Glandulocauda caerulea, Menezes & Weitzman, 2009

Menezes ¹, Naércio A. & Weitzman ², Stanley H., 2009, Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae), Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3), pp. 295-370 : 317-323

Glandulocauda caerulea , new substitute name Figs. 20-21

Glandulocauda melanopleura Eigenmann, 1911b: 170 , plate 5, fig. 7 (type locality: “Serrinha, Paraná, rio Iguassu”, Dec 22, 1908). - Eigenmann, 1914 a: 42 (listed). - Henn, 1928: 68 (listed in type catalog). - Eigenmann & Myers, 1929: 489 (redescription based on type specimens). - Böhlke, 1954: 267 (discounts close relationship with Planaltina ). - Böhlke, 1958: 43 (listed). - Nelson, 1964a: 63 (listed in discussion). - Géry, 1964: 6 (mentioned that species might belong in distinct genus). - Géry, 1966: 229 (in key to males of Glandulocauda and Mimagoniates ). - Géry, 1977: 362 (listed in brief discussion of Glandulocauda and Mimagoniates ). - Weitzman & Fink, 1985: 104 [listed in material examined and in discussion of relationships of Diapoma terofali ( Géry, 1964) ]. - Godoy, 1987: 137 (as occurring in “rio Iguassu e nos seus afluentes: rios Jangada, Timbó, Canoinhas e Negro” in Santa Catarina; see also Godoy, 1979: 11). Except for specimens from rio Canoinhas, we cannot confirm these records. - Ibarra & Stewart, 1987: 39 (listed in type catalog). - Weitzman et al., 1988: 401-419 (discussion of distribution and biogeography). - Menezes & Weitzman, 1990: 384 (in key to Glandulocaudini ). - Weitzman & Menezes, 1994: 3 (general discussion for non-systematic literature). - López et al., 2002:59 (listed).- Weitzman,2003:225 (maximum length distribution; remarks and references). - Ingenito et al., 2004 (comments on collections made in the Paraná State; conservation status). - Machado et al., 2005: 73 (conservation status). - Ribeiro et al., 2006: 160 (listed in discussion). - Serra et al., 2007: 38 (listed in discussion). - Menezes, 2007: 38 (listed in catalog; distribution; conservation status). - Menezes et al., 2008: 38-41 (distribution, discussion of relationships and biogeography).

Mimagoniates melanopleura Schultz, 1959: 8 , 9 (in key, generic allocation). - Duboc & Menezes, 2008: 63 (conservation status; general informations; geographic distribution; main threats; conservation strategies).

Diagnosis. Glandulocauda caerulea and G. melanopleura are the only glandulocaudines having principal caudal-fin rays 11 and 12 ventrally curved, but not forming a caudal pump. Glandulocauda caerulea can be distinguished from G. melanopleura by the number of branched anal-fin rays (15-18 vs. 20-24), lateral series scales (31-35 vs. 37-42), and horizontal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and anal-fin origin (11-13 vs. 13-16).

Description. Table 4 presents morphometrics of holotype and paratypes and specimens from near type locality. Table 5 presents morphometrics of specimens collected from riacho dos Pardos, branch of rio Canoinhas, tributary of rio Iguaçu, Paraná State. Except where noted, the description refers to population sample from near the type locality. In the statistical analyses of sexual dimorphism and in the statistical comparisons between G. melanopleura and G. caerulea all the collections of later were treated as one population sample. Counts and ratios of measurements for population sample from riacho dos Pardos are discussed only when they differ from those from near the type locality.

Body compressed, relatively deep, especially anterior to dorsal-fin origin; body deepest at vertical through approximately pelvic-fin origin. Predorsal body profile relatively arched in adult males and adult females ( Figs. 20 and 21 ). Immatures with profile somewhat more gently convex. Dorsal profile of body nearly straight and posteroventrally inclined; profile nearly horizontal and straight from dorsal-fin termination to origin of adipose fin. Body profile posterior to adipose fin very slightly concave dorsal to caudal peduncle, inclined slightly upward to origin of procurrent caudal-fin rays. Dorsal-fin origin nearer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip. Ventral profile of body strongly convex in adult males from tip of lower jaw to region near isthmus where it becomes nearly straight. Abdomen rounded to pelvic-fin origin, somewhat less strongly convex in females and immatures. Profile in adult males slightly concave from pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin origin, straight or nearly so in females. Anal-fin base in males slightly convex, less so in females and juveniles. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle nearly straight in adult males and females to origin of procurrent ventral caudal-fin rays.

