Ptychoderes nebulosus ( Olivier, 1795 )

Mermudes, José Ricardo M. & Napp, Dilma Solange, 2006, Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini), Zootaxa 1182 (1), pp. 1-130 : 70-73

Ptychoderes nebulosus ( Olivier, 1795)

Figs. 7, 9, 11–51 , 55–63 , 69 , 78 , 92, 106 , 120 , 158–161 , 226–227 , 229, 235, 238 , 261 , 268

Macrocephalus nebulosus Olivier, 1795 (n° 80): 5, t. 1, fig. 3 a–c.

Ptychoderes nebulosus ; Schoenherr, 1823: col. 1135; Jekel, 1855: 48; Gemminger & Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 220 (cat.); Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); Wolfrum, 1953: 3 (cat. supl.); Faustini & Halstead, 1982: 45, 64 (setiferous sex patches); Marvaldi et al., 2002: 764 (molecular); Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).

Ptychoderes nebulosa [sic]; Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.).

Ptychoderes elongatus ; Lacordaire, 1830: 158; Gyllenhal in Schoenherr, 1833: 120 (non Germar, 1824).

Ptychoderes tricostifrons Fåhraeus in Schoenherr, 1839: 158; Jekel, 1855: 53; Gemminger & Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 220 (cat.); Jordan, 1906: 303, t. 10, Figs. 1, 1a ; Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.); Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.); Holloway, 1985: 162 (setiferous sex patches). Syn. nov.

Ptychoderes tricosifrons [sic]; Jekel, 1849: 10 (list.) (misspelling).

Ptychoderes nebulosus s. tricostifrons [sic]; Rheinheimer, 2004: 10 (cat.).

Ptychoderes columbianus Jekel, 1855: 50 ; Gemminger & Harold, 1872: 2722 (cat.); Bovie, 1906: 219 (cat.); Wolfrum, 1929: 6 (cat.). Syn. nov.

Ptychoderes columbiana [sic]; Blackwelder, 1947: 765 (cat.).

Ptychoderes nebulosus s. columbianus [sic]; Rheinheimer, 2004:10 (cat.).

Male. Vestiture ( Figs. 226–227 , 229 ): pale dorsal vitta with dense, appressed, whitish scales intermingled with decumbent light­brown scales denser on rostrum, head, and elytral interstriae 2 and 4; apical two thirds of elytra with sparse, suberect, fusiform, lightbrown scales. Pygidium with predominance of brownish scales. Ventral body surface ( Fig. 201 ) and legs with dense, appressed yellowish­white to grayish­white scales; sides of prosternum, below lateral carina, with continuous dark vitta of blackish­brown scales. Sides of mesosternum with wide glabrous vitta. Anterior angles of ventrites III–V with small, dark spot of dense, blackish­brown scales. Sides of metasternum, metepisterna and ventrites with shallow setigerous punctures, each provided with a light­brown scale. Outer surface of meso­ and metafemora with strip of blackish­brown scales.

Rostrum ( Figs. 7, 9, 11–23 ) 1.3–2.0 times as long as wide across base. Distance between scrobe and eyes from half as long to slightly longer than maximum width of eye. Sides looking tricarinate due to careniform upper margin of scrobe; upper carina elongate; with or without transverse carina between scrobal margin and lower carina. Scrobes careniform at dorsal and basal margins; extension wide, slightly deep with deep distal pit slightly wider than extension. Mentum with fine, shallow punctures; weakly impressed at sides and shallowly grooved at apical margin. Gula dull with sparse, fine punctures. Frons almost flat, not impressed near ocular margin, with prominent carinae. Head elongate behind eyes; vertex almost flat.

Antennae ( Figs. 226–227 , 229 ) from short, reaching basal third of elytra, to slightly longer than body, exceeding elytral apex by two club segments. Segments II to VII increasing in length; VIII–IX slightly shorter than VII; IX about 3 times as long as X; XI one third longer than X (II = 0.6–2.1; III = 0.6–2.5; IV = 0.6–3.3; V = 0.6–4.0; VI = 0.5–4.4; VII = 0.5–4.5; VIII = 0.3–4.1; IX = 0.6–3.5; X = 0.4–1.2; XI = 0.8–1.7).

Prothorax ( Figs. 33 , 37–46 , 226–227 , 229 , 261 ) slightly longer than wide, convergent anteriorly from antebasal carina. Longitudinal pronotal depression deep, with almost rounded tubercle, slightly prominent and flat on top, not reaching margins of depression. Rugae short and thickened, restricted to depression, less conspicuous in front of tubercle. Antebasal carina interrupted at middle (more than twice width of carina), sinuous towards lateral carina. Lateral carina strongly sinuous. Secondary carina barely curved, widely interrupted at middle, reaching lateral carina. Laterobasal carina not reaching posterior margin of prothorax. Prosternum ( Fig. 261 ) almost flat, with shallow, slightly conspicuous punctures; antecoxal furrow vestigial and curve. Intercoxal process of prosternum at same level of prosternum. Mesosternum uniformly, finely punctate, slightly impressed near intercoxal process. Intercoxal process of mesosternum with longitudinal impression at base, not swollen at lateral and apical margins, with lateroapical projections. Elytra about 2.5 times longer than wide across humeri, flattened between suture and interstriae 3; basal gibbosities inconspicuous. Surface rugose only at base, rugae more prominent at sides. Sides parallel at basal half, then slightly convergent apically. Apex ( Fig. 229 ) with subtransverse, prominent, anteapical tubercles, interstriae 3–9 not swollen. Wings with radial cell.

