Capra Linnaeus 1758

Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Artiodactyla, Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 637-722 : 700

Capra Linnaeus 1758

Capra Linnaeus 1758 , Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 68 .

Type Species: Capra hircus Linnaeus 1758

Species and subspecies: 8 species with 12 subspecies:

Species Capra caucasica Guldenstaedt and Pallas 1779

Subspecies Capra caucasica subsp. caucasica Guldenstaedt and Pallas 1779

Subspecies Capra caucasica subsp. cylindricornis Blyth 1841

Subspecies Capra caucasica subsp. severtzovi Menzbier 1888

Species Capra falconeri Wagner 1839

Subspecies Capra falconeri subsp. falconeri Wagner 1839

Subspecies Capra falconeri subsp. heptneri Zalkin 1945

Subspecies Capra falconeri subsp. megaceros Hutton 1842

Species Capra hircus Linnaeus 1758

Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. hircus Linnaeus 1758

Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. aegagrus Erxleben 1777

Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. chialtanensis ( Lydekker 1913)

Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. cretica Schinz 1838

Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. jourensis Ivrea 1899

Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. picta Erhard 1858

Species Capra ibex Linnaeus 1758

Species Capra nubiana F. Cuvier 1825

Species Capra pyrenaica Schinz 1838

Species Capra sibirica Pallas 1776

Species Capra walie Rüppell 1835

Discussion: Reviewed by Coutourier (1962). Includes Orthaegoceros ; see Heptner et al. (1961:593). Some authors have included Ammotragus and Ovis ; see Ansell (1972:70) and Van Gelder (1977 b). However, most authors have not followed this arrangement; see Gray and Simpson (1980), Gromov and Baranova (1981), Hall (1981), and Corbet and Hill (1991). There is no consensus concerning the number of species to be recognized in this genus; some would recognize only two ( hircus and falconeri ; see Haltenorth, 1963), while others would recognize up to nine. Heptner et al. (1961) are followed here except that only one species of Tur is recognised. Suggested divisions within the genus according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) are C. caucasica or Hilzheimeria group, C. falconeri or Orthaegoceros group, C. hircus or nominate Capra group, C. ibex or Ibex group (including also nubiana , sibirica , and walie as subspecies, as well as " C. ibex severtzovi "), and C. pyrenaica or Turocapra group. Systematics of the genus has been inferred from mtDNA sequences. Hassanin et al. (1998) suggested the following tree: ( C. sibirica , Hemitragus jemlahicus ) (( C. nubiana ) (( C. hircus , C. falconeri ) (( C. caucasica ) ( C. cylindricornis , C. aegagrus )))). Manceau et al (1999 a) concluded that C. aegagrus and C. ibex sensu lato were polyphyletic, that C. cylindricornis and C. caucasica were distinct, though they did not state whether their material included specimens of the intermediate severtzovi, and that C. pyrenaica was allied to C. ibex . From studies of fossil material, Crégut-Bonnoure (1992) concluded that there were two lineages in late Pleistocene Europe, the ibex lineage, and the caucasica-cylindricornis-pyrenaica lineage.