Lower jaw equal to or slightly shorter than upper jaw. Lower jaw of adult males somewhat thicker and heavier relative to that of females and juveniles. Mouth angled posteroventrally. Maxilla long, extending to point ventral to horizontal along ventral border of eye. Maxilla extends posteriorly to point just anterior to vertical through center of pupil.

Males Females and juveniles

Characters

N Range Mean SD Holotype N Range Mean SD dif. Standard length 06 37.6-43.9 40.3 38.5 10 22.4-40.4 32.5

Depth at dorsal-fin origin 06 31.9-36.9 33.9 2.3 29.1 10 28.1-32.6 29.8 0.1 + Snout to dorsal-fin origin 06 52.3-56.6 54.8 1.6 57.7 10 54.0-61.3 56.8 2.3 – Snout to pectoral-fin origin 06 25.0-27.4 26.3 0.8 26.0 10 24.3-28.2 25.5 1.0 – Snout to pelvic-fin origin 06 43.0-45.6 44.0 0.1 44.9 10 42.1-46.8 44.0 0.1 – Snout to anal-fin origin 06 57.3-61.9 60.2 1.7 61.6 10 56.5-64.8 61.1 2.6 – Caudal peduncle depth 06 15.4-19.2 17.6 1.3 14.9 10 14.0-16.0 15.0 0.7 + Caudal peduncle length 06 17.2-19.2 18.1 0.7 13.0 10 13.0-18.3 16.0 1.6 + Pectoral-fin length 06 22.2-23.8 22.8 0.6 18.4 09 16.6-22.0 19.7 1.6 + Pelvic-fin length 06 19.1-21.3 20.1 0.9 14.5 10 12.2-17.1 15.0 1.6 + Dorsal-fin base length 06 13.3-15.5 14.1 0.8 13.5 10 11.6-13.7 12.8 0.7 + Dorsal-fin height 06 26.2-30.2 28.1 0.1 28.1 09 23.9-28.0 25.4 1.4 + Anal-fin base length 06 24.4-28.0 26.7 1.2 25.7 10 23.4-26.1 24.9 0.8 – Anal-fin lobe length 06 20.2-24.6 21.3 1.6 20.8 10 18.7-22.1 20.5 1.0 – Eye to dorsal-fin origin 06 40.9-46.2 43.4 1.7 45.2 10 39.5-45.7 42.6 0.1 – Dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base 06 48.3-51.5 50.1 1.2 47.8 10 46.1-50.7 47.7 1.2 – Bony head length 06 26.2-27.9 26.7 0.6 26.0 10 24.6-29.7 26.6 1.6 – Horizontal eye diameter 06 28.7-32.3 30.5 1.5 30.0 10 30.0-35.1 33.4 1.6 – Snout length 06 27.3-31.0 29.6 1.5 24.0 09 19.3-30.5 24.4 4.2 – Least interorbital width 06 36.4-41.2 39.2 1.8 36.0 10 34.1-40.6 32.9 1.1 +* Upper jaw length 06 42.4-44.7 43.8 0.9 46.0 10 41.3-47.7 44.4 2.1 –

Males Females and juveniles

Characters

N Range Mean SD N Range Mean SD dif .

Standard length 04 28.6-35.2 32.0 26 17.4-34.1 24.5

Depth at dorsal-fin origin 04 31.5-34.6 33.5 1.3 26 26.1-33.9 30.1 0.1 + Snout to dorsal-fin origin 04 55.5-56.5 56.0 0.4 26 55.0-61.1 58.2 1.5 – Snout to pectoral-fin origin 04 24.6-25.9 25.4 0.6 26 24.0-29.5 26.9 1.4 – Snout to pelvic-fin origin 04 42.9-46.3 44.8 1.4 26 43.1-50.9 46.2 1.4 – Snout to anal-fin origin 04 56.4-62.4 60.3 2.8 26 59.7-64.9 62.1 1.2 – Caudal peduncle depth 04 16.2-18.0 16.9 0.8 26 13.0-16.2 14.6 0.9 + Caudal peduncle length 04 14.0-16.6 15.5 1.1 26 12.0-17.0 14.1 1.3 + Pectoral-fin length 04 21.0-24.6 22.5 1.5 24 19.4-22.8 20.9 0.8 + Pelvic-fin length 04 20.1-22.5 21.4 1.1 26 14.6-19.5 16.8 1.9 + Dorsal-fin base length 04 14.3-15.9 15.1 0.7 26 11.1-14.9 13.1 0.1 + Dorsal-fin height 04 26.4-30.5 28.4 1.7 26 22.6-28.5 25.5 1.4 + Anal-fin base length 04 23.9-27.9 26.4 1.8 26 21.8-27.7 24.1 0.1 – Anal-fin lobe length 04 19.5-21.7 20.4 1.0 22 16.6-22.6 19.8 1.5 –

