Mucuna urens

De, Tânia M., Lewis, Gwilym P., Mansano, Vidal F. & Tozzi, Ana M. G. A., 2018, A revision of the neotropical Mucuna species (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae), Phytotaxa 337 (1), pp. 448-450 : 448-450

24. Mucuna urens (L.) Medik., Vorles. Churpfalz. Phys.–Ocon. Ges. 2: 399. 1787. ( Fig. 26 )

Dolichos urens L, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 2: 1162. 1759. TYPE:— lectotype: Plukenet, Phytographia: t.231, f.2. 1692, designated by Verdcourt ex Turland & Jarvis (1997).

Mucuna altissima (Jacq.) DC., Prodr. 2: 405. 1825. Dolichos altissimus Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 27. 1760. Rejected name ( Moura et al. 2014b).

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Phytotaxa 337 (1) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 57 Liana. Leaves 3-foliolate; pulvinus 7.0–10 × 2.0–3.0 mm; petioles 5.5–11 cm long; stipels absent; rachis 1.0–2.0 cm long; petiolules 5.0 mm long; lateral leaflets, 8.0–15 × 3.6–7.0 cm, asymmetric at base, cuspidate at apex; apical leaflet elliptic, 9.0–16 × 4.3–7.0 cm, rounded to acute at base, cuspidate at apex; venation eucamptodromous, secondary veins 4–5 pairs per leaflet; indumentum sparse to glabrescent on both surfaces, when present the hairs adpressed. Inflorescence axillary, pseudoracemose; peduncle up to 1.7 m long; bracts 2.0–3.0 × 3.0 cm, sericeous on both surfaces, frequently caducous; rachis 6.0– 20 cm long; pedicels 7.0– 20 mm long, 8–20 nodes per inflorescence, 3 flowers per fleshy node, these 1.0–2.0 cm apart, distichously arranged, frequently in a “zig-zag” (fractiflex) pattern. Flowers 3.5–4.0 cm long; calyx 1.0– 1.7 cm long; 4-lobed, the adaxial lobe formed by two connate sepals, 4.0 × 3.0 mm, obtuse at apex, the abaxial lobe 5.0–6.0 × 3.0 mm, acute at apex, lateral lobes ca. 2.0 × 1.0 mm, acute at apex; corolla reported to be creamy-greenish-yellow (G. Davidse & J.S. Miller 26907 MO, NY), cream (A. Gentry & B. Stein 46529 MO) or greenish (R. Bastardo et al. 111 MO); standard broadly elliptic, 3.2–3.5 × 3.0– 3.5 cm, attenuate at base, emarginate at apex, the claw ca. 5.0 mm long; wings oblong-elliptc, 3.5–4.0 × 1.4 cm, attenuate at base, rounded to slightly obtuse at apex, the claw ca. 1.0 cm long; keel petals oblong, 3.5–4.0 × 1.6 cm long, attenuate at base, acute at apex, the claw 5.0– 10 mm long; wing and keel petals pubescent at base. Stamen filaments 3.0–4.0 cm long, glabrous. Gynoecium 4.0–5.0 cm long; style 3.0– 4.3 cm long, sericeous, except at apex; ovary 7.0 × 1.0–2.0 mm, sericeous; stigma peltate, villous. Fruits 8.0–20 × 3.0–4.0 cm, acute at base and apex (apex sometimes aristate on young fruits), ornamented by transverse lamellae, some of the lamellate ridges crossing the whole of the valve surface, whilst others are broken half way, surface covered with dense irritant hairs, the hairs become less dense at fruit maturity, 1–6-seeded. Seeds globose, 3.5 × 3.5 × 1.0– 1.5 cm long; hilum almost black, circling ca. 75% of the seed circumference.

Taxonomic notes:— In the Neotropics the species which most closely resembles M. urens is M. mitis (see comments under that species). Specimens of Mucuna analuciana were historically misidentified in herbaria as M. urens , especialy due to the similarity in corolla colour. The two species differ mainly in stipels being present in M. analuciana and absent in M. urens . Also Mucuna urens has been commonly misidentified as M. altissima , but rejection of the name M. altissima was proposed by Moura et al. 2014b.

