Cyrtognatha pachygnathoides, Dimitrov & Hormiga, 2009

Dimitrov, Dimitar & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2009, Revision And Cladistic Analysis Of The Orbweaving Spider Genus Cyrtognatha Keyserling, 1881 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (317), pp. 1-140 : 55-73

Cyrtognatha pachygnathoides

(O. P.- Cambridge, 1894) Figures 25–30

Tetragnatha pachygnathoides O. P.- Cambridge, 1894: 144, pl. 18, fig. 4.

Agriognatha pachygnathoides O. P.- Cambridge, 1896: 213.

Cyrtognatha pachygnathoides Petrunkevitch, 1911: 335 .

TYPE: Male holotype, no collector or locality data ( BMNH 1905.11.25.2228; examined). In the original description O. P. - Cambridge suggested that the specimen was collected in Chiriqui, Panama .

DIAGNOSIS: This species is very similar to the closely related C. catia but with a less pronounced curvature of the embolus. The most important diagnostic character separating these two species is the conspicuously widened distal part of the embolus in C. pachygnathoides (figs. 25B, C, 27C, I, J). The male chelicerae have a much smaller dorsal tooth and strongly reduced outgrowths of the fangs (figs. 26B, 29A, C, E) than in C. catia .

DESCRIPTION: Male (holotype). Specimen in very poor condition. The abdomen and the chelicerae are missing. Most of the legs are disarticulated and the left palp and left legs I and II are lost. Carapace strongly depigmentated, yellowish, with a well-marked fovea. Sternum yellowish. Labium brownish but the endites lighter with yellowish color. Cephalothorax 2.02 long, 1.47 wide, 1.17 high. Sternum 1.02 long, 9.5 wide. Clypeus twice one AME diameter. Eyes nearly the same size but PLE slightly smaller. AME diameter 0.10. Distance between AME equal to their diameter and between them and ALE twice their diameter. Distance between PLE equal to their diameter. The lateral eyes close together over well-developed elevations. Femur I 4.90, 2.4 times the length of the cephalothorax. Pedipalp as in figure 25A–C. Palpal tibia length 0.35; cymbium length 0.87.

Description of the specimen from El Volcán ( Panama; 66543 MCZ). Habitus as in figure 26A–D. Carapace brownish with wellmarked fovea (fig. 29C, D). Abdomen elongated with well-developed proximal and distal tubercles. Yellow-brownish with numerous reflecting guanine spots. Dorsally in the central part yellowish and without guanine spots. Total length 4.90. Cephalothorax 1.96 long, 1.47 wide, 0.98 high. Abdomen 2.94 long, 1.27 wide, 1.47 high. Sternum 1.07 long, 1.02 wide. Clypeus height 1.3 times one AME diameter. Eyes almost the same size except for the PLE, which are slightly smaller. AME diameter 0.14. The lateral eyes on well-pronounced elevations. The distance between the AME almost equal to their diameter. Distance between the PME equal to their diameter. AME–ALE distance twice one AME diameter; PLE–PME distance nearly twice the diameter of the PME. Chelicerae brownish, darker than the rest of the cephalothorax (figs. 26B, 29A, C, E). Dorsal cheliceral tooth very close to the fang articulation; with rounded tip and smaller than some of the other cheliceral teeth (fig. 29E). Femur I 4.90, 2.5 times the length of the cephalothorax. Pedipalp as in figures 25A–C, 27A–H. Palpal tibia length 0.34; cymbium length 0.88. Epiandrous fusules as in figure 27K. Male femur IV as in figure 29F.

Female (paratype from the type locality). Habitus and coloration as in male. Carapace with lighter tones. Female cephalothorax and abdomen as in figure 30A–D. Chelicerae not divergent and without dorsal tooth and fang outgrowth. Sternum yellowish with labium and endites lighter than in the male. Sternum 1.23 long, 1.22 wide. Abdomen with very well-developed proximal tubercles. The distal tubercle is very well developed, high, and with shape of thin cone. Total length 6.46. Cephalothorax 2.94 long, 2.00 wide, 1.56 high. Abdomen 3.52 long, 1.96 wide, 2.69 high. Eyes slightly smaller than in male. Lateral eyes on less pronounced elevations. Diameter of AME 0.14. Clypeus 1.17 times one AME diameter. Femur I 5.39, 1.83 times the length of the cephalothorax. Vulva as in figure 25D–E. Female genital opening as in figure 28I. Female spinnerets as in figure 28A–H, J.