Eye to dorsal-fin origin 04 41.2-44.1 42.3 1.3 26 40.2-45.4 43.4 1.3 – Dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base 04 48.5-52.8 50.5 1.8 26 44.8-51.4 47.6 1.6 – Bony head length 04 18.2-27.8 27.6 2.3 26 25.8-31.0 28.5 1.2 – Horizontal eye diameter 04 30.4-34.4 33.1 1.8 26 30.3-40.0 35.7 2.3 – Snout length 04 18.4-22.7 21.2 1.9 26 15.6-21.6 18.9 1.5 – Least interorbital width 04 34.4-38.5 36.4 2.1 26 30.0-36.7 33.3 1.7 – Upper jaw length 04 41.3-45.8 44.1 0.2 26 38.8-46.2 41.4 2.2 –

Dorsal-fin rays ii, 8, (same in all specimens except one from MZUSP 53273 which had ii, 7), n = 45; posterior ray not split to its base and counted as 1 ray). Adipose fin, elongate and relatively slender ( Figs. 20 and 21 ). Anal-fin unbranched rays iv, iii in one FMNH 54896 , branched rays 15-18 (17), 16.9, n = 41; posterior ray split to its base and counted as 1 ray ( Fig. 26 ). Male anal fin with moderately developed lobe anteriorly ( Figs. 20 , 21 and 26 ); lobe includes anterior undivided rays and first 4 or 5 divided rays. Anal fin of sexually mature males with bilateral hooks, 3-4 very small hooks on unbranched ray iii, up to 23 hooks on unbranched ray iv with usually one ray per segment on these rays ( Fig. 26 ). Anterior 4-5 branched fin rays with bilateral hooks, approximately 18-20 hooks on one side for first branched ray, usually 1 hook per ray segment but sometimes 2, some of hooks very small. Second and third branched rays with 15-18 hooks, similar to those of first branched ray, fourth to sixth branched rays with one or two hooks. Pectoral-fin unbranched ray i in all specimens, branched rays 10-12 (11), 11.1, n = 16, specimens from type locality area; mean = 10.7, 4 range 10-12, n = 24, specimens from rio Canoinhas. Pectoral fin extends posteriorly to, or slightly beyond origin of pelvic fins in adult males but slightly short of that point in females. Pelvic-fin rays 7, anterior ray branched (of 16 specimens collected near or at type locality, anterior first ray branched in 6 specimens with count equal to 7 for each and anterior ray unbranched in 10 specimens with count = i, 6 for each specimen (see Fig. 27 ). Pelvic fin sometimes with anterior ray unbranched on one side and unbranched on other side. Medial branch sometimes divided. Branches not necessarily remaining close together. Sexually mature, large adult males with over 220 hooks on each pelvic fin many of them minute, distributed as shown in Fig. 27 .

Principal caudal-fin ray count 10/ 9 in all specimens, n = 44. Principal caudal-fin rays 11-13 somewhat bowed ventrally in association with glandular tissue ( Fig. 32 ). Scales cycloid, with approximately 10 12 radii along posterior field of larger scales; fewer radii in smaller scales.Terminal scale of modified caudal-fin series without complex radii ( Fig. 24 ).

Lateral line incomplete, perforated scales 4-8 (6), 5.4, n = 16, specimens from and near type locality; 4-6, 5.3, n = 29, in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC. Lateral series scales 31-35 (34), 33.6, n = 16, specimens from and near type locality; 32- 35, 33.8, n = 29, in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC. Predorsal scales 15-18 (16), 16.6, n = 16, specimens from and near type locality; 15-17, 16.1, n = 27, in specimens from rio Canoinhas. Scale rows between dorsal-fin and anal-fin origins 12 (12 in all specimens from and near type locality; 11-13, 12, n = 30 in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 16 (16 in all specimens from all localities).

