Proculigyrus cicatricosus ( Prell, 1937 ) López-García, Margarita M. & Deloya, Cuauhtémoc, 2022

López-García, Margarita M. & Deloya, Cuauhtémoc, 2022, Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification and taxonomic revision, Zootaxa 5211 (1), pp. 1-119 : 21-22

Proculigyrus cicatricosus ( Prell, 1937) new combination

( Figs. 1B , 2F , 4B , 5B , 8A, D , 9B , 11B , 12B, 12H , 13B , 14B , 15C , 17C , 21B , 24C ; 40 )

Ligyrus cicatricosus Prell, 1937: 90 . Original combination.

Male lectotype designated by Endrödi (1969) (ZMHB) “ Mexico // Ligyrus / ( Anagrylius ) / cicatricosus Prell / ♂ -Type // Lectotypus / Ligyrus / cicatricosus / Prell / Endrody”. Female paralectotype (ZMHB) “ Mexiko / Coll / Dr. ITZINGER // Ligyrus / cicatricosus Prell / ♀ -Type // Paratypus / Ligyrus / cicatricosus / Prell”. Type locality: Mexico.

Description. Habitus as in Fig. 24C . Length 16.5–25.2 mm. Humeral width 8.2–13.3 mm. Color black, legs lighter. Head: Frons slightly concave between eyes and behind frontoclypeal tubercles; surface with deep, large, confluent punctures, nearly smooth on vertex and only with sparser punctures. Clypeus trapezoidal ( Fig. 1B ). Apical clypeal teeth transverse, small, separated by 5 tooth diameters. Ocular canthus acute. Frons with 2 tumescences. Interocular distance 3.7 times the transverse ocular diameter. Antennal club short. Pronotum: Surface with punctures evenly sparse, deep, large, weakly umbilicate. Apex without defined tubercle, with an inconspicuous swelling and small fovea. Elytra: Inner surface of apex with transverse tubercles forming about 85 parallel lines ( Fig. 8D ). Abdomen: Tergite IV with 6 transverse, inconspicuous striae ( Fig. 8A ). Sternite VIII of female with narrow emargination. Pygidial surface completely punctate ( Fig. 9B ); punctures subequal in size to those of elytral apex, ocellate, minutely setigerous. Surface evenly convex in male, slightly convex in female. Venter: Apex of prosternal process spherical, with dense setae. Metespisternum without setae. Metasternum with small, deep, confluent punctures; with long setae, denser on anterior corners. Legs: Male protarsus simple; inner claw simple. Protibia tridentate, basal tooth distant from the others ( Fig. 11B ). Apical margin of mesotibia and metatibia dentate ( Fig. 12B, H ). Apex of metatibia with 4–7 spinules. Female genitalia: Subcoxite 1.8 times wider than long, outer sides narrowed towards apex (basal margin 1.5 times wider than apical margin). Coxite subrounded (as long as wide); surface strongly concave. Subcoxite as wide as coxite; shorter than coxite ( Fig. 13B ). Male genitalia: Spiculum gastrale T-shaped, thickened ( Fig. 14B ). Parameres with a ventral, truncate tooth on each side; without dorsal teeth ( Figs. 15C , 17C ). Internal sac with 12 accessory lamellae like spines and with a flat, oval base ( Fig. 21B ).

Diagnosis. It is the only known species in the genus and can be differentiated from other Pentodontini by the combination of the following characters: clypeus trapezoidal, clypeal teeth small, frontoclypeus with tumescences ( Fig. 1B ); apex of mesotibia and metatibia dentate ( Fig. 12B, H ); mentum subquadrate ( Fig. 2F ); protarsus of male simple; pronotum and pygidium with deep, large punctures; and parameres with wide, acute medial teeth and an apical long projection directed outwards on each side ( Figs. 15C , 17C ).

Distribution. Mexico, Guatemala ( Ratcliffe et al. 2013), El Salvador, Honduras ( Ratcliffe & Cave 2006), Costa Rica ( Ratcliffe 2003), and Colombia ( López-García et al. 2015).

