000395)—synonymised by Brand (1921).

= Cynoglossum edgeworthii A. de Candolle (1846: 150) . Type:—[Emodo Bunanur, Asia], Sept. 1834, M.P. Edgeworth 400 (GDC-G-00205524!).

= Cynoglossum heynei G. Don (1837 /1838: 354). Lectotype (designated by Verdcourt in Kew Bull. 43: 347. 1988):—[ India], Cynoglossum lanceolatum Heyne, Herb. Heyne, Wallich [anno] 1829, 921 (K-000942356!; possible isolectotypes: Cynoglossum lanceolatum, N. Wall [ich] 921 (BM-001124575, PH-00025752!, P-03512684!, A-00096681!).—according to G. Don (1837 /38) from Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India.

≡ Cynoglossum imeretinum Kusn. in Kuznecov & al., Fl. Caucas. Crit. 4(2): 138. 1913.

= Paracynoglossum imeretinum ( Kusnezow) Popov (1953: 676 , 717). Lectotype (here designated):— Georgia, Kutaisi , J.S. Medwedew s.n. (TBI-1024742!).

= Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Lehm.) Brand in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 546. 1915. ≡ Myosotis zeylanica Lehm. (1817; replaced synonym: Anchusa zeylanica Vahl ex Hornem. , non Anchusa zeylanica J. Jacq. ).

Erect, annual or biennial herb, 40–80 cm tall. Stems single or several; densely and appressedly pubescent, trichomes 0.4–0.8 mm long, rarely with multi-cellular base. Leaves oblong-oval with acute apex. Basal leaves petiolate, 2.5– 15 cm × 1.2–4 cm, veins slightly immerged above, densely appressed-pubescent. Upper leaves sessile and smaller, moderately to densely appressed pubescent. Trichomes short, rough, with multi-cellular base; adaxial 0.2–0.4 mm long, acroscopic; abaxial 0.2–0.5 mm long, on veins denser, often longer and slightly spreading, basiscopic. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, subdichotomously branched, branches spreading at obtuse angle, ebracteate. Pedicels 1–2 mm long, shorter than calyx in fruit, densely strigose. Calyx 1.5–2 mm long, slightly enlarged to ca. 3 mm in fruit; lobes ovate to ovate-oblong, densely strigose outside. Corolla infundibuliform, sky blue, rarely white, 3–5 mm long; base 3.5–4.5 mm wide; limb 4–6 mm across; lobes oblong, apex rounded, ca. 2.5 wide; faucal scales at mouth of tube, rectangular to obscurely two-lobed, ca. 1 mm × 1 mm. Filaments expanded at base; anthers oblong, ca. 0.6–0.8 mm long. Style 0.5–2.5 mm long. Nutlets ovoid, 2–3 mm × 1.5–2 mm, abaxially concave; regularly glochidiate, abaxially with few glochidia in the centre, denser at margins; glochidia 0.2–0.5 mm long, with multiple retrorse barbs and tubercles, in centre often slim and longer, marginal glochidia with widenend bases forming a crest.

Distribution and Habitat: The species is extremely widespread in Asia and is here reported from Nepal, China, Bhutan, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, and India. It is found mostly on disturbed sites such das fallow fields and road sides at elevations of ca. 960–3900 m. Morevoer, the former Georgia-endemic Paracynoglossum imeretinum is here recognized as another synonym, expanding the range to the Black Sea.

Notes:— Cynoglossum furcatum is superficially similar to C. amabile , but a much larger plant with inflorescences often up to 100 cm tall. However, both its flowers (diam. to 6 mm versus to 10 mm in C. amabile ) and fruits (long axis to 3 mm versus long axis to 5 mm in C. amabile ) are smaller. The nutlets are usually dorsally convex, sometimes more or less planar. Many herbarium specimens are annotated as Cynoglossum zeylanicum —but this name formally refers to distantly related Bothriospermum zeylanicum and is not available in Cynoglossum . Specimens from southern India and other tropical areas which have been variously referred to C. zeylanicum and C. lanceolatum may largely belong here—they usually differ by marginally smaller fruit and widely ovate leaves on the flowering shoots. There is, however, a perfect continuum between these and the more typical specimens. If any clear distinction was found, then the name Cynoglossum heynei G. Don would be available for the tropical form.