Phenology:— Flowering throughout the year, but most frequently from November to May; fruiting throughout the year.

Distribution and habitat:— Antilles, Central America ( Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama); widely distributed throughout South America ( Colombia to Argentina and southern Brazil). ( Fig. 27 ). The species grows mainly near rivers, on floodplains and restinga vegetation. It also grows in forest edges and along roadsides. Occurring from sea level to 2000 m, but most frequently below 1000 m.

Conservation status:— Mucuna urens is here assessed as being of Least Concern (LC). Despite the area of occupancy of M. urens is 624 km 2, the habitat in which the species occurs is not considered to be significantly fragmented, and it is reported from more than ten collection localities. Furthermore, no population decline, or fluctuation, has been observed in known populations.

Vernacular names: — ‘ Olho de boi’ [ Brazil, Rio de Janeiro (J.M.A. Braga 7007 COL, K, NY)], ‘mucunã’ [ Brazil, Santa Catarina (E. Ferreira & G. Pabst 8784 K)], ‘urucurana’ [ Brazil, Pará (C.A. Cid & J. Ramos 1030 NY)]; ‘ojo de buey’ [ Dominican Republic (E.J. Valeur 867 K)]; ‘cacanahui’, ‘cow eyes’, ‘Mucuna’ [ Peru (F.L. McDaniels 2460 US)]; ‘horse eye rope’ [British Guyana (T.G. Tutin 185 BM, K, US)]; ‘bejuco de zamuro’ [ Venezuela (E.G. Holt & W. Gehriger 266 US)].

Representative specimens examined:— BOLÍVIA. Santa Cruz: Florída, Parque Nacional Amboro, La Playa, 15–20 km al N de Santa Rosa de Lima, Riberas del Río Agua Dulce y juntas com El Moija , April 1993 (fl.), I.G. Vargas et al. 2172 ( NY) ; Velasco, Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado, Campamento Flor de Oro , Pampa húmeda y bosque de ribera sobre el Río Itenez , 18 November 1993 (fr.), E. Gutierrez et al. 556 ( MO, NY) . BRAZIL. Amazonas: Rio Cuieiras ( Jauari ) at foot fo Serra Aracá , 10 July 1985 (fl.), G.T. Prance et al. 10722, 29436 ( INPA) . Bahia: Ilhéus, Lagoa Encantada , 21 January 1980 (fr.), V.F. Ferreira & J.P.P. Caranta 1040 (K, RB) . Minas Gerais: Descoberto, Reserva Biológica da Represa do Grama, trilha principal partindo da casa de Seu Luiz , 6 March 2004 (fl.), R.C. Forzza et al. 2928 ( RB) . Pará: Santana do Araguaia, 100 km S of Redenção on road PA 150, 18 February 1980 (fl.), T. Plowman et al. 8897 ( GH, INPA, MO, NY, US); estrada entre Gurupá e serraria Xingú, 6 February 1979 (fl.), N.T. Silva & C. Rosário 5026 ( NY, US); Oriximiná, Rio Trombetas , margem direita ao longo do rio, entre o posto do IBDF e Cachoeira Porteira, 17 June 1980 (fr.), C.A. Cid & J. Ramos 1030 ( NY) . Paraná: Morretes , BR-227 , km 20, 24 February 2006 (fr.), S.T.S. Miotto 2398 ( ICN) . Rio de Janeiro : Silva Jardim ,