Variation. Male cephalothorax ranges in length from 1.96 to 2.69 (n 5 6). Female cephalothorax ranges in length from 2.94 to 3.81 (n 5 9). Male total body length ranges from 4.90 to 5.87 (n 5 6). Female total body length ranges from 6.46 to 8.71 (n 5 9). The height of the distal tubercle is very variable, both in males and females. In males height of the distal tubercle varies from 1.47 to 1.70 (n 5 6) and in females from 2.69 to 4.10 (n 5 9).

DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica and Panama (fig. 5).

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED: PANAMA: Chiriquí, El Volcán. 26.ii.1936, W. J. Gertsch, 1 female ( AMNH) ; Chiriquí, Cerro Punta. 4.iii.1936, W. J. Gertsch, 2 females ( AMNH) ; El Volcán. viii.1950, A. M. Chickering, 1 m ( MCZ 66543). COSTA RICA: Puntarenas, Area de Conservación

La Amistad, Estación Pittier , 1800 m. 11.vi.1995, G. Hormiga, 1 male ( USNM) ; Puntarenas, Area de Conservación La Amistad , Estación Pittier. 009 ° 01 9 N, 82 ° 5 9 W, 1820 m. 11.vi.1995, G. Hormiga, 1 male ( USNM) ; Puntarenas, Area de Conservación La Amistad, Estación Pittier , 1750 m. 8– 11.vi.1995, G. Hormiga, 2 males, 6 females ( USNM, 1 male and 1 female used for SEM) .

Cyrtognatha espanola ( Bryant, 1945) , new combination Figures 31–36

Agriognatha espanola Bryant, 1945: 399 , fig. 34. Agriognatha espanola Dimitrov, Álvarez-Padilla &

Hormiga, 2007: 761, figs. 3A–F, 10C–D, 12B.

TYPE: Male holotype from Haiti, Kenskoff, 1310 m, 1.v.1935, Roys (the only reference on the label, which might refer to the collector) ( MCZ 21226; examined) .

DIAGNOSIS: This species shares numerous similarities with C. rucilla and C. simoni , and its correct identification can be difficult. To distinguish the males of these species the most important character is the shape of the tip of the embolus. In ventral view in C. espanola the embolus tip is curved prolaterally (fig. 31A), in C. rucilla it is curved retrolaterally (fig. 41A), and in C. simoni it is almost straight (fig. 47A). The shape of the embolus in prolateral view is also very useful for identification. In C. espanola it is arched and the tip of the embolus is additionally curved at almost 90 ° (fig. 31C); in C. rucilla the embolus is nearly straight and the tip of the embolus is S-shaped (fig. 41A–C); in C. simoni the embolus is almost straight but the tip of the embolus is curved at 90 ° as in C. espanola (fig. 47A–C). The shape of the male chelicerae is also diagnostic for these three species. In C. espanola the male chelicerae are widely divergent and very robust (figs. 32B, 35A, B, D); C. rucilla has also very robust chelicerae but they are less divergent that in C. espanola and C. simoni ; C. simoni has strongly divergent chelicerae but they are much thinner than in the other two species. The females of C. espanola can be easily distinguished from closely related species by the size and shape of the sacs in the vulva (fig. 31D, E).

DESCRIPTION: Male (holotype). Habitus as in figure 32A–D. Carapace brown-yellowish with a well-marked fovea and darker band medially. Abdomen cylindrical, brown-grayish, guanine almost missing (in paratypes guanine spots concentrated dorsolaterally). Dorsal tubercles strongly reduced. Dorsally two longitudinal lines, each with four dark brown spots, are present distally. Total length 4.06. Cephalothorax 1.56 long, 1.20 wide, 0.5 high. Abdomen 2.50 long, 1.12 wide, 1.12 high. Sternum yellowish with darker margins; 0.85 long, 0.75 wide. Clypeus height 1.2 times one AME diameter. AME diameter 0.09. All eyes nearly the same size and surrounded with darker pigmentation. Distance between AME equal to their diameter; between them and ALE 2.5 AME diameters; distance to PLE 1.5 AME diameters. Distance between PLE equal to their diameter. Chelicerae (figs. 32B, 35A, B, D) dark brown, moderately divergent with a well-developed dorsal tooth. Dorsal tooth with very wide base and close to the fang joint. The rest of the cheliceral teeth well developed. Cheliceral fang with very small outgrowth (fig. 35D) and almost straight except for its apical end. Femur I 3.72, 2.3 times the longitude of the cephalothorax. Pedipalp as in figures 31A–C, 33A–H, 34A. Palpal tibia length 0.13; cymbium length 0.62. Male epiandrous fusules as in figure 34F.