Specimens examined:— BHUTAN. Punakha District: 10 km below Nobding, Tang Chu , 2190m, 11.10.1984, I. W. J. Sinclair & D. G. Long 5634 ( E) ; Punakha, 10 km E of Wangdi , 1200 m, 13.08.1989, R. King 1036 ( E) ; Punakha, 7000 ft, 27.08.19?14, R. E. Cooper 2853 ( E) ; Punakha, Wangdi Phodrang, 1250 m, 05.06.1992, C. Parker 7173 ( E) ; Shambling, Kuru Chu valley, Kurted , 2300 m, 05.05.1949, F. Ludlow et al. 18821 ( GH) ; Thimphu District: Damgi, Lango block, Paro, 2300 m, 23.07.1991, C. Parker 7039 ( E) ; Thimphu, 2300 m, 02.06.1992, C. Parker 7172 ( E) ; Thimphu, Bhutan Hotel , 2370 m, 27°29 N, 89°38 E, 04.09.1984, I. W. J. Sinclair & D. G. Long 4802 ( E) ; Choojom (1300 m), Wenigdu Phodrang (1250 m), Mishina (1300 m), 27.04.1967, H. Kanai et al. 10629 ( E) ; Thimphu to Dochu La , 2250−3050 m, 30.05.1967, H. Kanai et al. 640 ( BM) ; Moti Tang, 2434 m, 08.07.1971, Ramesh Bedi 398 ( E). — Nepal, without precise locality, Napalia, Wallich 4350 ( P) .

MYANMAR ( BURMA): North Burma, North Triangle, Hkinlus, 4000 ft, 17.7.1953, F. Kingdon-Ward 21167 ( GB).

CHINA: Sichuan Province: 3000–3200 m, 08.09.1997, D. E. Boufford, M. J. Donoghue & R. H. Ree 27987 ( HUH) ; [Sichuan Province], Omei –hsien, Mt. Omei , 16.06.1910 W. N. Ma 2378 ( A) ; [Sichuan Province], Omei-hsien, Mt. Omei , 04.06.1941, W. P. Fang 16816 ( GH) ; [Sichuan Province], Omei-hsien, Mt. Omei , 30.06.1941, W. P. Fang 17068 ( GH) ; [Sichuan Province], Omei-hsien, Mt. Omei , 28.07.1941, W. P. Fang 17433 ( GH) ; [Sichuan Province], Omei-hsien, Mt. Omei , June 1942, C. L. Chow 6303 ( A) ; Si-tchnen , near Ta-Tsien-lou, no date, M. Bonvalot & H. D´Orleans s.n. ( P) ; Tchen-kéou-tin district, no date, R. P. Farges 142 ( P); [Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Kangding/ Dartsedo = Lucheng Township] west Szechuan and Tibetan frontier, chiefly near Tachienlu , at 9000−13500 ft, no date, A. E. Pratt 598 ( P) ; [Baoxing], Moupin Province, anno 1870, David s.n. ( P) ; Yunnan province: [Yunnan Province], Shikong , 200 ft, July–Aug 1939, S. Y. Hu 956 ( A) ; Tong-tchouan , 2500 m, 30.06.1913, R.- P. Maire s.n. ( P, P) ; Tong-tchouan , 2500 m, 30.06.1913, R.- P. Maire s.n. ( P, P) ; Tong-tchouan , 2550 m, no date, R.- P. Maire s.n. ( P, P) ; Guangxi Province: Kwangsi, Ling Yün Hsien , 23.05.1933, A. N. Steward & H. C. Cheo 494 ( P, P) ; Guizhou Province: Kouy-Tcheou, Kony-yang , 01.06.1897, E. Bodinier 1608 ( P) ; Kouy-Tcheou, Kony-yang , 12.07.1897, E. Bodinier 1678 ( P, P) ; Húběi Province: Hupeh, Ichang , May 1888, A. Henry 4720 ( P) ; Autonomous district Changyang, Chanyang , date (0)6(19)00?, E. H. Wilson 1090 ( P) ; Guangdong Province: Kwangtung, Sin-fung district, Ch´a-P´ing Village , 1− 24.05.1938, Y. W. Taam 671 ( P) ; Xizang Province: Thibet oriental, Tsekou et Nekou, R. P. Soulié 1907 ( P) ; Thibet oriental, Tsekou et Nekou, no date, R. P. Soulié 1567 ( P) ; Thibet oriental, Tsekou , 11.08.1899, R. P. Soulié 1220 ( P, P) ; Thibet oriental, Tsekou , 08.07.1903, R. P. Soulié 1056 ( P) ; Thibet oriental, Tsekou , R. P. Soulié 1999? ( P) ; Tibet , 27.08.1913, R. E. Cooper 1095 ( E) .

