Frankliniella

Skarlinsky Ii, Thomas L., 2024, The identification of the flower thrips, Frankliniella Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) intercepted at U. S. ports of entry, Insecta Mundi 2024 (39), pp. 1-64 : 2-6

Key to slide-mounted adult females of intercepted Frankliniella

Note. Species names followed by (in part) will conclude in more than one couplet.

1. Abdomen dark.......................................................................... 2

— Abdomen mostly pale, dark tergal discal areas and/or dark anterolateral blotches may be present.. 30

2(1). Metanotal campaniform sensilla absent..................................................... 3

— Metanotal sensilla present ( Fig. 1A )........................................................ 7

3(2). Head protrudes beyond the anterior margin of the compound eyes ( Fig. 1B ).... F. tenuicornis (Uzel)

— Head not prolonged...................................................................... 4

4(3). Abdominal tergite VIII posteromarginal microtrichial comb complete ( Fig. 1C ).................. 5

— Comb incomplete, microtrichia absent medially ( Fig. 1D )............ F. schultzei (Trybom) (in part) 5(4). Head with the OC3 setae ( Fig. 1B ) length less than 2× the longitudinal diameter of a hind ocellus, PO1 setae absent, forewing clavus with 6 or more anteromarginal setae ( Fig. 1E ).. F. minuta Moulton

— Head with the OC3 setae length more than 2.3 × the longitudinal diameter of a hind ocellus ( Fig. 1B ), PO1 setae present ( Fig. 1B ) or absent, forewing clavus with 5 anteromarginal setae............ 6

6(5). Forewings shaded with a pale base, abdominal tergite VIII posteromarginal microtrichia 4–7 μm long............................................................... F. hemerocallis Crawford

— Forewings pale, tergite VIII posteromarginal microtrichia 10–14 µm long....... F. intonsa (Trybom)

7(2). Abdominal tergite VIII posteromarginal microtrichial comb incomplete, microtrichia absent medially ( Fig. 1D )............................................................................ 8

— Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb complete, microtrichia present medially ( Fig. 1C )............ 10

8(7). Antennal segment III pedicel simple, sides nearly parallel, longer than wide ( Fig. 2A )............. 9

— Antennal segment III pedicel mushroom-shaped, sides dilated, wider than long or with equal lengths ( Fig. 2B )........................................................ F. tritici (Fitch) (in part)

9(8). Macropterous, fore wings shaded with a pale base, fore tibiae distinctly pale, sharply contrasting with dark mid and hind tibiae, antennal segment VI sense cone base as wide as the width of segment VII ( Fig. 2C )......................................................... F. insularis (Franklin)

— Macropterous or micropterous, fore wings pale, all tibiae pale or indistinctly shaded, antennal segment VI sense cone basal width less than segment VII is wide............... F. fusca (Hinds) (in part)

10(7). Abdominal sternite III with a pair of small oval pore plates ( Fig. 3A )............ F. australis Morgan

— Sternites without pore plates............................................................... 11

11(10). Compound eyes with 4–5 enlarged anteromarginal and ventral facets nearly 2× the diameter of the other facets ( Fig. 3B )...................................................................... 12

— Facets similar in diameter, or, if larger facets present, these do not exceed 1.5× the diameter of the smaller facets.............................................................................. 13

12(11). Abdominal tergite I with discal lines of sculpture.......................... F. fulvipennis Moulton

— Tergite I without discal sculpture ( Fig. 3C )............................... F. longipennis Moulton

13(11). Antennal segment III pedicel with sides dilated, wider than long or with equal lengths........... 14

— Antennal segment III pedicel simple, sides nearly parallel, longer than wide ( Fig. 2 ).............. 15

14(13). Antennal segment III pedicel cup-shaped ( Fig. 3D )........................... F. brevicaulis Hood

— Pedicel mushroom-shaped ( Fig. 2B )........................................ F. brunnea Priesner

15(13). Antennal segment III pedicel elongate, 1.5–2× longer than wide ( Fig. 3E )........... F. parvula Hood

— Pedicel less than 1.5× longer than wide.................................................... 16