Female (paratype from the type locality). Habitus and coloration as in male. Abdomen with large distal tubercle, which in this species is placed almost in the center of the abdomen. As in the male, the type specimen almost without guanine (but present in paratypes). Chelicerae not divergent and without dorsal tooth. Total length 4.95. Cephalothorax 1.85 long, 1.25 wide, 1.00 high. Abdomen 3.10 long, 1.86 wide, 2.17 high. Sternum 0.62 long, 0.57 wide. Clypeus half of an AME diameter. AME diameter 0.08. Femur I 2.85, 1.5 times the length of the cephalothorax. Vulva as in figures 31D, E, 34B–E. Spinnerets as in figures 35C, E–H, 36A. Female cephalothorax and abdomen as in figure 36C–F. Female femur IV as in figure 36B.

Variation. Male cephalothorax length varieis between 1.47 and 1.96 (n 5 26). Females cephalothorax length varies between 1.85 and 1.96 (n 5 31). Total body length in males varies between 3.18 and 4.26 (n 5 26) and in females between 4.95 and 6.02 (n 5 31). The size and placement of the distal dorsal tubercle in females varies. In some specimens the tubercle is placed in the distal third of the abdomen, while in others it is located almost in the middle.

DISTRIBUTION: This species is widely distributed over the higher zone of Hispaniola (fig. 5).

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED: Paratypes: HAITI: Kenskoff, 1310 m. 1.v.1935, Roys , 1 female (allotype, MCZ 44013) ; Kenskoff, 914–1219 m. 1.v.1935, Roys 1 male, 2 females ( MCZ 66548) ; Dame-Marie, 1941, A. Audant, 1 male ( MCZ 66549) . DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: 914–1219 m. vii.1938, P.J. Darlington , 1 female ( MCZ 66551) . Other material: HAITI: 25 mi. from Aux Cayes , 29.viii.1935, W.G. Hassler, 2 males, 5 females ( NMHN) . DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Barahona Prov., Paraíso, Reserva Natural Cachote , cloud forest and secondary growth. 18 ° 05 9 54.8 0 N, 71 ° 11 9 22.0 0 W, 1220 m, 6–9.IV.2005, G. Hormiga, F. Álvarez, and S. Benjamín, 27 females, 16 males ( MCZ) ; La Vega Prov., Constanza, Reserva Científica Ébano Verde, Casa Vito , 19 ° 01 9 47.8 0 N, 70 ° 30 9 56.5 0 W, 1400 m, 15.IV. 2005, F. Álvarez and S. Benjamin, 7 males ( MCZ) .

Cyrtognatha insolita (Chickering, 1956) , new combination Figures 37–40

Agriognatha insolita Chickering, 1956b: 2 , figs. 1–6. Agriognatha insolita Dimitrov, Álvarez-Padilla &

Hormiga, 2007: 763, figs. 5A–F, 10–B.

TYPE: Male holotype from Panama, Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone. viii.1950, A. M. Chickering ( MCZ 21668; examined) .

DIAGNOSIS: This species can be easily distinguished from other congeners with triangular metine embolic apophysis by the presence of a very characteristic serrated membrane covering a large area of the embolus ventrally and part of the base of the metine embolic apophysis (figs. 37A, C, 39I, J). The shape of the apical apophysis of the conductor and the morphology of the paracymbium are also diagnostic. Another important diagnostic character, which in most of the cases can be enough by itself to identify this species, is the shape of the dorsal cheliceral tooth (fig. 38B, E, F, H). In C. insolita species its tip is conspicuously bifurcated and both parts are sharpened, while in all similar species ( C. orphana and C. petila ) the dorsal cheliceral tooth never has two sharpened edges. Female diagnostic characters include the shape of the copulation ducts (fig. 37D, E) and the shape of the membranous sac (posterior sac) holding the sperm, which is elongated (fig. 37D, E). Additionally, in C. insolita the median sac is reduced to a short cylindrical structure.