GEORGIA. Imeretia: Tskaltubo-Tsageri, 42°25´03,4 N, 42°34´52,3 E, 463 m, 30.08.2012, A. Gröger, W. Lobin, K. Price, M. Weigend, Z. Shevardnadse 226-1 ( BONN, M). Road Tskaltubo-Tsageri, 42°31´59,2 N, 42°38´53,2 O, 344 m, 30.08.2012, A. Gröger, W. Lobin, K. Price, M. Weigend, Z. Shevardnadse 227-10 ( BONN, M).

INDIA: Assam: Orang , March 1902, A. C. Chaterjee s.n. ( P) ; [India], Bengal , 9000 ft, 07.08.1893, K. Biswas s.n. ( E) ; [India, Uttar Pradesh], Aaera Khola , 27°22 N, 82°34 E, 02.07.1969, L. H. J. Williams 1063 ( BM) ; 27°22 N, 87°24 E, 4500 ft, 02.07.1969, L. H. J. Williams 1061 ( BM) ; Himachal Pradesh: [India, Himachal Pradesh ], Simla, no date, George Watt s.n. ( E) ; [India, Himachal Pradesh], Simla, Himalaya , Jacko, 8000 ft, Aug 1887, George Watt s.n. ( E) ; [India, Himachal Pradesh], Simla, Himalaya , Jacko, 7500 ft, no date, George Watt s.n. ( E) ; Punjab: India, Punjab , 1904, J. R. Drummond 20995 ( E) ; Sikkim: [India, Sikkim ], Chowbhanjan, 12000 ft, 1913, Ribu & Rhomoo 6702 ( E) ; [India, Sikkim], Dar, Rimbick , 1600 m, 05.05.1960, H. Kanai et al. 17569 ( BM) ; [India, Sikkim ], Jaunsar, NW Provinces, Athang, Konain, 7000 ft, Oct. 1890, K. Nand 349 ( E) ; Sikkim , 4000 ft., Hooker & Thomson s.n. (P-04082037) ; Sikkim , 4000−8000 ft., Hooker & Thomson s.n. (P-04082308, P-04082311). Sikkim, 5000−8000 ft., Hooker & Thomson s.n. (P-04082312) ; Sinchul , 7200 ft., Aug. 1862, T. Anderson 810 ( P) ; Uttarakhand: Dehradun District: Masuri , Aug. 1838, M. P. Edgeworth 289 ( GDC) ; Masuri , Oct. 1838, M. P. Edgeworth 393 ( GDC) ; [Kumaon Region] Samkhet, Kumaon , 6000 ft., R. Strachey & J. E. Winterbottom 6 ( P) ; West Bengal: Darjeeling District: Eastern Himalaya , [India, Westbengal, Darjeeling District], Rishap, 4000 ft, 30.07.1913, G. H. Cave s.n. ( E) ; Darjeeling , 7000 ft, 27.08.1862, T. Anderson 810 ( P) ; Darjeeling , anno 1904, J. R. Drummond 20995 ( P) .