16(15). Head with the OC3 setae shorter than 2× the longitudinal diameter of a hind ocellus, abdominal tergite IX 1.5–2× longer than tergite X, legs dark............................ F. colombiana Moulton

— Head with the OC3 setae longer than 2.3× the longitudinal diameter of a hind ocellus ( Fig. 1B ), tergite IX shorter than X, legs variously shaded................................................ 17

17(16). Abdominal tergite IX B1 setae equal to or shorter than length of tergite X, fore wings shaded, legs dark, fore tibiae paler...................................................... F. simplex Priesner

— The B1 setae longer than the length of tergite X, fore wings pale or shaded, legs pale or variously shaded................................................................................... 18

18(17). All tibiae pale.......................................................................... 19

— Fore tibiae paler than mid and hind tibiae, mid and hind tibiae variously shaded................ 20

19(18). Pronotum with 2 mAM setae, antennal segment VI with a dorsal subapical cluster of 4–6 small setae on large bases, these are often arranged in a diamond pattern ( Fig. 4A )............ F. citripes Hood

— Pronotum with 4 mAM setae, antennal segment VI with a transverse dorsal subapical row of 2–3 small setae on large bases ( Fig. 4B ).............................................. F. auripes Hood

20(18). Mid and hind tibiae shaded, paler than darker femora....................................... 21

— Mid tibiae pale or dark, hind tibiae dark (tibia/femur junction may be slightly paler) or dark with distinct pale basal areas..................................................................... 22

21(20). Abdominal tergite VIII posteromarginal comb with at least one microtrichia 20–27 µm long, upper surface of the hind coxae with microtrichia ( Fig. 5A )....................... F. panamensis Hood

— Abdominal tergite VIII comb microtrichia 12–17 µm long, upper surface of the hind coxae usually without microtrichia....................................... F. occidentalis (Pergande) (in part)

22(20). Mid and hind tibiae evenly dark (hind tibia/femur junction may be slightly paler)............... 23

— Mid or hind tibiae with distinct paler basal areas............................................ 25

23(22). Head with the PO1 setae ( Fig. 5B )......................................................... 24

— Head without the PO1 setae ( Fig. 5C ), pronotum usually with 2 mAM setae..... F. tuberosi Moulton

24(23). Abdominal tergite VIII posteromarginal comb microtrichia shorter than 16 µm.. F. fallaciosa Priesner

— Comb with at least one microtrichia 18–24 µm long.. F. ecuatoriana Skarlinsky and Rugman -Jones

25(22). Antennal segment VI with a dorsal subapical cluster of 4–6 small setae on large bases, often arranged in a diamond pattern ( Fig. 4A )........................................................... 26

— Antennal segment VI with a dorsal subapical transverse row of 2–3 small setae on large bases ( Fig. 4B )................................................................................ 28

26(25). Mid tibiae pale ( Fig. 6D )................................................... F. varipes Moulton

— Mid tibiae dark, paler at the tibiae femora junction or basally pale............................. 27

27(26). Hind tibiae bicolored with the distal 60% dark and basal 40% pale ( Fig. 6E )....... F. annulipes Hood

— Hind tibiae bicolored with the distal 80% dark and the basal 20% pale ( Fig. 6F )........ F. regia Hood

28(25). Antennal segment II pale ( Fig. 6A ), abdominal tergite VIII comb microtrichia less than 16 µm long.............................................. F. pelucensis Skarlinsky and Rugman -Jones

— Antennal segment II dark, tergite VIII comb microtrichia longer.............................. 29

29(28). Pronotum with 4 mAM setae ( Fig. 6B ), the AM setae usually less than100 µm long.................................................................................. F. xanthaner Hood

— Pronotum with 2 mAM setae ( Fig. 6C ), the AM setae more than 100 µm long....... F. cognata Hood

30(1). Metanotal campaniform sensilla absent.................................................... 31

— Metanotal campaniform sensilla present ( Fig. 1A )........................................... 32

31(30). Macropterous or micropterous, the head protrudes beyond anterior margin of compound eyes ( Fig. 1B )...................................................................... F. bondari Hood

— Macropterous, the head not produced beyond eyes..................... F. schultzei Trybom (part)