DESCRIPTION: Male (holotype). Habitus as in figure 38A–D. Carapace yellow-brownish; darker anteriorly with a well-marked fovea. Abdomen cylindrical, yellowish with few remains from the guanine spots. Dorsal tubercle small. Total length 5.58. Cephalothorax 2.17 long, 1.42 wide, 1.16 high. Abdomen 3.41 long, 0.93 wide, 0.93 high. Sternum yellowish, 0.93 long, 0.87 wide. Chelicerae strongly divergent with dark brown color. Dorsal tooth very well developed, outlying the fang joint and with bifurcated tip. The prolateral division of the dorsal tooth sharp and curved, while the retrolateral division is fairly blunt and carries

several setae. Chelicerae as in figure 38B, E, F, H. Clypeus height 1.25 times one AME diameter. AME diameter 0.15. AME slightly larger than the rest of the eyes. Distance between AME equal to their diameter; between them and ALE 1.5 times one AME diameter; AME–PME distance one AME diameter. Distance between PME half of their diameter. PLE smaller than the ALE. Femur I 4.03, 1.8 times the length of the cephalothorax. Pedipalp as in figures 37A–C, 39A–J, 40A. Palpal tibia length 0.27; cymbium length 0.75. Epiandrous fusules as in figure 38G. Spinnerets as in figure 40H.

Female (paratype from the type locality). Habitus and coloration as in male except for the lighter carapace. Chelicerae not divergent, without dorsal tooth and lighter in color. Total length 8.12. Cephalothorax 2.79 long, 1.73 wide, 1.24 high. Abdomen 5.33 long, 1.79 wide, 1.17 high. Clypeus height equal to one AME diameter. AME diameter 0.12. Sternum 0.93 long, 0.93 wide. Femur I 4.46, 1.6 times the length of the cephalothorax. Vulva as in figures 37D, E, 40B–G.

Variation. Male cephalothorax length varies between 1.96 and 2.30 (n 5 20). In females cephalothorax length ranges from 2.20 to 2.84 (n 5 10). Total body length in males varies between 5.39 and 6.22 (n 5 20) and in females between 7.00 and 7.98 (n 5 10).

DISTRIBUTION: Panama (Barro Colorado) and Costa Rica (fig. 5).

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED: Paratypes: PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island , Canal Zone. viii.1950, A. M. Chickering, 1 female (allotype, MCZ 24564) ; Barro Colorado Island , Canal Zone. 22.vii.1954, A. M. Chickering, 4 males, 5 females ( MCZ 24560; 24561, 1 female dissected) ; Barro Colorado Island , Canal Zone. 15.viii.1954, A.M. Chickering, 1 male, 2 females ( MCZ 24562, 24565 ) ; Barro Colorado Island , Canal Zone. 16.viii.1954, A. M. Chickering, 1 male ( MCZ 24563) ; Barro Colorado Island , Canal Zone. viii.1939, A. M. Chickering, 1 male ( MCZ 24566) ; Barro Colorado Island , Canal Zone. viii.1936, A. M. Chickering, 2 males ( MCZ 24568) ; Barro Colorado Island , Canal Zone. 8.v.1946, T. C. Schneirla, 1 female ( MCZ 24567) . Other material: PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island , Canal Zone. 8.ii.1958, A. M. Chickering, 1 male ( MCZ 66558 used for SEM) ; Barro Colorado Island , Canal Zone. i.1958, A. M. Chickering, 1 m ( MCZ 66559) ; Barro Colorado Island , Canal Zone. viii.1954, A. M. Chickering, 2 males ( MCZ 66560) ; Barro Colorado Island , Canal Zone. viii.1950, A. M. Chickering, 1 male, 1 female ( MCZ 66561) ; Barro Colorado Island , Canal Zone. v.1964, A. M. Chickering, 3 males ( MCZ 66562) ; Barro Colorado Island , Canal Zone, Zetek trial. 8.ii.1954, A. M. Chickering, 1 male ( MCZ 66542) . COSTA RICA: San Isidro del General (no date), Dean Reinolds, 1 male ( MCZ 66545) .