Abdomen. Ventrite I ( Fig. 238 ) with developed, almost rounded to suboval setiferous sex patch, clothed with dense, erect, moderately long, yellowish­white pilosity; intercoxal process deeply grooved. Ventrite V not impressed on disk, slightly emarginate at apical margin. Pygidium wider than long, subconvex at anterior half, with short groove to fit elytra; apical margin rounded­truncate.

Terminalia. Tergite VIII ( Fig. 78 ) wider than long, subparallel­sided, apical margin almost rounded; sternite VIII ( Fig. 92 ) almost rounded at sides, apical margin emarginate forming large, poorly defined lobes, apodeme triangular and sclerotised; apodeme of sternite IX ( Fig. 106 ) 2.6 times as long as arms. Tegmen ( Fig. 120 ) rounded at apex. Aedeagus ( Figs. 158–161 ) with arc between apodemes; tectum ( Fig. 159 ) almost straight at proximal margin, narrow at apical third; pedon ( Figs. 158, 160 ) with body strongly curved, thickened apically; apodemes curved or not. Internal sac ( Fig. 158 ) slightly shorter than aedeagus, spiculated at middle; median sclerites narrowed and sclerotised ( Fig. 161 ).

Female. Rostrum 1.2 times as long as wide across base. Antennae short, exceeding middle of prothorax; segments II to IV subequal in length, V–VII slightly shorter and subequal; VIII shortest; IX and XI conspicuously longer than remaining segments (II = 0.3–0.7; III = 0.3–0.7; IV = 0.3–0.7; V = 0.2–0.6; VI = 0.2–0.5; VII = 0.2–0.5; VIII = 0.1–0.4; IX = 0.4–0.7; X = 0.6–0.9; XI = 0.6–0.9). Prothorax as long as wide. Elytra less flattened, lacking fusiform scales. Ventrite V expanded on each side at apex. Disk of ventrite I, in some females with undamaged ventral vestiture, with dense, shining pilosity looking like male sex patch, but pilosity not erect. Terminalia similar to that of P. mixtus , differing by elongate spermathecal gland, about 5 times as long as spermatheca.

Measurements, in mm, male/female, respectively. TL = 11.5–24.2/9.0–20.5; RL = 1.7–4.3/1.2–2.7; RAW = 1.5–2.3/1.2–2.3; RBW = 1.3–2.0/1.0–2.2; HW = 1.8–3.1/ 1.5–2.9; DSO = 0.6–1.8/0.4–1.0; MLO = 1.1–1.7/0.7–1.7; PL = 3.2–6.5/2.5–5.7; PW = 3.0–5.2/2.4–5.1; EL = 7.5–15.9/5.8–13.5; EW = 3.3–6.3/2.8–5.8.

Variability

The dorsal whitish vitta may be either more or less conspicuous depending on the density of the light­brown scales ( Figs. 198–199 ). Intercoxal process of mesosternum rarely without lateroapical projections. Large males with elytra more strongly depressed ( Fig. 199 ). All the variations including the colour of ventral vestiture, shape of setiferous sex patch and apodemes of pedon, are randomly found having no relation with geographical distribution.

Type material

The type material of Macrocephalus nebulosus Olivier, 1795 , was not located, and that of P. tricostifrons Fåhraeus, 1839 (NHRS), not examined. P. nebulosus was described from French Guiana, and P. tricostifrons from Mexico.

Jekel (1855) did not mention the number of specimens he studied. Syntypes of P. columbianus Jekel, 1855 (1 male, 1 female) (MNHN), were examined. The specimens have a single common label fixed at the box bottom, written: “Columbianus, Jek. Ins. Saund., Columb.” The female has an additional label, written: “Columb”. Type locality. Jekel (1855) reported specimens from Colombia (Bogotá and Cartagena) and Brazil (Amazonas and Pará).

Remarks

P. nebulosus differs from P. elongatus by the characters given in the key. See other remarks under P. elongatus .

Jordan (1906: 302) questioned the distinction among the Ptychoderes species of the "Group 1", mainly among those having elytral anteapical tubercles ( P. nebulosus , P. tricostifrons , P. columbianus and P. elongatus ). Actually, the characters mentioned by Jekel (1855: 51) to differentiate P. columbianus from P. elongatus are so subtle that they are not sufficient to recognize them. The exam of large amount of specimens widely distributed showed that, probably, they have been identified according to their provenance.

The knowledge of new characters to distinguish P. nebulosus and P. elongatus plus the study of great amount of material recorded from wide distribution area, showed: 1) the strong variability of characters mentioned by previous authors as distinctive of P. nebulosus , P. tricostifrons and P. columbianus ; 2) that the variability is not related to geographical distribution, occurring randomly in specimens from the same locality; 3) the consistency of characters used in the present work to differentiate P. nebulosus from P. elongatus , also in areas where they are sympatric. These facts justify the proposed synonymy of P. columbianus and P. tricostifrons under P. nebulosus , and the distinction of the latter from of P. elongatus , partially corroborating Jordan (1906).

Distribution ( Fig. 268 )

From southern MEXICO to PARAGUAY, reaching ECUADOR at west, and coast of BRAZIL (São Paulo) at east. In eastern BRAZIL (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo), P. nebulosus occurs in sympatry with P. elongatus .