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Phytotaxa 337 (1) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 59 Reserva Biológica de Poço das Antas , Trilha Rodolfo Norte , Caminho para Pelonia , 19 October 1993 (fl.), C.M.B. Correira et al. 377 ( RB) ; Rio das Ostras, Reserva Biológica União , proximidade cia. FURNAS, borda de capoeira na planície litorânea, 2 December 2001 (fl.), J.M.A. Braga 7007 ( COL, K, NY) . Rio Grande do Sul: Arroio do Sal, Rondinha Nova , na costa da Lagoa Itaipeva , 19 January 2002 (fl.), C. Mondim 2524 ( ICN) . Santa Catarina: Ilhota, Morro do Baú , 30 January 1964 (fl.), E. Ferreira & G. Pabst 8784 (K) ; Ilhota, Morro do Baú , 5 December 2003 (fr.), R. Camargo & A. Reis 159 ( ICN) . Roraima: Caracaraí, boca do Rio Branco , floresta de Igapó , 18 March 2012 (fl./fr.), R.C. Forzza et al. 6812 ( RB) . São Paulo: Iguape, Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins , Restinga entre o Rio Una e o Rio Verde , 13 December 1991 (fl.), M.P. Costa et al. 59 ( SP) ; Peruíbe, estação ecológica Juréia-Itatins, ca. 17 km S de Peruíbe, entre o Parequê e o Rio Una , 27 May 1996 (fr.), L.P. Queiroz et al. 4467 ( SP) ; Ubatuba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, núcleo Picinguaba , praia da Fazenda , 24 May 2015 (fl./fr.), T.M. Moura et al. 1051 ( BOTU, K) . BRITISH GUYANA. Mazaruni Station, Karau Creek , 16 June 1933 (str), T.G. Tutin 185 ( BM, K, US) . COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Cuenca del Medio Caquetá, region de Araracuara, comunidade de Peña Roja, Bosque Maduro inundable por el Río Caquetá, 5 July 1996 (str), A.P. Rosselli & P.U. Ronderos 98 ( COAH) . Cundinamarca: Andes, Cordillera Oriental, La Esperanza , 17 April 1932 (str), J. Cuatrecasas 2415 ( MA) . Meta: La Uribe, Parque Nacional Natural Tinigua , Costado Occidental Río Duda , Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas La Macarena , Puerto de La Finca Eriberto , July 2000 (fr.), P. Stevenson 2152 ( ANDES) . Vaupés: Amazonas, Río Apaporis, entre los Ríos Kananari y Pacoa , December 1951 (fl.), H. García-Barriga 10064 ( COL) ; Amazonas, Río Apaporis, entre el Río Pacoa y el Río Kananari , Soratama , 20 June 1951 (fl.), R.E. Schultes & I. Cabrera 12687 ( BM, COL, GH, NY, US) . COSTA RICA. Limón: cantón de Pocoi, Barra del colorado, Llanura de Tortuguero, Sardina , 20 October 1993 (fl.), F. Araya et al. 385 ( MO, NY) . Puntarenas: Cantón de Puntarenas, Isla del Coco, Cerro entre Bahía Wafer y Bahía Weston , 22 September 1994 (fl.), F.J. Quesada 1025 ( MO) . CUBA. Las Villas: Trinidad Montains, tope de Collantes and Vicinity , 29 June 1955 (fl.), R.E. Schultes et al. 182 ( GH) . St. Thomas: C. de Zapata, camino cerbano, hasta el Catalan , 20 September 1990 (str), R. Oviedo et al. s.n. ( MA) . DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Duarte: Cordillera Septentrinal, Loma Quita Espuela, subiendo por Los Bracitos hast el firme, 6 May 1993 (fl.), R. Bastardo et al. 111 ( MO) . San José: Santiago, arr. Mata Puergo Jicomé , 15 May 1933 (fl.), E.J. Valeur

