Copestylum volcanorum, Rotheray & Hancock & Marcos-García, 2007

Rotheray, G. E., Hancock, E. G. & Marcos-García, M. A., 2007, Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) including 22 new species, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (2), pp. 267-317 : 282-283

008. COPESTYLUM VOLCANORUM SP. NOV.

HANCOCK & ROTHERAY

Diagnosis – male holotype: Face as C. carlosii , but lateral vittae distinct from eye to mouth ( Fig. 8 ); mesonotum as C. carlosii ; scutellum yellow and black haired; pleura mainly black, only yellowish on the dorsal part of the anepisternum, posterior anepimeron, and katatergum and katepimeron; wings extensively microtrichose, and medial crossveins infused black; legs mainly black, except pale at apices of femorae and ventral surface of tibiae and tarsi; legs black haired; abdominal tergites 1–4 black with pale yellow side spots; tergite 1 pale haired, tergite 2 with white hairs on side spots and posterior margin with a band of black hairs, tergites 3 and 4 black haired; sternites 1 and 4 black, sternites 2 and 3 yellow; sternites whitehaired; genitalia – surstylus broad and rectangularshaped with distal margins tapered; lower superior lobe of hypandrium more like a rounded projection than hook-like; hypandrium without lateral projections and aedeagus with smooth apical margin ( Figs 38, 39, 40 ); female – similar to holotype male except for colour pattern of abdomen, which is black with a pair of large, square-shaped, white spots on tergite 2, and abdomen white-haired; sternites black except the sternite 2 and the anterior margin of sternite 3, which are yellowish; width of the vertex about 13.3% width of head. Length: body, 10.00– 10.80 mm; wing, 8.70–9.10 mm (N = 2).

Diagnosis – larva and puparium: Suckers present on abdominal segments 1–6; marginal band complete, including both thorax and abdomen; anal segment with two pairs of long, narrow lappets above the marginal band; ventral surface of lobes coated with setae; anterior spiracles present; vestiture of dark papillae bearing groups of setae; ventral surface of anal segment with dark papillae bare of setae; posterior breathing tube dark brown to black, elongate such that length of tube below transverse ridge is more than twice the length of tube above the ridge, three pairs of spiracular openings that are curved in shape; pupal spiracles black with openings almost to base.

Material examined – holotype: Male with puparium, Bolivia, Reserva Santa Cruz, Los Volcanes , 18 August 2004, ex live bromeliad ( Bromeliaceae ) on cliff face, collected by EGH & GER ( NMS) .

Material examined – paratype: One female with puparia, Bolivia, Reserva Santa Cruz, Los Volcanes , 8–12 August 2004, ex live bromeliad ( Bromeliaceae ) on rock face collected by EGH & GER ( NMS) .

Etymology: The name ‘ volcanorum’ is used in reference to the type locality, Los Volcanos in Bolivia.

Taxonomic notes: The dark scutellum and the black legs distinguish the adult of C. volcanorum from C. carlosii .

Within the carlosii subgroup, with larvae distinguished by having marginal bands incorporating the thorax, and lappets that are not incorporated into the marginal band, the early stages of C. volcanorum are readily distinguished from C. carlosii by the longer posterior breathing tube, which below the ridge is more than twice the length of the tube above the ridge, and the black pupal spiracles with openings almost at the base.

Biology: Adults were reared from larvae in water tanks of the cliff-face bromeliad, Tillandsia major (Bromeliaceae) , and are known only from Bolivia.

Subgroup elizabethae

Diagnosis – larva and puparium: Marginal band complete round both abdomen and thorax; marginal band of mesothorax and metathorax each comprising two pairs of lobes; marginal band of first abdominal segment with three pairs of lobes ( Fig. 77 ); lateral and apical margins of each lobe coated with dorsoventrally flattened setae pressed close together and each branching apically beween three and five times ( Fig. 81 ); ventral surface of lobes smooth and shining, fine setae confined to lateral margins except on thorax; sensilla 7/8 not on a long projection, except on abdominal segment 7; anterior spiracles absent; dorsal vestiture on segments 1–7 consisting of domeshaped papillae lacking setae; ventral surface of anal segment smooth and shining, lacking papillae and setae; mesothoracic prolegs lacking crochets; rims of suckers coated in fine setae; lappet pair 1 not on a fleshy projection, reduced to sensillum and associated setae; posterior two pairs of lappets incorporated into the marginal band, as shown by the presence of apical sensilla in two of the three pairs of lobes on the anal segment, middle pair separating them lacking sensilla; posterior breathing tube orange; elongate such that transverse ridge at apex of tube ( Fig. 101 ); cylindrical in cross-section and parallel sided; lightly punctate above the transverse ridge; spiracular plates close together and oval in outline shape; spiracular plates inclined, and openings consisting of three pairs of dorsal, circular depressions ( Fig. 105 ); pupal spiracles either yellow or black, with openings clustered on the widened apical third ( Fig. 109 ).

