Cratosomus Schoenherr, 1825: c.585

Anzaldo, Salvatore S., 2017, Review of the genera of Conoderinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean, ZooKeys 683, pp. 51-138 : 65

Cratosomus Schoenherr, 1825: c.585 Figs 21 , 38 , 68

= Atenismus Chevrolat, 1880: L [Syn.: Emden 1933: 505]. Type species: Atenismus spinipennis Chevrolat, 1880 [by monotypy].

= Gorgus Schoenherr, 1825: c.585 [Syn.: Gyllenhal 1837: 13]. Type species: Cryptorhynchus lentiginosus Germar, 1824 [by original designation].

= Gorgus Schoenherr, 1826: 279 (non Schoenherr, 1825) [Syn.: Gyllenhal 1837: 32]. Type species: Curculio dubius Fabricius, 1787 [by original designation] (= Curculio bombina Fabricius, 1787).

( Eucratosomus ) Kuschel, 1945: 361. Type species: Cryptorhynchus sticticus Germar, 1824 [by original designation].

Type species.

Rhynchaenus herculeanus Dalman, 1823 [by original designation] (= Rhynchaenus roddami Kirby, 1819).

Gender.

Masculine.

Diagnosis.

Cratosomus can be differentiated from the other Piazurines treated here by the setal tufts of the anterior margin of the tibial apex being composed of thick fascicles of golden setae (Fig. 21 ), the dense setal brush at the posterodistal face of the meso- and metatibia (Fig. 21 ), the thick rostrum that is apically dorsoventrally compressed, and generally larger body size. The eyes can be small and widely separated (Fig. 38 ) or large and approximate; the femora are ventrally with 0-2 teeth, usually with a distinct ventral carina distally; and the elytra and pronotum are often tuberculate or spinose.

Notes.

This genus includes some of the largest Neotropical weevils (Champion 1906: 1). Males of some species have lateral tusk-like processes of the rostrum and are presumably under sexual selection and used during male-male competitions.

Keys .

Emden 1933 (Central and South America), Champion 1906: 2 (Central America).

Phylogenetic relationships.

Schoenherr’s (1838) classification included Cratosomus in a separate Cohors of Cryptorhynchides, thereby distinguished from the rest of the then-described Conoderinae . Although somewhat dissimilar in appearance to the Piazurini treated here, it resembles the South American piazurine genera Latychus Pascoe, 1872 (and likely also the South American Costolatychus Heller, 1906, and Latychellus Hustache, 1938, but no specimens were observed of those genera) in the thickened dorsoventrally compressed rostral apex, the smaller and relatively widely separated eyes (as in some Cratosomus ), and the small ventral femoral tooth.

Host associations.

R.S. Anderson (1993: 218) lists Annonaceae Juss., Rutaceae Juss., Lauraceae Juss., Myrtaceae Juss., and Sapotaceae Juss Hosts for several species of Brazilian Cratosomus are recorded by Costa-Lima (1956: 213).

Described species.

Twenty-five species are known from the focal region (with 14 subspecies or forms) and an additional 126 species (and many subspecies or forms) are known exclusively from South America ( Wibmer and O’Brien 1986: 254; Rheinheimer 2011: 66 described one more).

Range.

Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama; South America. Distributions of Guadeloupe and the Lesser Antilles are listed with doubt by Emden (1933: 532) and subsequent catalogs.

Figures

Figures 19 - 36. Variation in the metatibial apex. 19 Mesotibial apex of Lechriops vestitus illustrating parts of the tibial apex: a) posterior apical angle with large, curved uncus; b) middle of the apex with produced, rounded inner flange; c) anterior apical margin with premucro; d) oblique ridge of premucro; e) apical setal tuft 20 Male Trichodocerus brevilineatus [ARTSYS 0000609] with a tibial uncus arising at the middle of the apex 21 Cratosomus punctulatus mexicanus [ASUHIC 0031510] with thick fascicles of golden setae near the anterior apical margin and a dense setal brush at the posterior apical face 22 Pseudopiazurus centraliamericanus [ASUHIC 0086627] with a large, subapical premucro 23 Piazurus laetus [SSAC 0001077], showing a typical tibial apex for that genus 24 Acoptus suturalis [ASUHIC 0016915] 25 Cylindrocopturinus pictus [SSAC 0001288] with a pointed, premucro-like inner flange 26 Pseudolechriops klopferi [SSAC 0001060] showing an elongate, uncus-like inner flange. 27 Arachnomorpha circumlineata [ARTSYS 0000535] 28 Archocopturus medeterae [ASUHIC 16884] 29 Cylindrocopturus adspersus [ASUHIC 0016896] with a rounded, produced inner flange 30 Helleriella longicollis [ASUHIC 0065241] with a very short uncus 31 Lissoderes cecropiae [ASUHIC 0064707] with an elongate uncus and minute premucro 32 Phileas granulatus [ARTSYS 0000528] with the middle of the apex (between uncus and premucro) sunken 33 Peltophorus adustus [ASUHIC 0012325] with a short uncus and posterodistal setal comb extending halfway to the base of the tibia 34 Zygops erythropygus [ASUHIC 0086640] with short posterodistal setal comb. 35 Philenis flavipes [ASUHIC 0065102] 36 Philinna bicristata [ARTSYS 0000799] with a small tooth at the anterior apical angle.

Figures 37 - 45. Variation in eye shape. 37 Trichodocerus brevilineatus [ARTSYS 0000609] with large, subcontiguous eyes that continue below rostral insertion 38 Cratosomus punctulatus mexicanus [ASUHIC 0031510] with relatively small, widely separated eyes 39 Lobops bonvouloiri [ARTSYS 0000658] with widely separated eyes and the frons concave between the upper half of the eye 40 Pseudopiazurus centraliamericanus [ASUHIC 0086627] with very large eyes that are contiguous in upper half 41 Pseudopinarus guyanensis [ASUHIC 0086636] with large, subcontiguous eyes and an arcuate carina on the vertex of the head 42 Acoptus suturalis [ASUHIC 0016914] with subcontiguous eyes separated at the top by a lanceolate space 43 Cylindrocopturinus pictus [SSAC 0001288] 44 Macrocopturus lynceus [SSAC 0001085] with very large, partially contiguous eyes 45 Microzygops nigrofasciatus [ARTSYS 0000802] with large eyes contiguous in the bottom 2 / 3 and widely separated at the top.

Figures 67 - 70. Lateral and dorsal habitus images of Trichodocerini and Piazurini. Scale bars = 2 mm unless otherwise specified. 67 a-b Trichodocerus spinolae [ARTSYS 0000534] 68 a-b Cratosomus lafontii [SSAC 0001133]; scale bars = 10 mm 69 a-b Lobops bonvouloiri [ARTSYS 0000527] 70 a-b Piazurus caprimulgus [SSAC 0001113].