Locality records ( Fig. 40 ). 33 examined specimens from FSCA, ICN, IEXA, UNSM, USNM, ZMHB. Some records from Ratcliffe (2003), Ratcliffe & Cave (2006), and Ratcliffe et al. (2013). COLOMBIA (1). Valle del Cauca (1): Buenaventura, Río San Juan. COSTA RICA (1). Puntarenas (1): Rancho Quemado. EL SALVADOR (23). Ahuachapan (3): Caserío San Miguelito; Parque Nacional El Imposible. La Libertad (16): San Andrés; Santa Tecla. Santa Ana (3): Hacienda Montecristo, Cerro Miramundo, Metapán. San Salvador (1): San Salvador. GUATEMALA (31). Alta Verapaz (1): Finca Chulac, Mayanaquel Mining Company. Baja Verapaz (7): Biotopo de Quetzal; Carretera a Chilasco; Purulha. Chiquimula (1): Las Presas, arriba de Concepción Las Minas. El Progreso (2): El Rancho; Finca El Riscosa (5 km N El Pacayal). Escuintla (3): Peñón de Siquinalá; Santa Lucía Cotzumalguapa. Huehuetenango (1): Barillas, Malpaís. Izabal (5): Cerro Negro Norte (1 km W Honduras); Morales, Finca Firmeza. Suchitepequez (1): Finca El Vesubio (12 km N Patulul). Zacapa (10): Finca Santa Cruz, Marble Quarry road (NE Teculután); La Union (5-6 km S); road to San Lorenzo Marmol Mine (NW Tuculután); Teculután. HONDURAS (28). Atlántida (2): La Ceiba. Comayagua (3): El Taladro; Siguatepeque. Cortés (6): Cofradia (9.3 km NW); Lago de Yojoa; Parque Nacional Cusuco. El Paraíso (11): Capire (8.3 km SE); El Paraíso. Francisco Morazán (1): Cerro Uyuca. Olancho (2): Montaña del Malacate. Yoro (3): Parque Nacional Pico Pijol. MEXICO (11). Chiapas (5): Cañón El Chorreadero (5 mi. E Chiapa de Corzo); El Aguacero (16 km W Ocozocautla); Suchiapa (5 km SE). Oaxaca (2): Cuicatlán (15 mi. N); Salina Cruz (5 km N). Tabasco (1): Villa Hermosa. Veracruz (3): Puente Nacional; Veracruz.

Natural history. Specimens have been found mainly in cloud forests up to 2,300 m but also in tropical humid forests near sea level. Most individuals have been collected with light traps between April and May.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Head. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, D) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, E) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, H) Tomarus adoceteus, I) T. maimon, J) T. pullus, K) T. pumilus.

FIGURE 2. Labium. A) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, B) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus, C) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, F) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, G) Euligyrus ebenus, H) E. similis, I) Tomarus gyas, J) Tomarus selanderi, K) Tomarus subtropicus. Abbreviations: LL: Ligular lobes, LP: Labial palpus, M: Mentum, S: Suture.

FIGURE 4. Maxilla. A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, E) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, F) Tomarus gyas, G) Tomarus maternus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus.

FIGURE 5. Mandible. A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, E) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, F) Tomarus rostratus, G) T. gyas, H) T. maternus.

FIGURE 8. Stridulatory apparatus. A, D) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, B, E) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, C, F) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, G, K) Tomarus amazonicus, H, L) T. maimon, I, M) T. maternus, J, N) T. gyas.

FIGURE 9. Pygidium of male. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus, D) L. (Ligyrus) fossor, E) L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis, F) Tomarus bituberculatus, G) T. colombianus, H) T. maracaiboensis, I) T. pilcopataensis, J) T. pullus, K) T. roigjunenti, L) T. rostratus.

FIGURE 11. Protibia in frontal view.A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, F) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, H) Tomarus bituberculatus, I) T. colombianus, J) T. pullus.

FIGURE 12. Mesotibia (A–F). A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei; E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, F) L. (Ligyrus) villosus. Metatibia (G–L). G) Euligyrus similis, H) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, I) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, J) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, K) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, L) L. (Ligyrus) villosus.

FIGURE 13. Female genital plates. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, F) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, G) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, H) Tomarus laticaudus, I) T. maternus, J) T. rostratus, K) T. subtropicus. Abbreviations: SCx: Subcoxite, Cx: Coxite.

FIGURE 14. Spiculum gastrale. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) Tomarus pullus, F) T. rostratus, G) T. selanderi, H) T. subtropicus.

FIGURE 15. Parameres in frontal view. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) E. similis, C) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus, E) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, F) L. (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, G) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, H) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, I) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, J) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, K) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, L) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) fossor, M) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, N) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, O) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, P) L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis, Q) L. (Ligyrus) peninsularis, R) L. (Ligyrus) rubripes, S) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, T) L. (Ligyrus) villosus.

FIGURE 17. Parameres in lateral view. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) E. similis, C) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, D) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) cuniculus; E) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, F) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, G) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei.

FIGURE 21. Internal sac. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus. Abbreviations:AL:Accessory lamellae, Br: Brush of setae, CL: Copulatory lamella, LSB: Lamellar spiny belt, Ra: Raspula.

FIGURE 24. Habitus. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) E. similis, C) Proculigyrus cicatricosus. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIGURE 40. Distributional records of Proculigyrus cicatricosus.