Material examined

MEXICO. 1 M ( MZSP) ; 1 M, 1 F, Le Moult vend. ( ISNB) ; 1 M, 1 F, ex­coll. K. Jordan ( BMNH) ; 1 M, ex­coll. Dejean & ex­coll. Roelofs ( ISNB) . Canelas (not stated). 1 F, Heyne , Berlin­Wilm. leg. ( ISNB) . Las Mercedes (not stated) (3.000 ft), 1 F, ex­coll. Champion ( ISNB) . Ghiesbrecht (not stated)1 M, 1 F ( ISNB) ; Vermächtnis (not stated). 1 M, 1907, Lorenz leg. ( NHMB) . Nayarit: Tuxpan , 1 F, ex­coll Sallé ( ISNB) . Colima: Colima, 2 M; VeraCruz : ( Lake Catemaco ), 1 F, VI.1969, Howden leg. ( CPHH) . BELIZE. 1 M ( BMNH) ; Stann Creek: Stann Creek Valley , 1 M, VIII.1933, 1 M, XI.1933 ( BMNH) .

GUATEMALA. El Peten: Tikal,1 F, XII.1960, ex­coll. F. Tutzing ( NHMB) . Rio Maria Linda (not stated) (500 ft.), 1 F, ex­col. Champion ( BMNH) . Alta VeraPaz: Panzos, 1 F, ex­col. Champion ( ISNB) ; Atitlan Vulcano (25–3560 ft), 2 M, ex­col. Champion ( ISNB), (25–2500 ft) , 1 M ex­col. Champion ( BMNH) . NICARAGUA. Rio Ran Juan: Rio San Juan (Refugio Barbola) 1 M ( MZSP) , 1 F ( SEAN), XI.1999, Maes & Hernandez leg..

