Blepharipoda, RANDALL, 1840

BOYKO, CHRISTOPHER B., 2002, A Worldwide Revision Of The Recent And Fossil Sand Crabs Of The Albuneidae Stimpson And Blepharipodidae, New Family (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Hippoidea), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2002 (272), pp. 1-396 : 26-27

BLEPHARIPODA RANDALL, 1840

Blepharipoda Randall, 1840: 130–131 . – Ortmann, 1892: 535. – Ortmann, 1896: 222. – Holmes, 1900: 103. – Ortmann, 1901: 1153, 1271. – Balss, 1914: 92 (part). – Porter, 1915a: 78. – Porter, 1915b: 13. – Porter, 1916: 280. – Schmitt, 1921: 172. – Rathbun, 1926: 126 (part). – Balss, 1927: 1011. – Schmitt, 1942: 1. – Fesquet, 1942: 111. – Garcia Mendes, 1945: 118. – Shen, 1949: 154–155. – Snodgrass, 1952: 31. – Haig, 1955: 9. – Balss, 1957: 1599. – Castro, 1967: 1. – Glaessner, 1969: R483. – Epelde­Aguirre and Lopez, 1975: 165. – Miyake, 1978: 155. – Wicksten, 1980: 209 (list). – Boschi, 1981: 714, 739. – Calado, 1987: 86– 87. – Coêlho and Calado, 1987: 41. – Manning, 1988: 626 (list). – Seridji, 1988: 1298–1299. – Calado et al., 1990: 747. – Calado, 1995: 98– 99. – Sun and Wang, 1996: 33.

Albunhippa H. Milne Edwards and Lucas, 1841: 474–477 . – Dana, 1852: 404. – Dana, 1853: 1429. – Boas, 1880: 134–136.

Albunhippe [sic]: Agassiz, 1845b: 1.

Abrote Philippi, 1857: 124 .

Blepharopoda [sic]: Stimpson, 1858: 230. – Miers, 1878: 333–334. – Cano, 1889b: 263. – Durufle´, 1889: 92–95 (part). – Bouvier, 1898b: 337 (part). – Berg, 1900: 225.

Albunhippa (Abrote) : Ortmann, 1901: 862–863, 1112.

Blefaripoda [sic]: Porter, 1936a: 153.

‘‘? Lepidopa ’’: Kamita, 1957: 94–96 (not Lepidopa Stimpson, 1858 ).

Blephoripoda [sic]: Turner and Sexsmith, 1964: 50.

Albunhipa [sic]: Calado, 1987: 85. – Calado, 1995: 19.

not Blepharopoda [sic]: Durufle´, 1889: 92–95 (part). – Bouvier, 1898a: 566. – Bouvier, 1898b: 337 (part) (= Lophomastix Benedict, 1904 ).

not Blephacopoda [sic]: Durufle´, 1889: unnumbered fig. (= Lophomastix Benedict, 1904 ).

not Blepharipoda Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889: 96 . – Sabrosky and Arnaud, 1965: 1083 ( Diptera : Tachinidae ) (nom. preocc.) (= Blepharipa Rondani, 1856 fide Sabrosky and Arnaud, 1965).

not Blepharipoda: Balss, 1914: 92 (part). – Makarov, 1938: 110–111 (= Lophomastix Benedict, 1904 ).

not Blepharipoda: Rathbun, 1926: 126 (part) (= Pagurus Fabricius, 1775 , sensu lato).

DIAGNOSIS: Outer­ocular spines triangular; two hepatic anterolateral spines present; anterior gastric spine present (except in B. liberata ). Distal peduncular segments appearing two­segmented (pseudosegments). Antennular dorsal flagellum with 28–85 articles, ventral flagellum with 10–21 articles. Antennal flagellum with 11–44 articles. Pereopod I dactylus dorsal margin spinose; distodorsal carpal spine present; cutting edge spinose. Pereopods II–IV dactyli with produced, rounded heels.

DISTRIBUTION: Known from Russia; China; Japan; Korea; central California, USA, south to Baja California, Mexico; Peru to Chile; and southern Brazil to Argentina.

TYPE SPECIES: Blepharipoda : Blepharipoda occidentalis J. W. Randall, 1840 , by monotypy. Albunhippa : Albunhippa spinosa H. Milne Edwards and Lucas, 1841 , by monotypy. Abrote : Abrote spinimana Philippi, 1857 , by monotypy.

INCLUDED SPECIES: B. occidentalis J. W. Randall, 1840 ; B. spinosa (H. Milne Edwards and Lucas, 1841) ; B. doelloi Schmitt, 1942 ; B. liberata Shen, 1949 .

REMARKS: Blepharipoda is an apparently difficult genus name to spell correctly (see above synonymy list). The precedence of Blepharipoda over Albunhippa has been a matter of some debate (e.g., Dana, 1852). The date of publication for volume 8(1) of the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, which contained Randall’s description of Blepharipoda , is not known with certainty, but it was presented to the Academy at a meeting on May 5, 1840 (see Fox, 1913). Although the date is generally accepted to be 1840, whether this volume was published in 1839 or 1840 is irrelevant as far as priority of this genus name is concerned, as H. Milne Edwards and Lucas’ paper describing the new genus Albunhippa was not published until sometime in 1841 (A. Crosnier, personal commun.), contrary to the statement of Dana (1852). Blepharipoda Randall is therefore the senior synonym and correct name for this genus. Randall (1840) considered this genus as the missing link between Ranina and Albunea , but these genera are in different decapod suborders and share only convergently evolved characters.

There is a junior homonym for this genus name in the Diptera (Insecta) , but that name has long been synonymized, regardless of occasional recent citations as valid in the entomological literature (Sabrosky and Arnaud, 1965).

Blepharipoda and Lophomastix share trichobranch gill structure, the same gill formula, and similar overall carapace, abdomen, and pereopod morphology. Both are also an­ titropical in distribution. The apparent segmentation of the distal peduncular segments in Blepharipoda is, as in the hippid Emerita , the result of nonsclerotization of the membranous area, not true segmentation (see Powar, 1969, for ‘‘ Hippa ’’ = Emerita ).

The sole fossil species formerly placed in Blepharipoda , B. brucei Rathbun, 1926 , was based on claw fragments and has recently been removed to the Paguridae (Schweitzer and Boyko, 2000) .