Premaxillary teeth in 2 distinct rows ( Fig. 28 ). All teeth tricuspid to quinticuspid in large specimens, small teeth sometimes bicuspid or conical in smaller specimens. Outer row teeth 3-4 (3), n = 16 in specimens from or near type locality; 2-4, 3.0, n = 26 in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC. Inner row teeth few, 4-5 (4), 4.3, n = 16 in specimens from or near type locality; 4-5, 4.2, n = 26 in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC. Maxillary teeth 2-4 (3), 2.5, n = 16 in specimens from or near type locality; 2-3, 2.4, n = 26 in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC, larger specimens usually with higher counts. Anterior maxillary teeth ( Fig. 28 ) usually tricuspid, posterior teeth bicuspid or tricuspid in large specimens, often conical in small specimens. Dentary with 4-5 (4) large tricuspid or bicuspid anterior teeth, 4.1, n = 16 in specimens from or near type locality; 3-4, 3.96, n = 26 in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC. Smaller posterior teeth 4-8 (7), 6.3, n = 16 in specimens from or near type locality; 4-7, 5.4, n = 26 in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC. Number of teeth almost always greater in largest specimens. Anterior small teeth of posterior portion of dentary row bi- or tricuspid, with posterior one or two teeth conical ( Fig. 28 ). Maxillary and dentary teeth shaped much like premaxillary teeth described above

Vertebrae 34-36 (36), 35.3, n = 19 in specimens from or near type locality; 34-36, 35.5, n = 60 in specimens from rio Canoinhas. Dorsal limb gill rakers 6-7 (7), 6.4, n = 16 in specimens from or near type locality; 6-7, 6.2, n = 30 in specimens from rio Canoinhas. Ventral limb gill rakers 9-10 (10), 9.5, n = 16 in specimens from or near type locality; 8-10, 9.2, n = 30 in specimens from rio Canoinhas. Branchiostegal rays 4 in 2 cleared and stained specimens; 3 rays originating on anterior ceratohyal and 1 ray from posterior ceratohyal.

Color in alcohol. See Figs. 20 and 21 for preserved color pattern of males and females. Body gray brown to pale yellowish brown ventrally, darker dorsally. Lateral body stripe broad and reasonably well-defined anteriorly and posteriorly in both sexes. Stripe extends from elongate vertically-aligned humeral spot that lies immediately posterior to opercle and cleithrum to caudal-fin base. Continues diffusely onto both caudal-fin lobes (especially fin rays of those lobes) in males and as a wedge shaped mark onto middle caudal-fin rays in some females. Stripe somewhat darker on principal caudal-fin rays 10, 11 and 12. Remainder of caudal fin dusky. Dorsal border of first principal caudal-fin ray and ventral border of nineteenth principal caudal-fin ray black. Midddorsal dorsal body surface nearly black and forming a narrow stripe extending from supraoccipital region to base of dorsal procurrent rays of caudal fin. Remainder of dorsal body surface dorsal to lateral body stripe pale brown, darker dorsally.

Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fins dusky with scattered dark chromatophores along fin rays and membranes. Anal fin with diffuse dark elongate stripe running length of its distal border and another, more distinct stripe along base of fin. In sexually mature males basal stripe about equal in intensity throughout and approximately covers basal one -half of fin. This stripe appears paler than distal half of fin in Fig. 20 because is more translucent distal and black in background.Dorsal-fin with distally located horizontal dark stripe in adult males extending posteriorly from about mid-length of anterior elongate undivided ray to posterior tips of two terminal fin rays. This stripe relatively broad and diffuse, somewhat more than one-eighth maximum height of dorsal fin. Female with dusky dorsal fin, typically lacking dark stripe. Males sometimes with posterior portion of stripe diffuse. Adipose fin dusky with scattered dark chromatophores.

Head brown around mouth and on dorsal surface of snout, between eyes, dorsum of cranium and nape. Tip of lower jaw brown but pigment not organized into dark band. Head posterior to infraorbitals and extending ventrally from parietal region across dorsal opercular region dark brown. Opercular membrane translucent (opaque white in preservative). Iris dorsal to pupil dark brown, most of remainder of iris silvery. Infraorbitals silvery if guanine preserved, pale yellowish brown if guanine absent. Dark brown chromatophores scattered evenly through infraorbital area. Anterior area to opercle, all of preopercle, and branchiostegal rays silvery or pale brown if guanine is absent.