COSTA RICA. Puntarenas: P. N. Corcovado, (Est. Sirena, 0–100 m,). 1 M, XI .1989, 2 M, 5 F, XII.1989, 1 F, II.1990, 1 M, IV.1990, 1 M, III.1991, 1 F, IV.1991, 1 M, V.1992, 1 F, VI.1992, 1 F, III.1993, 1 M, 1 F, IV.1993, 1 M, 2 F, IX.1993, 1 M, IV.1994, 1 M, V .1994 , Fonseca leg., 1 M, 1 F, X.1990, 2 M, 1 F, XII.1990, Saborio leg., 1 M, 1 F, VI.1990, Obando leg., 1 M, IV.1992, Rodriguez leg., 1 F, IV.1995, Gamboa leg., 1 M, III – IV.1992, Fuentes leg., 1 F, III.1995, Zumbado leg., 1 F, VI .1990 , Maass leg., 1 M, I.1981, Janzzen & Hallwacks leg. ( INBC, MZSP); (Península de Osa, Rancho Queimado , 200 m,). 1 M, V.1991, Saborio leg., 3 M, IV.1992, Brenes leg., 1 M, V.1992, Quesada & Varela leg., 1 M, III.1993, Fonseca leg., 1 M, II.1994, 1 M, V .1994 , Marin leg. ( INBC, MZSP); Península Osa (Bosque Esquinas, 200 m). 1 M, I.1994, Quesada leg. ( INBC); Res. Biol. Carara ( Est. Quebrada Bonita , 50 m,). 1 M, VI.1990, Rojas leg., 2 M, 2 F, VII.1990, Bello & Rojas leg., 1 F, VI.1990, Bello leg., 1 M, III – IV, Campos leg., 1 M, X.1993, 1 F, I.1994, Guzmán leg., 1 M, 1 F, V .1992, 1 F, I.1993, 1 F, IV .1994, Saborio leg., 1 F, IV.1989, 2 F, VIII.1989, 2 M, 1 F, IX .1989 , 2 M, 2 F, X.1989, 1 M, 1 F, XI.1989, 1 M, XII.1989, 1 M, 1 F, V.1990, 2 F, VI .1990 , Zuniga leg. ( INBC, MZSP); ditto ( Est. Carara , 200 m, L–N 195250, 478700). 1 M, III.1990, Zuniga leg. ( INBC); R. N. Cabo Blanco (Est. San Miguel, 1 m). 1 M, IV .1971, Alvarado leg. ( INBC); (Est. San Miguel, L–N 173174, 411412). 1 M, 1 F, IX .1993, Ramírez leg. ( INBC); ( Est. Agujas , 300 m). 1 F, X.1995, 1 M, 1 F, IX .1997, 1 M, III.1998, Azofeita leg., 1 M, XI.1997, 1 F, XII .1997 , Labo leg. ( INBC); P. N. Manuel Antonio (Quepos, 800 m). 1 M, IV.1991, Zuniga leg., 1 M, IV.1991, 1 F, VIII.1991, 1 F, XI.1991, 1 F, IV .1992 , Varela leg. ( INBC); ( Centro Juvenil Tropical , 100 m). 1 F, VII .1997 , Lobo leg. (light trap) ( INBC); P. N. Amistad. (Est. Las Mellizas, 1300 m). 2 M, IV .1989 , Ramírez & Mora leg. ( INBC); (Albergue Cerro de Oro, 150 m). 1 F, VIII .1995 , Angulo leg. (light trap), 1 F, V – VI .1995 , Gamboa leg. ( INBC); (Potrero, Gde B. Aires , Los Angeles, 700 m). 1 F, II .1992 , Ramírez, Quesada, Mora, Zumbado leg. ( INBC); Alajuela: (Caño Negro, R. N. V. S., 20 m). 1 F, II .1995, Flores leg. ( INBC); San Ramon (San Luiz, Bajo Córdoba). 1 M, V .1985, Roff leg. ( INBC). Limón: (Hamburgfarm, Reventazon), 1 F, VIII .1934, Nevermann leg. (an trocknem Holz) ( NHMB); (Waldeck Farm), 1 M, V .1930, Nivermann leg. (in frischem Holzchlag nachts); ( R. N. F. S. Gandoca y Manzanillo, Manzanillo, 0–100 m). 2 M, 3 F, IX –X.1992, 2 M, XI.1992, 1 F, XII.1992, Quesada leg., 2 M, X– XI .1992 , Taylor leg. ( INBC, MZSP); ( Amubri , 70 m). 1 F, VI.1993, 1 F, IX .1993 , 2 F, X.1993, 1 M, I.1995, Gallardo leg. ( INBC); ( Amubri , Talamanca). 2 M, VII .1992 , Gallardo leg. ( INBC); ( Finca de E. Rojas, Sector Cerro Cocori, 150 m). 1 M, IX.1990, 1 F, III.1991, 1 F, VIII .1991 , 1 M, X.1991, 1 F, I.1992, 1 F, I– II.1992, 1 M, 3 F, V.1992, 3 M, 2 F, V – VI.1992, 1 M, IX .1992 , 1 F, X.1992, 1 F, XI.1992, 1 F, VIII.1993, 1 M, IX.1993, 3 M, XI.1993, 2 F, IV.1994, 1 M, 6 F, V.1994, 1 F, V – VI .1994 , 1 M, X.1994, Rojas leg., 2 M, 3 F, III. IV .1992 , Quesada leg. ( INBC, MZSP); Torturego (20 ft), 1 M, II – III .1982 Kirby leg. ( BMNH), P. N. Tortuguero (Cerro Tortuguero, 0–120 m). 1 F, Delgado leg. ( INBC), ( Est. Cuatro Esquinas , 0 m). 1 M, XII .1992 , 1 M, 2 F, I.1993, 3 M, 2 F, II .1993 , Delgado leg. ( INBC); (Res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, Est. H. Cerere, 100 m, Rio Cerere ). 1 M, 1 F, VI.1992, 2 M, VII.1992, 3 M, XI.1992, 1 F, VI.1994, Carballo leg., 2 M, 1 F, VII.1992, Quesada leg., 1 M, IX.1990, Barrelier leg., 3 M, 2 F, VIII .1992 , Gallardo leg. ( INBC); ( R. B. H. Cerere, Valle La Estrella, 100 m). 2 M, 2 F, Carballo leg. ( INBC); ( R. B. H. Cerere, Est. Miramar , 500 m). 2 F, VIII .1992 , Carballo leg. ( INBC); Suretka (not stated), Rio Vatri , 60 m). 1 M, III.1987, Solis leg. ( INBC). Guanacaste: P. N. Guanacaste (Est. Pitilla, 700 m, 9 Km S Sta Cecília). 1 F, IV – V.1993, 1 M, 1 F, VI.1993, Rios leg., 1 M, 1 F, V .1998 , Biodiversity Survey leg. ( INBC); ( Est. Pitilla , 400 m, 5 Km SO Sta Cecília). 3 M, XII . 1990 , Rios & Moraga leg. ( INBC); (P. N. Santa Rosa , 300 m). 1 F, XII .1982 , Janzen & Hallwachs leg. ( INBC); ( Est. Maritza , 600 m, O side of Orosi Vulcano, L–N, 326900, 373000). 