Pollicaria Gould, 1856

Kongim, Bangon, Sutcharit, Chirasak, Naggs, Fred & Panha, Somsak, 2013, Taxonomic revision of the Elephant Pupinid snail genus Pollicaria Gould, 1856 (Prosobranchia, Pupinidae), ZooKeys 287, pp. 19-40 : 24-25

Genus Pollicaria Gould, 1856

Pollicaria Gould, 1856: 14. Gould 1862: 221. von Martens 1867: 67. Stoliczka 1871: 150. Kobelt 1902: 287. Wenz 1938: 475.

Hainesia Pfeiffer, 1856b: 120 (part.).

Hybocystis Benson, 1859: 90. Blanford 1864: 460. Crosse 1885: 180. Fischer 1885: 174.

Type species:

Cyclostoma pollex Gould, 1856: 14; by monotypy (see ICZN, 1999, Art. 68.3). The type species ' Cyclostoma pollex Gould, 1856 [October]' is currently recognized as a junior subjective synonym of Megalomastoma gravidum Benson, 1856 [March].

Note.

When describing his new species as Cyclostoma pollex , Gould (1856) simultaneously proposed the new generic name Pollicaria for this new nominal species. Gould also doubtfully included Cyclostoma myersii Haines, 1855 and Cyclostoma chrysalis Pfeiffer, 1852 in the Pollicaria Gould, 1856. Benson (1859) published a new generic name Hybocystis containing a single species from Burma Megalomastoma gravidum Benson, 1856. Although Benson (1860) noted that Hybocystis was a junior subjective synonym of Pollicaria Gould, 1856, the name Pollicaria was widely overlooked prior to Kobelt’s (1902) review of cyclophoroideans and both Wenz (1938) and Pain (1974) continued to mistakenly cite Megalomastoma gravidum Benson, 1856 as the type species. With only the doubtful inclusion of Cyclostoma myersii Haines, 1855 and Cyclostoma chrysalis Pfeiffer, 1852 in the original description of Pollicaria , the type species of Pollicaria was unequivocally fixed in the original publication by monotypy.

Diagnosis.

Shell pupoid, small to large (shell height 35-50 mm), thickened and solid. Shell smooth or malleated sculpture from almost white to pale yellow, reddish brown and nearly black; periostracum generally thick. Whorls 5-7, last whorl expanded, body whorl distorted when adult; sutures weakly impressed. Aperture rounded, shallow to absent posterior angled groove; peristome continuous and thickened; lip duplicated and reflexed; umbilicus narrow. Operculum multi-lamellar calcareous plate. Radula taenioglossate with seven teeth in each transverse row.

Keys to species and subspecies of the genus Pollicaria recognized in this study

1	Peristome with declining shoulder inside peristome ( Fig. 1A )	2
-	Peristome without declining shoulder inside peristome ( Fig. 1B )	4
2	Shell small (height <35 mm)	3
-	Shell large (height> 40 mm), shell ground colour brown to black, periostracum corneous	Pollicaria rochebruni
3	Shell pale yellow	Pollicaria gravida
-	Shell bright orange	Pollicaria crossei
4	Shell usually large (height> 40 mm)	5
-	Shell small (height <35 mm) to medium (35 <height <40 mm), with bright orange, purple to black	6
5	Shell dark orange to pale orange, lip duplicated, dorsal part of last whorl pitted	Pollicaria elephas
-	Shell elongate pupoid, brown to red, periostracum thick corneous, lip expanded, dorsal part of last whorl malleated	Pollicaria myersii
6	Spire and apex bright yellow to orange, shell medium (35 <height <40 mm)	Pollicaria mouhoti mouhoti
-	Spire monochrome purple to black, shell small (height <35 mm)	Pollicaria mouhoti monochroma ssp. n.

Figures

Figure 1. Breathing devices of six genera within the Pupinidae; black arrow indicates the position of breathing devices. A Anterior and posterior canals of Pupina B Anterior canal and twisted posterior canal of Pupinella C Complete posterior tube in Raphaulus D Shallow posterior angled groove of Pollicaria, white arrow indicates the parietal declining shoulder inside peristome E Anterior (peristomal) groove inside aperture of Tortulosa F Thin posterior groove inside aperture of Schistoloma.