Color in life. Life colors described here taken from color slide of an adult male 41.8 mm SL (MZUSP 40281) that had been preserved for a short time. The site of capture was near type locality. Sides of body lead or gun metal blue, especially lateral stripe darker than rest of body. Immediately dorsal to blue color of body back with narrow lighter diffuse stripe more brown than blue. Line extends from parietal region ventral to adipose fin to caudal peduncle. Dorsomedian narrow dark brown of dorsal most portion of back lies immediately dorsal to brownish diffuse stripe. Dorsal region of caudal peduncle with same color as narrow dark line of back. Ventral portion of abdomen, most of lower jaw, ventral opercular area, branchiostegal rays and their membranes silvery bluishwhite to gray-bluish-white. Dark pigment of head similar to that in preserved specimens except that dorsal region of opercle appears silvery blue, almost a silvery sky blue. Principal caudal-fin rays 8-9 pale yellow basally, but with some dark pigment distally. Ray 10 and those below it with more of dark pigment approaching base of fin rays. Glandular tissue confined to rays 10-14 with limited dark pigment. Remainder of black pigment of caudal fin as described in preserved specimens. Anal fin reddish-gray distally. Basal one-half of anal fin reddish brown or reddish gray in both sexes with scattered brown and red chromatophores. Approximately distal one-half to three-fourths of pelvic fins translucent blue in both sexes. Pectoral fins yellow translucent. Dorsal more or less hyaline with rays darker gray than membranes.

Sexual dimorphism. Females of Glandulocauda caerulea lack glandular caudal tissue found in sexually active males. Females have modified dorsal caudal squamation found in males but modification is much smaller than in males (compare Figs. 20 and 21 ). Females lack anal- and pelvic-fin hooks found in males ( Fig. 27 ).

Live color pattern differences of photographed males and females in breeding condition from near type locality are very similar. The greatest difference is in fin coloration which is more intense in males.

Tables 4 and 5 indicate that body depth, caudal peduncle depth, pectoral-fin length, pelvic-fin length, dorsal-fin base length and dorsal-fin height are greater in males than females. Statistical analyses of these data were not carried out because samples are limited to a few large males rendering comparisons meaningless.

Distribution. Examined specimens of Glandulocauda caerulea originated in streams of the upper rio Iguaçu in Paraná and Santa Catarina States, Brazil. See fig. 3 in Menezes et al. (2008) as Glandulocauda melanopleura .

Ecology. The creek where G. caerulea was collected is a fastflowing clear water stream about 15-20 cm deep and about a meter wide. The bottom was a mixture of sand, mud, and rocks with logs and other natural debris common. Araucaria brasiliensis and a species of Podacarpus were the prominent tree components in the surrounding riparian habitat with relatively small shrub species also common.

More recently, Ingenito et al. (2004) collected many specimens of G. melanopleura (= G. caerulea ) in small very cold, clear water small creeks running into tributaries of rio Iguaçu. These were about 1.5 m wide and 0.3-1 m deep with marginal vegetation abundant.

Remarks. Glandulocauda caerulea and G. melanopleura can be distinguished by a variety of characters in addition to those utilized in the diagnosis. The color patterns are quite different with males of G. melanopleura predominantly yellowish brown while those of G. caerulea are predominantly blue.

Glandulocauda caerulea (then named as G. melanopleura ) was reported by Menezes & Weitzman (1990: 384) to have 4-6 perforated lateral line scales and G. melanopleura (then named as G. melanogenys ) to have 11-21 but additional material indicates the numbers are 4-8 and 7-27 respectively. A significant difference remains, in spite of a slight overlap.

Eigenmann (1911b: 168-170) first described three species in Glandulocauda : G. inequalis , G. melanogenys (the type species of the genus), and G. melanopleura . Unfortunately, Glandulocauda melanogenys is a junior synonym of Hyphessobrycon melanopleurus Ellis (1911: 157-158) , a situation not previously recognized. Thus, the species name melanogenys Eigenmann must be replaced by melanopleura Ellis. This makes G. melanopleura Eigenmann , proposed for a different species of Glandulocauda , a junior secondary homonym of G. melanopleura (Ellis) because both species are here kept in the same genus, Glandulocauda . A new replacement name, Glandulocauda caerulea Menezes & Weitzman , is here proposed for G. melanopleura Eigenmann.