1 M, I– III.1992, Brenes leg., 1 F, V.1992, II Curso ParaTaxonomos leg. ( INBC); P. N. Rincon de La Vieja (Est. Las Pailas, 800 m). 1 M, IX –X.1992, 3 M, 2 F, X– XI.1992, Garcia leg., 1 F, IV .1993 , Taylor leg., 3 F, I.1992, 1 M, IX –X.1992, 1 F, XII.1992, Cano leg., 1 M, 1 F, XI – XII.1992, 1 F, I– IV.1993, Sihezar & Rodriguez leg. ( INBC, MZSP). Heredia: P. N. Bráulio Carrillo (Est. Magsasay, 200 m). 2 M, 1 F, X.1990, 1 M, 3 F, V .1991, Fernandez leg., 1 M, IV .1991 , Fernandez, Salicetti & Foster leg., 1 M, VI.1990, Alcazar leg., 1 M, V .1991 , Aguilar leg. ( INBC), ( Est. El Ceibo , 400–600 m). 1 F, Chaves leg. ( INBC). Cartago: Turrialba (600m), 1 F, I.1971, 1 M, 1 F, VII .1971, 1 M, I.1972, 1 F, I.1973, 1 F, IV .1973, 1 M, VII.1973, V. Becker leg. ( DZUP, MZSP). PANAMA. Chiriquí: Vólcan de Chiriqui (2–3000 ft.) 1 M, ex­col. Champion ( BMNH) ; Chiriqui 2 M, 2 F ( NHMB), 1 F, ex­col. Bettinger ( ISNB). Canal Zone: Ilha Barro Colorado , 1 M, VIII .1941, Johnson leg. ( UCMC), 1 M, XI.1956, Britski leg. ( MZSP), 1 F, IV .1924 , Bradley leg. ( NHMB); Frijoles (not stated), 1 M, V . 1981 , Gill leg. ( CPHH), Puerto Armuelles, 1 M, VI.1930, Bierig leg. ( NHMB). TRINIDAD & TOGAGO. Trinidad: Caparo. 1 M (no data), A. Heyne, Berlin­Wilm. leg. ( ISNB). VENE ZUELA . Distrito Federal: Caracas. 1 M, VII . 1965, Kultzer leg. ( NHMB). COLOMBIA. 2 M, ex­col. K. Jordan ( BMNH); 1 M (no data) ex­col. Madon ( ISNB); 1 M, ex­coll. Lacordaire ( ISNB); Choco : Darien , 1 M, Hodge leg. ( BMNH), PNN Enseada de Utria Cocalito (6°1’N, 77°20’W, 20 m), 1 F, XI – XII.2000, Pérez leg. (malaise) ( IAHC). Valle del Cauca : Cali (1.035 m), 1 F, I.1960, Dirings leg. ( MZSP), Rio Dagua , 1 F, Rosemberg leg. ( BMNH) . Cundinamarca: Bogotá, 1 F ( BMNH), 1 F, XII .1996, Bürger leg. ( NHMB). Pehlke (= Hacienda Pehlke or Hamburgo), 2 M, 2 F, 1929, Pehlke leg. ( NHMB); 2 F (no data) ( NHMB). Cezar: Chiriguana ( Lago Sapatoza region = Ciénaga Zapatosa), 2 F ( BMNH), 1 F ( MZSP), IX .1924, Allen leg. FRENCH GUIANA. Gourdonville, 1 F, VIII .1905, 1 F, X.1905 ( BMNH), 1 M ( BMNH), 1 M ( MZSP), I.1906 (no leg.) ( BMNH); Pariacabo , 5 M, IX .1905, 1 M, 1 F, XII .1905 , 1 F, I.1906 ( MZSP); Passoura, 1 M ( MZSP), 1 F ( BMNH), VIII .1905 , 1 M, I.1906 ( BMNH). EQUADOR. Napo: Lambaqui. 1 F, III .1983, Huggert leg. ( MZLU). El Oro: Zaruma, 1 M, 12–?–15, Rohwen leg. ( UCMC) ; Pichincha: (250 m, 47 Km S of Santo Domingo, Rio Palenque), 1 F, II .1979, Marshall leg.; (500 m, Tinalandia, 16 Km SO Santo Domingo), 1 M, VI .1976, Peck leg. ( CPHH). Baron (not stated), 2 M, 6 F ( BMNH), 1 M ( MZSP). Dureno (150 m), 1 F, IX .1977 (no leg.) ( SEAN). Archidona (not stated). 1 M, Haensch leg. ( NHMB). Balzapamba (not stated). 1 M, Haensch leg. ( NHMB) . PERU. 1 M ( NHMB) . Junin: Chanchamayo (not stated), 1 F ( NHMB) . Pasco: Pozuzo. 1 F (no date) ( NHMB), 2 M, ex­col. Bettinger ( ISNB) . Huanuco – Loreto: Rio Pachitea , 1 M, 1 F (no data) ( NHMB) . Cuzco: Marcapata, 3 M, 1 F (no date) ( NHMB) . Ayacucho: Rio Toro , 1 F (no date) ( NHMB) . BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Chaparé ([Villa] Tunari), 1 M, II .1953, Martinez leg.; (Chipiriri), 1 M, 1 F, IV .1943, Martinez leg. ( MZSP); Santa Cruz: Buenavista (Ichilo), 1 M, II .1950, Martinez leg. ( MZSP), (450 m). 1 M, Steinbach leg. ( NHMB); ( Rio Colorado , Alto Surutu, not stated) 1 M, II .1964, Martinez leg. ( MACN). BRAZIL. 1 M, ex­col. Lacordaire ( ISNB) . Amapá: Ferreira Gomes ( Barragem do Bredão ), 1 F, VIII .1996, Magno leg. ( MNRJ); Oiapoque ( BR 156 , Km 12), 1 F, XII .2000, Magno leg. ( MNRJ); Serra do Navio (assentamento), 1 M, X. 1996, 2 M, X.1997, Magno leg. ( MNRJ). Amazonas : Benjamin Constant, 1 M, IX .1956, Lima leg. ( MNRJ); 1 M, X.1960, Pereira leg. ( MNRJ), ( Rio Javari ), 1 F, VII .1954, 1 M, 3 F, VII.1956, 1 M, IV.1960, 1 F, VIII .1960 , 1 M, I.1961, 1 F, II.1961, 1 M, III .1961 , 10 M, 7 F, X.1961, 2 M, I.1962, 2 F, III.1962, 2 M, 3 F, V.1962, 1 M, 1 F, VI.1962, 6 M, 1 F, XII.1962, 1 F, II.1963, 1 M, VIII.1963, 1 M, II.1964, 3 F, Dirings leg. ( MZSP), 1 F, III.1942, 1 M, V .1942 , Pohl leg. ( MZSP); Manaus, 1 F, XI.1955, 3 M, XII .1955 , 1 M, 1 F, X.1957, 3 M, XI .1957 , Elias & Roppa leg. ( MNRJ), ( Est. Am 1, Km 64), 3 M and 3 F, VIII .1970 , Faustino leg. ( INPA); (Est. Colônia), 1 M, III .1976 , L. P.A. leg. ( INPA), Reserva Ducke, 1 M, V .1968 , (Col [ônia] Santo Antonio), 1 M, III .1982 , Antonio leg. ( INPA); Maturacá ( Rio Negro ), 1 M, I.1963, J. & B. Bechyné leg. ( MPEG); São Paulo