NEPAL. East: Mechi Zone: Taplejung District: Maewa Khola , 4000 ft, 27°22 N, 87°34 E, 02.07.1969, L. H. S. Williams 1063 ( BM) ; Thakma Khola, Diorali Bhanjang, Bhandukay , Yamphodin , 17.11.1963, H. Kanai et al. 6300678 ( BM) ; Lungthung (16700 m), Thakpa Bazaar (1600 m), Tamur bridge (1560 m), Sakathum (1570 m), 1700 m, 27°33´32 N, 87°47´47 E – 27°32´11 N, 87°48´33 E, 03.06.1992, S. Noshiro et al. 9240500 ( BM) ; Chiruwa (1210 m), Tapke Top (1320 m), Lelep (1460 m), Thakpa Bazaar (1600 m), 1300 m, 27°29´29 N, 87°44´42 E – 27°32´43 N, 87°47´43 E, 22.05.1992, M. Suzuki et al. 9240261 ( E) ; Koshi Zone: Dhankuta District: Hile (1860 m), Pakhribas (1620 m), Gholi Kharja (1230 m), near Hile , 1850 m, 87°15 E, 27°00 N, 23.07.1990, M. Minake et al. 9080013 ( E) ; Sankhuwasabha District: Arun Valley, Lamobagar Gola , N. of Num , 5000 ft, 87– 88° E, 27.06.1956, J.D. A. Stainton 464 ( E) ; Arun Valley, Lamobagar Gola, N. of Num , 27.06.1956, J.D. A. Stainton 469 ( BM) ; Arun Valley, Kuwapani village , 1950 m, 27°26 N, 87°14 E, 21.09.1991, D. G. Long et al. 144 ( E) ; Kaptane (2000 m), Muck Danda (2000 m), Mude (2000 m), Ranidhunga (1870 m), Num (1540 m), 27°29´33 N, 87°15´08 E – 27°33´13 N, 87°16´08 E, 18.08.1997, S. Noshiro et al. 9760187 ( E) ; Num (1540 m), Arunbridge (750 m), Sedua (1590 m), 1470 m, 27°33´13 N, 87°16´58 E – 27°35´00 N, 87°16´04 E, 19.08.1997, S. Noshiro et al. 9760208 ( E) ; Terhathum District: [?] Hamarajung , 25.03.1922, M. S. Bista, 8004 ( BM) ; Central: Likhu Khola , 6000 ft, 27°88 N, 86°28 E, 17.06.1964, J. D. Stainton 4640 ( BM) ; Sim Chotala (960 m), Ramche (1800 m), Gram (1900 m), 20.08.1972, H. Kanai et al. 721661 ( BM) ; Ganesh Himal. , 28°20 N, 85°10 E – 28°20 N, 95°10 E, apr/ may.1975, B. Yon 209 ( E) ; Ganesh Himal. , 28°20 N, 85°10 E – 28°20 N, 95°10 E, apr/ may.1975, B. Yon 209 ( E) ; Gurjakhani , 8000 ft, 26.07.1954, Stainton et al. 3630 ( BM, E) ; Janakpur Zone: Dolakha District: Jiri (1860 m), Bkal (2020 m), Ratmate (2270 m), Maligaon (2200 m), Shivalaya (1800 m), 68°14 E, 27°37 N – 86°17 E, 27°36 N, 04.07.1983, H. Ohiba et al. 8530060 ( BM, KATH) ; Dolakha district, Jiri-Shivalaya , 1800−1860m, 04.07. 1985, H. Ohba et al. 6570087 ( KATH) ; Ramecchap District: Patkare (2200 m), Bhadar (2300 m), 05.08.1985, H. Ohba et al. 8571334 ( BM, KATH) ; Bagmati Zone: Kathmandu District: Kathmandu Eastside, 1300 m, 27°42 N, 85°20 E, 02.08.1974, J. H. de Haas 2018 ( BM) ; Sanku, 10 miles, NE Katmandu, Bhadra Jogini Hill , 8.– 11.07.1956, Kenneth de B. Codrington 14 ( BM) ; Sanku, 10 miles, NE Katmandu, Bhadra Jogini Hill , 8.– 11.07.1956, Kenneth de B. Codrington 17 ( BM) ; Sanku, 10 miles, NE Katmandu, Bhadra Jogini Temple clearing, 5000 ft, 8.