Notes on type locality. The type locality of G. melanopleura (= G. caerulea ) was initially difficult to locate. Two localities bearing the name Serrinha, the type locality of G. melanopleura (= G. caerulea ) existed in the region of Paraná southwest of Curitiba. The Serrinha where Haseman collected in 1908, was a railroad junction at approximately 25°43’S 49°44’W on the American Geographical Society Map of Hispanic America, section “SG-22, Curityba”, provisional edition for 1937. This locality is still called Serrinha on some fairly recent maps (e. g., Mapa do Estado do São Paulo, Rodoviário e Político for 1979, Geomapas Produções Cartográficas Ltda., São Paulo), but it does not appear on most current maps. The Rede Ferroviária Federal S. A. relocated the railroad in this area and station Serrinha was abandoned. The inhabitants of Balsa Nova, PR, suggested that the station might still be found on a ranch called Lara Maria, where an old railroad station was found with a nearby stream, called the ribeirão Amola Faca, draining to the rio Iguaçu. This stream produced a variety of fishes, but no specimens of Glandulocauda caerulea . That species was however collected from an adjacent creek flowing into the ribeirão Amola Faca. Although it is uncertain wheter this creek was the type locality, it is probably very close to the locality where Haseman collected.

Material examined. Holotype of Glandulocauda melanopleura . FMNH 54895 , adult, 39.5 mm SL, Brazil, Paraná, Serrinha, rio Iguaçu , approximately 25°43’S 49°44’W, 22 Dec 1908, J. D. Haseman; see notes on type locality. Note: Weitzman & Fink (1985: 104) reported specimen as male. Although it has well-developed modified dorsal lobe caudal-fin squamation, mature eggs were revealed when a small slit was made on the right side of its abdomen . Paratypes of G. melanopleura . Collected with holotype: FMNH 54896 , 2 immature, 26.5-29.2 mm SL, (Note: These specimens identified as developing males by Weitzman & Fink, 1985: 104). Both have well-developed modified caudal squamation but no evidence of glandular tissue. It is impossible to determine their sex without histological section ); USNM 177725 , 1 maturing female, 29.4 mm SL, (Note: This specimen, identified as a male by Weitzman & Fink (1985: 104) because of its well-developed caudal squamation, but slit in right side of abdominal cavity revealed what looks to be a maturing ovary). Non-types. All collected in Brazil . MZUSP 53273 , 1 juvenile, 22.4 mm SL, 3 males and 1 female, adults, 37.6-42.8 mm SL, Paraná, brook tributary to rio Iguaçu, near fazenda Lara Maria , near road ; USNM 326756 3, adult males and females, 37.3-43.9 mm SL, 1, cleared and stained, adult male 39.4 mm SL, same locality as MZUSP 53273 ; MNRJ 5642 , 30 , 22 juveniles, 17.4-27.1 mm SL, 8 adult males and females, 28.5-35.2 mm SL, Santa Catarina, riacho dos Pardos, tributary to rio Canoinhas, tributary to rio Iguaçu , 5 Sept 1949, A. L. Carvalho .

Figures

Fig. 20. Glandulocauda caerulea, adult male, USNM 326756, 43.9 mm SL, Brazil, Paraná State, brook tributary to rio Iguaçu near Lara Maria Ranch.

Fig. 21. Glandulocauda caerulea, adult female, USNM 326756, 41.0 mm SL, Brazil, Paraná State, brook tributary to rio Iguaçu near Lara Maria Ranch.

Fig. 26. Glandulocauda caerulea, adult male, USNM 326756, 39.4 mm SL; anal-fin rays, lateral view, left side.Lateral view, left side.

Fig. 27. Glandulocauda caerulea, adult male, USNM 326756, 39.4 mm SL; pelvic-fin rays, ventral view, left side.

Fig. 32. Mimagoniates inequalis, adult male, MCP 9892, 37.0 mm SL; osteology of caudal skeleton and caudal-fin squamation (lower left inset) lateral view, left side. Cartilage represented by crosshatching.

Fig. 24. Glandulocauda caerulea, adult male, USNM 326756, 39.4 mm SL; detail of caudalsquamation in relation to principal caudal-fin rays 6-11. Lateral view, left side.

Fig. 28. Glandulocauda caerulea, adult male, USNM 326756, 39.4 mm SL; jaws and dentition, lateral view, right side, anterior at right.