de Olivença ( Rio Solimões ), 1 M, III .1960, 1 M, 2 F, XII .1960 , Dirings leg. ( MZSP); Tabatinga, 1 F, VII.1956, Alvarenga leg. ( MNRJ), 1 M, IX .1956 , 1 M, 2 F, X.1956, Oliveira leg. ( MNRJ); 5 M, 1 F, X.1956, 2 M, 3 F, Sousa Lima leg. ( MNRJ), 2 M, 2 F, IV .1978 , Pereira leg. ( MNRJ). Pará: Conceição do Araguaia , 1 M, XI .1979 , Neto leg. ( MPEG); Itaituba (Rio Tapajós), 1 M, I.1961, 1 F, X.1963, Dirings leg. ( MZSP); Óbidos (Baixo Amazonas), 1 F, IV.1960, 1 F, III .1963 , Dirings leg. ( MZSP), (Colônia Rio Branco ), 1 F, XII.1952, Teles leg. ( MNRJ); 1 F, VIII .1955 , Brazilino leg. ( MNRJ), Jacareacanga, 1 F, X.1959, Alvarenga leg. ( MNRJ); Tucurui (right margin), 1 M, III.1979, Overal leg. ( MPEG). Acre: Rio Branco , 4 M, 2 F, XI .1961, Oliveira leg. ( MNRJ). Rondônia: Forte Príncipe da Beira , 1 M, 4 F, XI .1961, Oliveira leg. ( MNRJ); Ouro Preto d’Oeste. 1 F, X.1987, Elias leg. (Polonoroeste) ( MNRJ); 1 M, 1 F, X.1986, Roppa, Magno & J. Becker leg. ( MNRJ); Porto Velho ( Guaporé ), 1 F, X.1954, Pereira, Dente & Alvarenga leg. ( MZSP), 1 M, 1 F, Pereira, Dente & Alvarenga leg. ( MNRJ); Vilhena , 1 F, XI .1986, 1 F, I.1987, Elias leg. (Polonoroeste) ( MNRJ); 1 F, XI .1960, Alvarenga leg. ( MNRJ). Ceará: Carquejo, 1 F, III .1963, Dirings leg. ( MZSP). Mato Grosso: Barra Bugres, 1 M, IX .1989, Matos leg. ( UFMT); Cuiabá, 1 M, XI .1990, Silva leg. [light] ( UFMT); Diamantino (Alto Rio Arinos, Faz. São João ), 2 M, 1 F, X.1983, J. Becker, Roppa & Silva leg. ( MNRJ), Iguatemi , 1 M, XII .1964, Kloss leg. ( MZSP), Rio Verde (400 m), 1 F, X.1960 (no leg.) ( DZUP), Rosário Oeste, 2 F, I.1972, Dirings leg. ( MZSP), Sinop (12°31’ S, 55°37’ W, 350 m), 4 M, 1 F, IX .1974, 1 M, 1 F, X.1975, 1 M, IX .1976, Alvarenga & Roppa leg. ( MNRJ); ( Faz. Teles ), 3 F, X.1974, 1 M, X.1976, Silva leg. ( MNRJ); Juína, 2 M, 1 F, IV – VI.1985, Silva leg. ( MNRJ). Mato Grosso do Sul: Dourados , 3 M, I.1976, Lorenzoni leg. ( DZUP) . Goiás: Anápolis, 1 M, (no date) ( MZSP), Goiânia, 1 M, III .1962, Oliveira leg. ( MNRJ), Mineiros , 5 M, 4 F, X.1994, 2 M, XI .1994, Magno leg. ( MNRJ). Bahia: Camacã (Faz. Sta Maria) 1 F, XII .1978, Benton leg.; 2 M, 4 F (ex­col Fry) ( BMNH – DZUP). Encruzilhada ( Estr. Rio – Bahia, Km 965, 960 m), 3 M, 1 F, XI .1974, 3 M, XII .1974 , Seabra & Roppa leg. ( MNRJ); Itamaraju, 1 F, XI .1985 , Roppa leg. ( MNRJ); ( Prado Itamaraju ) 1 F, X.1969, Roppa leg. ( MNRJ). Minas Gerais: Araxá, 1 M, XI .1965, E lias leg. ( DZUP); Ibiá , X.1965, Elias leg. ( DZUP) . Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra, 6 M, 2 F, V .1968, 3 F, X.1968, 1 F, XI .1968, 5 M, 3 F, XII .1968 , 1 M, 1 F, X.1969, 1 F, XI .1969 , 1 M, I.1970, Elias leg. ( DZUP, MNRJ); Barra do São Francisco ( Córrego Ita ), 1 M, 1 F, X.1954, 2 M, I.1955, 7 M, 6 F, XI.1956, Zikán leg., 2 M, 5 F, XI.1957, Almeida leg., 1 F, II.1955, 1 M, 1 F, XII .1959 , Grossmann leg. ( DZUP). Córrego dos Menezes , 1 M, I.1971 (no leg.), 1 M, 2 F, XII .1971 , Lima leg. ( DZUP). Linhares, 1 M, XII.1969, 1 M, IX.1973, Elias leg.; 3 F, XII.1969, 2 M, 3 F, XII.1970, Alvarenga leg.; 2 M, 1 F, XI.1971, Silva leg.; 2 M, 2 F, XII .1965 , 1 M, I.1967, Maller leg. ( DZUP), 1 F, X.1972, 1 F, XI.1972, 1 M, VI.1973, Elias leg. ( MZSP), 7 M, 3 F, XI – XII.1969, 1 F, II.1970, 2 M, 9 F, III – IV .1970 , 1 M, X.1971, 4 M, 2 F, III.1972, 1 M, IX.1972, Silva leg., 1 M, XI.1972, de Paula leg., 1 F, 1973, 1 M, II .1975 , Elias leg. ( MNRJ); (Bananal). 1 M, 3 F, XI .1971 , Lima leg. ( DZUP); (Parque Sooretama), 1 M, IV.1968, Silva leg. ( MNRJ), 4 M, II .1968 , Oliveira leg.; 3 F, I.1971, 1 F, II .1971 , Lima leg.; 2 M, 3 F, Werner, Oliveira & Seabra leg.; 3 F, V.1953, Teles leg.; 1 M, XII.1970 (no leg.) ( DZUP), 2 M, VI .1969 , Silva leg. ( MZSP); Pinheiros, 1 M, XI .1971 , Lima leg. ( DZUP). São Mateus (Barra Seca), 1 M, XII.1965, 1 F, XII.1969, 1 M, IV.1970, 1 M, 2 F, XII.1969, Lima leg. ( DZUP). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, 1 F, III .1969, Fragoso leg. ( MNRJ). São Paulo: Araras, 1 F, XI .1986, Campos leg. (light trap) ( MZSP); Franca, 1 M, 1902, 3 F, XI .1902, Dreher leg. ( MZSP), 2 F, XI.1902, Dreher leg. ( BMNH).; 1 M, 1 F, XII.1902, 1 F, VIII .1903 , (no leg.) ( MZSP); Peruíbe ( Barra do Una ), 1 F, XII .1980 , Expedição MZSP leg. ( MZSP); Porto Cabral, 1 M, 1 F, III .1974 , Travassos, Carreira, Dente leg. ( MZSP); Rio Preto , 1 M, I.1928, Pohl leg. ( MZSP). PARAGUAY. 1 M ( BMNH); 1 M, XI .1949, 1 F XII.1949, Hokeman leg. ( NHMB).