32(30). Compound eyes with 4–5 enlarged anteromarginal and ventral facets, nearly 2× the diameter of the other facets ( Fig. 3B )................................................... F. ameliae Hood

— Eye facets similar in diameter or, if larger facets present, these do not exceed 1.5× the diameter of the smaller facets....................................................................... 33

33(32). Abdominal tergite VIII posteromarginal microtrichial comb complete ( Fig. 1C )................. 34

— Comb incomplete, microtrichia absent medially ( Fig. 1D ).................................... 42

34(33). Antennal segment III pedicel with sides dilated, wider than long or with equal lengths ( Fig. 7A–C ). 35

— Antennal segment III pedicel simple, sides nearly parallel, longer than wide ( Fig. 2A )............ 46

35(34). Antennal segment III pedicel saucer-shaped, the basal and distal angles similar ( Fig. 7A )......... 36

— Pedicel chalice-shaped ( Fig. 7B ) or mushroom-shaped ( Fig. 7C ), basal and distal angles different.. 37

36(35). Antennal segment III pedicel distinctly wider than base of segment III......... F. musaeperda Hood

— Pedicel less than or slightly wider than base of III ( Fig. 7A )................... F. invasor Sakimura

37(35). Antennal segment III pedicel chalice-shaped with distinct lateral shelves ( Fig. 7B )............... 38 — Pedicel chalice-shaped without distinct shelves ( Fig. 8A–B ) or mushroom-shaped ( Fig. 7C )....... 40

38(37). Antennal segment III basal collar with sides divergent apically, lateral outline distinct ( Fig. 7B ), upper surface of the hind coxae without microtrichia........................... F. borinquen Hood

— Basal collar lateral outline indistinct, upper surface of the hind coxae with microtrichia.......... 39

39(38). Antennal segment II with a pair of stout dorsal apical setae that are decidedly thicker than the dorsal apical setae on segments III–V ( Fig. 8C )......... F. funderburki Skarlinsky and Rugman –Jones

— Antennal segment II dorsal apical setae similar to the dorsal apical setae on segments III–V................................................................................ F. cubensis Hood

40(37). Antennal segment III pedicel chalice-shaped ( Fig. 8A–B )..................................... 41

— Antennal segment III pedicel mushroom-shaped ( Fig. 7C )..................... F. kelliae Sakimura

41(40). Antennal segment II at least 2× longer than wide, sides nearly parallel ( Fig. 8A ) F. gardeniae Moulton

— Antennal segment II about 1.7× longer than wide, sides distinctly converging basally ( Fig. 8B ).................................................... F. sanabriana Skarlinsky and Rugman –Jones

42(33). Antennal segment III pedicel simple, sides nearly parallel, longer than wide ( Fig. 2A )................................................................................. F. fusca (Hinds) (part)

— Antennal segment III pedicel with sides dilated, wider than long or with equal lengths ( Fig. 9A–D )...................................................................................... 43

43(42). Antennal segment III basal collar cup-shaped, sides divergent apically, lateral outline distinct ( Fig. 9A–B ), segment II with pair of stout dorsal apical setae that are decidedly thicker than dorsal apical setae on segments III–V ( Fig. 8C ).................................................... 44

— Antennal segment III basal collar lateral outline indistinct ( Fig. 9D ), segment II dorsal apical setae similar in thickness to dorsal apical setae on segments III–V................................. 45

44(43). Antennal segment III pedicel saucer-shaped, basal and distal angles similar ( Fig. 9A ).................................................................................. F. bispinosa Morgan

— Pedicel chalice-shaped with distinct lateral shelves, upper half with the sides apically convergent ( Fig. 9B )......................................................... F. cephalica (D.L. Crawford)

45(43). Antennal segment III pedicel saucer-shaped ( Fig. 9C )........................ F. breviseta Moulton

— Pedicel mushroom-shaped ( Fig. 9D ).................................... F. tritici (Fitch) (in part)

46(34). Mouth cone longer than the head is wide ( Fig. 10A ).............. F. desmodii Mound and Marullo Note. A compressed specimen can result in an inaccurate measurement.