Diagnosis – adult: Male head with a group of eye facets slightly larger than elsewhere on the eyes; wings without well-defined brown maculae; abdominal tergites more black than yellow.

Taxonomic notes: This subgroup of two species is readily distinguished by the marginal band, which is complete round the margin of the entire body and includes the posterior two pairs of lappets. A complete marginal band is shared by the carlosii subgroup, but lappets are not included in that subgroup. Furthermore, the mesothorax and metathorax have two pairs of lobes (one each in the carlosii subgroup), and the first abdominal segment has three pairs of lobes (two in the carlosii subgroup). Additional characters include the marginal setae of the lobes, which branch into between three and five setae apically (two setae in the carlosii subgroup), the ventral surface of the anal segment is smooth and shining, and lacks either setae or papillae (setae present in other tank subgroups), and anterior spiracles are absent. Species of the elizabethae subgroup are known from epiphytic bromeliads in tropical forests in Costa Rica, Mexico, and Trinidad.

Figures

Figures 7–10. Adult Copestylum, lateral view of the head; scale line = 3.5 mm. 7. Copestylum carlosii sp. nov., female holotype; 8. Copestylum volcanorum sp. nov., male holotype; 9. Copestylum barbara sp. nov., male holotype; 10. Copestylum elizabethae sp. nov., male holotype.

Figures 32–40. Adult Copestylum, male genitalia; right and left-hand figures scale line = 0.50 mm, for middle column figures, left-hand scale line = 0.85 mm. 32–34. Copestylum tacanense sp. nov., male holotype: 32. genitalia and associated structures, lateral view; 33. epandrium, ventral view; 34. surstylus, ventral view. 35–37. Copestylum tapanti sp. nov., male holotype: 35. genitalia and associated structures, lateral view; 36. hypandrium, ventral view; 37. surstylus, ventral view. 38–40. Copestylum volcanorum sp. nov., male holotype: 38. genitalia and associated structures, lateral view; 39.

Figures 75–81. Third stage larvae of Copestylum. 75. Copestylum oscillans, whole larva, head to the right, ventral view, length = 11 mm. 76. Copestylum carlosii, whole larva, head to the right, ventral view, length = 10 mm. 77. Copestylum elizabethae, whole larva, head to the right, ventral view, length = 11 mm. 78. Copestylum carlosii, sucker from 4th abdominal segment, anterior end to the right, ventral view, width = 1 mm. 79. Copestylum oscillans, marginal lobe from 3rd abdominal segment, dorsal view, width = 0.35 mm. 80. Copestylum carlosii, marginal lobe from 3rd abdominal segment, dorsal view, width = 0.35 mm. 81. Copestylum elizabethae, marginal lobe from 3rd abdominal segment, dorsal view, width = 0.35 mm.

Figures 99–110. Early stages of Copestylum, respiratory structures. 99–102. Posterior breathing tubes of third stage larva, dorso-lateral view, apex to the left; tr, transverse ridge; scale line = 2 mm. 99. Copestylum emeralda; 100. Copestylum otongaensis; 101. Copestylum elizabethae; 102. Copestylum louisae. 103–106. Spiracular plates of posterior breathing tubes of third stage larva, dorsal view; so, spiracular openings; scale line = 0.6 mm. 103. C. emeralda; 104. C. otongaensis; 105. C. elizabethae; 106. C. louisae. 107–110. Pupal spiracles from puparia, posterior view; scale line = 1 mm. 107. C. emeralda; 108. C. otongaensis; 109. C. elizabethae; 110. C. louisae.