– 11.07.1956, Kenneth de B. Codrington 27 ( BM) ; Sanku, 10 miles, NE Katmandu , 8.– 11.07.1956, Kenneth de B. Codrington 50 ( BM) ; Sanku, 10 miles, NE Katmandu , 8.– 11.07.1956, Kenneth de B. Codrington 46 ( BM) ; Sundarijal near Katmandu , 4000– 5000 ft, 28.06.1949, B. D. Pande 1010 ( BM) ; [Central Nepal, Kathmandu District], Central Nepal, Phulchoki , S of Katmandu, 2200–2700 m, 15.07.1972, H. Hara et al. 724075 ( BM) ; [Central Nepal, Kathmandu District], Katmandu , 4500 ft, 14.07.1935, P. M. Baileys Collectors s.n. ( BM) ; Lalitpur District: Godawari Botanical Garden, 10 miles of Katmandu , 1500 m, 01.09.1966, D. H. Hisolson 327 ( BM) ; Godawari near Katmandu , 4000–6000 ft, 27.11.1948, B. D. Pande 76 ( BM) ; Nuwakot District: Village de Salme, Tchepang , 2100 m, 28°03 N, 85°008 E, 04.01.1981, J. Wiart 569 ( E) ; Nuwakot & Dhading District: Tharpa Bhanjyang , 1290 m, 27°56´53 N, 85°22´50 E – 27°58´29 N, 84°56´26 E, 15.07.1994, M. Suzuki et al. 9485022 ( BM, E) ; Rasuwa District: Dunche (1980 m), Thulo Bhargy (1880 m), Syabra Bensi (1430 m), 1400 m, 28°09 N, 85°20 E, 23.07.1994, F. Miyamoto et al. 9410004 ( BM, E) ; Bagmati Zone, Lalitpur district, Godavari Botanical Garden , 10 miles SE of Kathmandu, 1500 m, 04.09.1966, D. H. Nicolson 2271 ( BM) ; Narayani Zone: Makwanpur District: Daman , 2400 m, 14.08.1971, J. F. Dobremez 811 ( E) ; West: Ila, Bheri River , 6000 ft, 06.09.1856, O. Polunin et al. 3243 (Sheet 1/2) ( BM) ; Gandaki Zone: Lamjung District: Rambrong, Lamjung Himal. , 8000 ft, 27.10.1954, Stainton et al. 8808 ( BM, E, KATH) ; Kaski district, Lumley-Birethati , 15.07.1964, T. B. Shrestha & M. S. Bista 1943 ( BM, KATH) ; Manang District: Bhragu, 7000 ft, 04.06.1949, O. Polunin 103 ( BM). Kaski District : Kahre/Lumle, 5500 ft, 05.09.1969, H. Flatt 96 ( BM) ; Lumle Agricultural Centre , 1645 m, 01.06.1975, G. Dawson 363 & 363a ( BM) ; Dhaulagiri Zone: Myagdi District: Nepal , Larjung ( N. of Tkucha), 8500 ft, 27.05.1954, Stainton et al. 718 ( BM) ; Sikha , 2000 m, 28°24 N, 83°42 E – 28°30 N, 83°39 E, 27.07.1996, T. Hoshino et al. 9662050 ( BM) ; S. of Annapurna, above Siklis , 2350 m, 28°07 N, 84°06 E, 27.08.1976, R. G. Troth 924 ( BM) ; Samargaon ( N. of Tukucha ), 13000 ft, 15.08.1954, Stainton et al. 7239 ( E) ; Parbat District: Gorepani Deorali (3170m) Chitre (2400 m), Shika (2100 m), 14.07.1983, H. Ohba et al. 8350316 ( A, BM, E, KATH) ; Samaraon ( N. of Tukucha ), 13000 ft, 15.08.1954, Stainton et al. 7239 ( BM) ; Far West: Seti Zone: Doti District: Above Silgadi on trail to Khaptad , 1935 m, 29°14,16 N, 81°00´04 E, 29.06.2009, H. Ikeda et al. 20916001 ( E) ; Jhiknana, Doti district , 18.05.1929, Bis Ram 424 ( BM) .