Figures

FIGURES 1–11. Head, dorsal. 1, Cerambyrhynchus schoenherri; 2, Phloeopemon acuticornis; 3, Phloeotragus heros; 4, Tribotropis prasinata; 5, Hypselotropis annulicornis; 6, Unanthribus maximus; 7, Ptychoderes nebulosus. Head, lateral. 8, Phloeotragus heros; 9, Ptychoderes nebulosus. Mentum, ventral. 10, Phloeotragus heros; 11, Ptychoderes nebulosus. dp=distal pit; lc=lower carina; ms = maxilar sinus; sp=subocular pit; uc=upper carina. Figures 1–5, 8–9, 10–11, respectively, in the same scale; scales bar=1 mm.

FIGURES 12–15. Ptychoderes nebulosus. 12, head, dorsal; 13, apex of rostrum; 14, carinae of frons; 15, apex of dorsolateral carina.

FIGURES 16–18. Ptychoderes nebulosus. 16, head, lateral; 17, scrobe (=s), extension of scrobe (=es) and distal pit (=dp); 18, subocular pit (=sp).

FIGURES 19–21. Ptychoderes nebulosus. 19, head, ventral; 20, mentum; 21, anterior view of mentum (labium excluded).

FIGURES 22–23. Ptychoderes nebulosus. 22, extension of scrobe and distal pit (=dp); 23, subocular pit (=sp).

FIGURES 24–36. 24–30. Ptychoderes nebulosus. 24, labrum, dorsal; 25, left mandible, dorsal; 26, right mandible, dorsal; 27, left mandible, ventral; 28, maxilla, ventral; 29, labium, ventral; 30, proendosternite. Figs. 31–33, prothorax, lateral. 31, Hypselotropis annulicornis; 32, Ptychoderes virgatus; 33, P. nebulosus. Figs. 34–35, P. nebulosus. 34, mesoscutum and scutellum; 35, meso­ and metasternum ventral; 36, idem lateral. ac= antebasal carina; lbc=laterobasal carina; lc=lateral carina; sc=secondary carina. Figures 24–29, 30–33, 35–36, respectively, in the same scale; scales bar = 1mm.

FIGURES 37–40. Ptychoderes nebulosus, prothorax. 37, dorsal view; 38, detail of the rugae of pronotum; 39, antebasal and secondary carinae; 40, posterior margin of prothorax. ac= antebasal carina; sc=secondary carina.

FIGURES 41–42. Ptychoderes nebulosus, details of bract units of antebasal carina. 41, dorsal view; 42, anterior view.

FIGURES 43–46. Ptychoderes nebulosus, prothorax. 43, lateral view; 44, detail of carinae and posterior margin of prothorax; 45, bract units of lateral carina; 46; setigerous punctures of prosternum. ac= antebasal carina; lbc=laterobasal carina; lc=lateral carina; sc=secondary carina.

FIGURES 47–54. Ptychoderes nebulosus, 47, mesendosternite; 48–50, metendosternite, 48, dorsal­posterior, 49, lateral, 50, anterior; 51, wing. 52–54. Pygidium of male, dorsal. 52, Ptychoderes depressus; 53, P. longicollis; 54, P. callosus. at=anterior tendons; la=lateral arms; lm=lamina; m=mesendosternite; C=Costae; Cu=Cubitus; Cu1=1st branch of Cubitus; J=Jugal; M=Media; r­m=transverse radial­media; R=Radial; Rc=radial cell; Rs= Radial sector; Sc=Subcostae; 1A =1st anal branch of 1A; 1A =2nd branch of 1A; 2A=2nd Anal; 3A=3rd Anal. 1 2 Figures 48–50, 53–54, respectively, in the same scale; scales bar=1mm.