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867 (K). ECUADOR. Sucumbíos: Cuyabeno Faunistic Reserve, Laguna Grande and surroundings, including Río Cuyabeno from Pto. Bolívar to above Laguna Cañangueno , 11 March 1990 (fl.), H. Balslev et al. 97140 ( AAU, K, QCA, QCNE); Río Cuyabeno , 5 km downstream ( SE) of Laguna Grande , 2 April 1993 (fr.), D. Neill 10217 ( MO, QCNE) . Orellana: Río Yasuní and lake Jatun-Cocha , 29 September 1988 (fr.), C.E. Cerón & N. Gallo 5118 ( MO, QCNE) ; Yasuní National Park, km 89 of N−S Petroleum road, 30 November 1998 (fl.), R.J. Burnham 1855 ( QCNE) ; Tiputini Biodiversity Station on Río Tiputini , 26 December 1998 (fl.), R.J. Burnham 1889 ( QCNE) . FRENCH GUYANA. Acarouany: 1858 (fl./fr.), P. Lagoz 153 (P). Eugène: Bassin du Sinnamary , chablis de forêt de basse altitude, 5 February 1995 (fl.), J.J. Granville & G. Cremers 12772 (P). Saul : near Eaux Claires , non flooded moist forest, 26 May 1992 (fl.), S. Mori et al. 22325 ( NY) . GUADALUPE. Marie Galante, 14 November 1962 (fr.), H.M. Stelilé 8231 (P); Marie Galante, Coulée Oubliée , 1 November 1997 (fr.), F. Sastre & J. Rospart 9651 (P) . HONDURAS. Camino a Unauas, Bosque primário de 40 mins al N de Krausirpe, Garcias a Dios , 28 February 1994 (fr.), P.R. House 1937 ( BM) . MONTSERRAT. Center Hills: Peak trail, ridge along top of Katy Hill , 18 November 2005 (fl.), M.A. Hamilton et al. 355 (K) . NICARAGUA. Río San Juan, sobre el rio San juan, en el cano el sarnoso, ubicado a una hora río abajo del puesto de Marena, 13 July 1994 (fl.), R. Rueda et al. 1978 ( MO) ; Río San Juan, Greytown, Río Indio, entre Greytown y la división de Pimienta y el Indio, 4 January 1995 (fr.), R. Rueda et al. 2523 ( MO) . Zelaya: río Punta Gorda, Atlanta , desenbolgadura del Caño el guineo, 11 November 1981 (fr.), P.P. Moreno & J.C. Sandino 12821 ( MO) ; Atlántico Sur, río Punta Gorda, Atlanta , al SE de "La Richard", 14 November 1981 (fl.), P.P. Moreno & J.C. Sandino 13127 ( MO) ; Atlántico Norte, El Salto, Rio Way , 20 km S of Bonanza at lower and of rocky canyon, 11 May 1978 (fr.), D. Neill 3950 ( MO) . PANAMÁ. Bocas del Toro: vicinity Alirante Chinguinola Canal , 15 October 1965 (fl.), K. W. Blum 1406 ( MO) ; vicinity of Chiriquí Lagoon , 9 May 1941 (fl.), H. von Wedel 2430 ( MO) ; Guaymi, congi, Río San Pedrito , 17 July 1978 (fr.), B.L.Gordon 14C ( MO) . Colón: Donoso , side of proposed copper mine ( MPSA) , 7 December 2009 (fl.), G. McPherson & M. Morello 21207 ( MO) . Isla de Coiba: Borda del Río Playa hermosa, 24 November 1994 (str), J. Cuadras et al. 8019 ( COL) . PERU. Rio Nanay between mouth of Río Momon and Bellavista , 17 June 1970 (fr.), F.L. McDaniels 2460 (US). Cusco: Quispicanchi , 15 May 1964 (fl.), C. Vargas 15467 ( MO) . Loreto: Rio Yuvineto, affluent du Rio Putumaio , Territorio des Indiens , Bellavista , 21 December 1977 (fr.), S. Barrier 164 (P); Mishana , Río Nanay , 14 July 1977 (fl.), J.C. Solomon 3560 ( MO) ; Maionas, Iquitos, Rio Nanay , margen de Morona Cocha, 6 May 1993 (fr.), M. Rimachi 10560 ( MO, US); Maionas, Iquitos, carretera Iquitos - Nauta, 4 July 1996 (fr.), M. Rimachi 11744 ( MO, NY) ; Maionas, Iquitos, Allpahuayo , 22 August 1990 (fr.), R. Vásquez et al. 14241 ( MO) ; Los Amazonas , rivera de la Quebrada Sucusair, 18 April 1991 (fl.), R. Vásquez & N. Jaramillo 16165 ( MO) . San Martín: Mariscal Caceres, Tocache Nuevo , quebrada de Huaquisha (margen derecha del rio Huaquisha ), 12 May 1970 (fl.), J. Schunke 3969 ( GH, NY, US) . PORTO RICO. 2 July 1886 (str), P. Sintesis 4785 ( BM, K, MO, P, W); 13 September 1886 (buds), P. Sintesis 5041 ( BM, K, MO, P, W) . SURINAM. Saramaca River: 17 July 1944 (fl.), B. Maguire 24126 ( GH, K, MO, NY, US). Sipaliwini: vicinity of Blanche Marie Waterfall on the Nickeri river, 2 August 1995 (fr.), R. Evans et al. 2367 ( MO, US); vicinity of Blanche Marie Waterfall on the Nickeri river , 29 March 1997 (fr.), R. Evans et al. 2691 ( MO) ; vicinity of Blanche Marie Waterfall, on the Nickerie river , 2 August 1995 (fl.), S. Corso & S. Koemar 2367 (P) . VENEZUELA. Amazonas: Rio Negro, upper Río Baria , July 1984 (fl.), G. Davidse & J.S. Miller 26907 ( MO, NY) ; Rio Orinoco, January 1930 (fl.), E.G. Holt & W. Gehringer 266 ( US); trail S from Cerro Neblina, Camp #5, 12 April 1984 (fl.), A. Gentry & B. Stein 46529 ( MO) .