— Mouth cone shorter than the head is wide.................................................. 47

47(46). Abdominal tergite VIII posteromarginal comb with at least one microtrichia longer than 18 µm, their length greater than the distance between two microtrichia................................. 48

— Microtrichia shorter, less than 15 µm, their length about equal to the distance between two microtrichia................................................................................... 51

48(47). Distance between the posterior tangent of the hind ocelli and the posterior margin of the head 58–65 µm ( Fig. 10B ), upper surface of the hind coxae with microtrichia ( Fig. 5A ), abdominal tergite IX with the B1 setae usually more than 100 µm................................... F. williamsi Hood

— Distance between the posterior tangent of the hind ocelli and the posterior margin of the head 43–50 µm, upper surface of the hind coxae with or without microtrichia, abdominal tergite IX, B1 setae usually less than 100 µm ( Fig. 10C ).................................................... 49

49(48). Upper surface of the hind coxae without microtrichia......................... F. gossypiana Hood

— Upper surface of the hind coxae with microtrichia ( Fig. 5A ).................................. 50

50(49). Abdominal sternite II with at least one discal setae ( Fig. 10D )............................................................................... F. suramericana Skarlinsky and Rugman –Jones

— Sternite II without discal setae.............................................. F. gemina Bagnall

51(47). Antennal segment VIII at least 2.5× longer than wide, upper surface of the hind coxae usually without microtrichia........................................... F. occidentalis (Pergande) (in part)

— Antennal segment VIII about 2× longer than wide, upper surface of the hind coxae with microtrichia...................................................................... F. bruneri Watson

Figures

Figure 1. A–E) Frankliniella spp.A) Metanotum of F.tuberosi. Arrows indicate campaniform sensilla. B) Head of F.tenuicornis with ocellar setae and postocular setae labelled.C–D) Abdominal tergite VIII posteromarginal comb. C) F. xanthaner. D) F. schultzei. E) Forewing clavus of F. minuta.

Figure 2. A–C) Frankliniella spp. A–B) Antennal segments II and III. Arrows indicate pedicel. A) F. tenuicornis. B) F. tritici. C) Antennal segments VI and VII of F. insularis. Arrows indicate bases of sense cones.

Figure 3. A–E) Frankliniella spp. A) Abdominal sternites I–III of F. australis. Arrows indicate pore plates. B) Ventral compound eye of F. fulvipennis C) Abdominal tergite I of F. longipennis. D–E) Pedicel of antennal segment III. D) F. brevicaulis. E) F. parvula.

Figure 4. A–B) Frankliniella spp.A–B) Antennal segment VI. Arrows indicate location of the small setae on large bases. A) F. citripes, holotype, USNM 74422. B) F.auripes.

Figure 5. A–C) Frankliniella spp. A) Upper surface of the hind coxae of F. panamensis. Arrows indicate microtrichia. B–C) Head with postocular setae labelled. B) F. fallaciosa. C) F. tuberosi.

Figure 6. A–F) Frankliniella spp. A) Antennal segments I–III of F. pelucensis. B–C) Pronotum, anterior margin. B) F. xanthaner. C) F. cognata. D–F) Mid and hind legs. D) F. varipes. E) F. annulipes. F) F.regia.

Figure 7. A–C) Pedicel between antennal segments II and III. Arrows indicate the pedicel.Frankliniella spp. A) F.invasor. B) F. borinquen. C) F. kelliae.

Figure 8. A –C) Antennal segments II and III. Frankliniella spp. A) F. gardeniae. B) F. sanabriana. C) F. funderburki.

Figure 9. A–D) Antennal segments II and III. Arrows indicate basal collar. Frankliniella spp. A) F. bispinosa. B) F. cephalica. C) F. breviseta. D) F. tritici.

Figure 10. A–D) Frankliniella spp. A) Ventral head and mouth cone of F. desmodii. Arrows indicate points of measure. B) Head of F. williamsi. Arrow and dashed line indicate points of measure. C) Abdominal tergites IX–X of F.gossypiana with B1 setae labelled. D) Abdominal sternite II of F. gossypiana. Arrow indicates discal seta.