PHILIPPINES. Bontoc Subprovince, Luzon , March 1913, M. Vanoverbergh 2690 ( P) ; 07.05.1914, M. Vanoverbergh 49 ( GB) ; Mindanao, Davao district, Todaya, Mt. Apo , August 1909, D. E. Elmer 11481 ( P) .

THAILAND. Doi Khun Huai Pong , N 18 ° 58´, N 98 ° 10´, 1850 m, 03.03.1968, B. Hansen & T. Smitinand 12777 ( AAU, BKF, E, K, L, P) ; Phitsanulok, Puh Mieng Mountain , 1300 m, 27.07.1966, K. Larsen 945 ( P) .

VIETNAM. Tom Kum Province: Tomkum, Ngok Pan , 1500 m, 08.12.1946, M. E. Poilane 35720 ( P) ; B ắc B ộ: Tonkin , 1500 m, Aug. 1931, Pételot 4374 ( P) ; B ắc B ộ: Tonkin , 1600 m, Aug. 1931, Pételot 4374 ( P) ; Tonkin, San-tan-ngai, Lai Chan , 1600−1700 m, 07.04.1936, M. E. Poilane 25608 ( P, P) ; without legible locality, 1500−1600 m, 09.12.1937, M. E. Poilane 26792 ( P) ; Lao Cai Province: [Sa Pa,] Province de Lao-Kay, Cha-pa , 1400−1500 m, 07.12.1913, A. Chevalier 29447 ( P) ; Province de Lao-Kay, Cha-pa , 1400−1500 m, 06.12.1913, A. Chevalier 29409 ( P) ; Chapa , 30.10.1911, H. Lecomte & A Finet 503 ( P) ; Chapa, Tonkin , 1500 m, Aug. 1931, Pételot 4374 ( P, P) ; Chapa and Cho-Bo, 6 km from Col de Lo , 1600 m, 31.07.1926, M. E. Poilane 12691 ( P) ; La Phing near Chapa , 1450 m, 07.08.1926, M. E. Poilane 12867 ( P) ; Chapa, Tonkin, Apr. 1925, Pételot 3677 ( P, P) ; Chapa, Tonkin, Nov. 1924, Pételot 1740 ( P) ; Son La Province: [Pa Kha] Tonkin, Pakha, Laothy , 1000−1200 m, 04.01.1930, Pételot 4374 ( P, P) ; Tonkin, Lao-Khay , 1400 m, 04.01.1930, M. E. Poilane 17266 ( P).—without precise locality, Tonkin, M. E. Poilane 35720 ( P). Unidentified localities: [?Nepal], Dorchet, 3500 ft, 04.08.1935, F. M. Baileys Collectors 272 ( BM, E); [?] H Juman , 4000–7000 ft, 07.06.[?]1919, R. A. 1000 ( E) ; Rindala , July 1835, M. P. Edgeworth 387 ( GDC) ; Himalaya, anno 1869, Falconer 13 ( P) ; East Himalaya, no date, Griffith 5970 /1 ( P, P) ; Northwestern Himalaya, Hooker & Thomson s.n. (P-04082036, P-04082040) ; Indes Orient. , V. Jacquemont 1039 ( P) .

Figures

FIGURE 1. Adaxial leaf indument of Cynoglossum (leaf apex to the left): A, B C. amabile, smooth trichomes with unicellular, bulbous bases (F. Ludlow et al. 4658). C, D C. furcatum, scabrid trichomes with multicellular bases (A. Gröger et al. 226-1). E, F C. lanceolatum, trichomes with multicellular bases (L.H.J. Williams 1049). G, H C. microglochin, sparse, appressed indument, trichomes with multicellular bases (J.F. Duthie 5803). I, J C. wallichii, sparsely pubescent leaf surface, trichomes spreading, with multi-cellular hair bases (M. Weigend 9169).

FIGURE 3. Fruits, nutlets and glochidia of Cynoglossum: A–C densely glochidiate nutlet of C. amabile with marginal glochidia slightly confluent forming a crest (M. Weigend 9115). D–F densely glochidiate nutlets of C. furcatum with disc glochidia in regular formation (A. Gröger et al. 226-1) G–I glochidiate nutlet of C. lanceolatum with slender and long glochidia (M. Weigend 9198). J–L less glochidiate nutlet of C. nervosum with marginal glochidia confluent and forming an erect “wing” (J.F. Duthie 5803).

FIGURE 5. Flowers and indument of Cynoglossum: A, B flowers of C. amabile (M. Weigend 9115). C–E flower of C. furcatum with prominent faucal scales and imbricated corolla surface (A. Gröger et al. 226-1). F–H flower of C. wallichii with prominent faucal scales (M. Weigend 9169). I–J stem indument of C. wallichii with half-spreading hair (M. Weigend 9169).

FIGURE 7. Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & J.R. Drumm. A, inflorescence with typical sessile, ovate cauline leaves and large flowers. B infructescence. C indistinctly petiolate rosette leaf and sessile stem leaf, D young plant with typical petiolate leaves and tap-root (M. Weigend 9115).

FIGURE 10. Cynoglossum microglochin Royle ex Bentham. Part of inflorescences branch with the typical large and petiolate leaves and large flowers (O. Polunin 56/248).