Xanthostigma Navas , 1909

Aspoeck, Horst & Aspoeck, Ulrike, 2023, The snakeflies of the Mediterranean islands: review and biogeographical analysis (Neuropterida, Raphidioptera), Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 70 (1), pp. 175-218 : 175

Xanthostigma Navas, 1909

Xanthostigma Navás, 1909 (described as a section of Raphidia L.) [type species by absolute tautonymy: Raphidia xanthostigma Schummel, 1832]: H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon); Oswald and Penny 1991 (cat, nom); H. Aspöck et al. 1999 (ecol, chorol); H. Aspöck 2002 (biol, paras); H. Aspöck et al. 2001 (anncat); Haring et al. 2011 (phyl); U. Aspöck et al. 2012 (fig: phyltree, list); H. Aspöck and U. Aspöck 2013 (cat, etymol, phyl), 2014 (cat); Monserrat and Papenberg 2015 (overv).

Raphidilla Navás, 1915b [type species by original designation: Raphidia xanthostigma Schummel, 1832]: H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon); Oswald and Penny 1991 (cat, nom).

Rhaphidilla Navás, [1919] 1918b [unjustified emendation of Raphidilla Navás, 1915]: H. Aspöck et al. 1991 (mon); Oswald and Penny 1991 (cat, nom); H. Aspöck and U. Aspöck (2014) (cat).

Taxonomy and systematics.

H. Aspöck et al. (1991), Haring et al. (2011). Xanthostigma is a morphologically clearly differentiated genus of the Puncha clade and according to molecular phylogeny results is the sister taxon of Puncha + Calabroraphidia or of Italoraphidia . The genus comprises five known species with very different distribution patterns including Eurosibirian, Mongolian, Pontocaspian, and Mediterranean faunal elements.

Biology and ecology.

Larvae of X. corsica probably mainly in upper layers of soil, but also corticolous ( Quercus , Pinus ). Larvae of X. xanthostigma (probably strictly) corticolous on a great variety of deciduous as well as of coniferous trees. Substrate of larvae of other species unknown. Development - as far as known - usually two years. Last hibernation stage: full-grown larva. Adults: IV-VII.

Distribution.

Almost whole of Europe from southernmost parts ( X. corsica ) to northern parts of Scandinavia over the North of Asia as far as to Far East ( X. xanthostigma ). Caucasus region, Mongolia, northern China.