Final remarks

Twenty-two of the 24 species (91.6 %) of Mucuna occuring in the Neotropics are endemic to this region. Although the species of M. subg. Mucuna and M. subg. Macrocarpa have seeds that are able to float and travel long distances across oceans, most species of Mucuna are restricted to a single continent. One of the three recognised subgenera, M. subg. Macrocarpa ( Moura et al. 2016b), is restricted to Asia.

To date, the only publication that has presented a list of names and distributions of the species of Mucuna across the Neotropics was published by Ruiz (2009). In that study she presented 18 species as occurring in the Americas, including the Caribbean Islands. Although Ruiz’s (2009) study presented a significant contribution to our understanding of Mucuna in Colombia, her treatment only summarised the diversity and distribution of the species of Mucuna in the Neotropics in a table. Subsequently, a number of species accepted by Ruiz have been

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Phytotaxa 337 (1) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 61 designated as synonyms. Mucuna gigantea is now considered to not occur in the Caribbean nor in any country of the Neotropics. Eleven species new to science have been described since 2009 and are included in the treatment presented here ( Table 1). Although data for the U.S.A. is presented in Table 1, Hawaii is not included in our treatment, because although politically it is part of the U.S. A, its flora is not neotropical; Hawaii is part of the Pacific Island flora, and treatments of Mucuna for the Hawaiian Islands have being published elsewhere ( Wilmot-Dear, 1990; Moura et al., 2012b).

Among the 25 neotropical taxa, 12 occur in Central America, six in the Antilles, and 19 in South America (representing 50%, 25%, and 79% of the neotropical diversity of Mucuna , respectively). All species occurring in the Antilles also occur in other Central America countries, except M. elliptica (under the name M. fawcettii described for Jamaica). The only specimens of M. elliptica known from the Caribbean are the syntype collections of M. fawcettii ; all the other specimens of M. elliptica are from South America. Five species are endemic to Mexico

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and Central America, and 12 species are endemic to South America. Forty eight percent of the neotropical species of Mucuna are endemic to South America. Furthermore, 11 species are reported as being endemic to a single country: M. chiapaneca and M. jarocha ( Mexico); M. tapantiana ( Costa Rica); M. cuatrecasasii , M. killipiana and M. mollis ( Colombia); M. cajamarca and M. pseudoelliptica ( Peru); M. ecuatoriana ( Ecuador); and M. analuciana and M. japira ( Brazil).

The countries that have the highest species diversity of Mucuna are Colombia and Peru (11 species each), followed by Ecuador (nine species), and Costa Rica and Panama (eight species each). The lowest diversity is in Argentina (one species: M. sloanei ), followed by French Guiana, Suriname and Belize (with two species each).

With increased field expedition new records, and perhaps new species, of Mucuna are anticipated. Further fieldwork will also allow us to present more detailed conservation assessments.

Figures

FIGURE 26. Mucuna urens. A—Leaves and inflorescence in bud. B—Standard. C—Wing petals. D—Keel petals. E—Calyx opened out, outer surface. F—Androecium: 9—Stamens united into a staminal sheath. G—Single free vexillary stamen. H—Gynoecium. J—Fruits. A drawn from: N.T. Silva & C. Rosário 5026 (RB); B–H: C.M.B. Correia et al. 377 (RB); J: V.F.Ferreira&J.P.P.Caranta 1040 (RB). Drawn by Ana Lúcia Souza.

FIGURE 27. Geographical distribution of Mucuna urens.