FIGURES 55–57. Ptychoderes nebulosus, profemora. 55, outer surface showing glabrous area (arrowed); 56–57, details of glabrous area and punctation.

FIGURES 58–60. Ptychoderes nebulosus, mesofemora. 58, outer surface showing glabrous area (arrowed); 59–60, details of glabrous area and punctation.

FIGURES 61–63. Ptychoderes nebulosus, metafemora. 61, outer surface showing glabrous area (arrowed); 62–63, details of glabrous area and punctation.

FIGURES 64–69. Posterior leg. 64, Cerambyrhynchus schoenherri; 65, Phloeopemon acuticornis; 66, Phloeotragus heros; 67, Tribotropis prasinata; 68, Unanthribus maximus; 69, Ptychoderes nebulosus; scale bar = 1mm.

FIGURES 70–84. Eighth tergite, male, dorsal. 70, Hypselotropis annulicornis; 71, Ptychoderes mixtus; 72, P. bivittatus; 73, P. callosus; 74, P. rugicollis; 75, P. viridanus; 76, P. antiquus; 77, P. elongatus; 78, P.nebulosus; 79, P. longicollis; 80, P.jordani; 81, P. obsoletus; 82, P. magnus; 83, P. depressus; 84, P. virgatus; scale bar = 1mm.

FIGURES 85–112. 85–98, eighth sternite, male, ventral. 85, Ptychoderes mixtus; 86, P. bivittatus; 87, P. callosus; 88, P. rugicollis; 89, P. viridanus; 90, P. antiquus; 91, P. elongatus; 92, P. nebulosus; 93, P. longicollis; 94, P. jordani; 95, P. obsoletus; 96, P. magnus; 97, P. depressus; 98, P. virgatus. 99–112, ninth sternite, male, ventral. 99, Ptychoderes mixtus; 100, P. bivittatus; 101, P. callosus; 102, P. rugicollis; 103, P. viridanus; 104, P. antiquus; 105, P. elongatus; 106, P.nebulosus; 107, P. longicollis; 108, P. jordani; 109, P. obsoletus; 110, P. magnus; 111, P. depressus; 112, P. virgatus; scale bar = 1mm.

FIGURES 113–126. Tegmen, dorsal. 113, Ptychoderes mixtus; 114, P. bivittatus; 115, P. callosus; 116, P. rugicollis; 117, P. viridanus; 118, P. antiquus; 119, P. elongatus; 120, P. nebulosus; 121, P. longicollis; 122, P. jordani; 123, P. obsoletus; 124, P. magnus; 125, P. depressus; 126, P. virgatus. ap=apodeme; pf=preapical flange; sr=sclerotized ring; scale bar = 1mm.

FIGURES 158–176. Aedeagus. 158–161, Ptychoderes nebulosus, lateral, dorsal and ventral; 161, sclerite, dorsal; 162–164, P. longicollis, lateral, dorsal and ventral; 165–168, P. jordani, lateral, dorsal and ventral; 168, sclerite, dorsal; 169–172, P. obsoletus, lateral, dorsal and ventral; 172, sclerite, dorsal; 173–176, P. magnus, lateral, dorsal and ventral, 176, sclerite, dorsal; scale bar = 1mm.

FIGURES 221–227. 221, Ptychoderes callosus Jekel, 1855, male; 222, P. rugicollis Jordan, 1895, male; 223, P. viridanus Boheman, 1833, male; 224, P. antiquus Jekel, 1855, male; 225, P. elongatus (Germar, 1824), male; 226–227, P. nebulosus (Olivier, 1795), male.

FIGURES 228–238. 228, Ptychoderes bivittatus Jordan, 1894, male; 229, P. nebulosus (Olivier, 1795), male; 230, P. brevis Jordan, 1894, female holotype. 231–234 detail of elytral apex. 231, Unanthribus maximus; 232, Ptychoderes mixtus; 233, Ptychoderes elongatus; 234, Ptychoderes callosus. 235, pygidium and ventrite V, Ptychoderes nebulosus. 236–238, ventrite I, male. 236, Ptychoderes mixtus; 237, Ptychoderes rugicollis; 238, Ptychoderes nebulosus.

FIGURES 251–262. Prosternum. 251, Tribotropis prasinata; 252, Unanthribus grandis; 253, Ptychoderes virgatus; 254, P. jekeli, female holotype; 255, P. magnus, male holotype; 256, P. obsoletus; 257, P. longicollis, male holotype; 258, P. viridanus; 259, P. rugicollis; 260, P. callosus; 261, P.nebulosus; 262, P. elongatus.

FIGURES 267–268. 267. Geographical distribution of P. rugicollis (black squares), P. callosus (black triangles). 268. Geographical distribution of P. elongatus (black circles), P. nebulosus (white circles).

FIGURES 196–201. Rectal plates. 196–199, lateral. 196, Hypselotropis annulicornis; 197, Phloeotragus heros; 198, Ptychoderes longicollis, 199, P. mixtus; 200–201, dorsal. 200, P. longicollis, 201, P. mixtus; rl=rectal loop. Figures. 196–198, 199–201, respectively, in the same scale; scale bars = 1mm.