Leporinus villasboasorum, Burns & Chatfield & Birindelli & Sidlauskas, 2017

Burns, Michael D., Chatfield, Marcus, Birindelli, José L. O. & Sidlauskas, Brian L., 2017, Systematic assessment of the Leporinus desmotes species complex, with a description of two new species, Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (2), No. e 160166, pp. 1-24 : 8-13

Leporinus villasboasorum , new species

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EE3C947E-132D-4803-B52E-0F59E4572870

Figs. 2, 6-7; Tabs. 3 and 6

Leporinus desmotes - Camargo et al., 2004:132 (in part; Iriri and middle Xingu, checklist). - Camargo et al., 2005:12 (rio Parazinho, tributary of rio Curuá, checklist). -Camargo, Giarrizo, 2007:3 (in part; unspecific record for the Xingu basin, checklist). - Birindelli, Britski, 2009:8 (rio Culuene, Campinápolis, Mato Grosso State; comparative material). - Oliveira et al., 2012:5 (rio Iriri, report of sympatry with Leporinus tigrinus , Leporellus cf. vittatus , among other non-anostomid fishes). - Birindelli, Britski, 2013:1159 (rio Culuene, Campinápolis, Mato Grosso State; comparative material).

Holotype. MZUSP 116530 , 1 , 91.0 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Campinápolis, rio Culuene, tributary of rio Xingu , at cofferdam of PCH Paranatinga 2, 13°51’01”S 53°15’33”W, 2 Jul 2007, L. M. Sousa & A. Netto- Ferreira.

Neotropical Ichthyology, 15(2): e160166, 2017 Two new species of Leporinus

Paratypes. All from Brazil (Xingu basin). ANSP 195954 , 1, 124.1 mm SL, Pará , Altamira , rio Xingu at middle of Volta Grande, 03°33’41”S 51°51’29”W, 10 Mar 2014 , M. H. Sabaj-Pérez et al. INPA 30985 , 1 , 80.7 mm SL, Pará , Altamira , rio Iriri, tributary of rio Xingu, 03°50’30”S

52°52’20”W, H. López-Fernández et al. MZUEL 17000 , 3 , 98.1-115.5 mm SL, 1 sk, 96 mm SL, 1 CS, 90.6 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Campinápolis, rio Culuene, at future area of PCH Paranatinga 2 , 13°51’01”S 53°15’33”W, 21 Aug 2006, J. L. Birindelli et al. MZUSP 88045 , 1, 117.9 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Gaúcha do Norte, rio Culuene , 13°30’52”S 53°5’34”W, J. L. Birindelli et al. MZUSP 88046 , 1 , 99.3 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Canarana, ribeirão Água Limpa, tributary of rio Sete de Setembro , 13°28’7”S 52°14’54”W, J. L. Birindelli et al. MZUSP 88047 , 1 , 95.6 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Gaúcha do Norte, rio Curisevo, tributary of rio Culuene , 13°2’5”S 53°25’19”W, C. R. Moreira et al. MZUSP 88048 , 1 , 75.4 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Gaúcha do Norte, rio Batovi , 13°14’46”S 54°01’30”W, J. L. Birindelli et al. MZUSP 88050 , 7 , 133.7 - 147.2 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Paranatinga, rio Jabotá, tributary of rio Ronuro , 12°49’19”S 54°09’24”W, J. L. Birindelli et al. MZUSP 89730 , 9 , 100.0- 119.0 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Campinápolis, rio Culuene , 13°51’01”S 53°15’33”W, A. Akama & J. L. Birindelli. MZUSP 89803 , 1 , 93.1 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Paranatinga, rio Sucuri, tributary of rio Culuene , 13°55’40”S 53°17’10”W, A. Akama & J. L. Birindelli. MZUSP 91895 , 15 , 62.2-130.4 mm SL, 1 sk, 83.0 mm SL, 1 CS, 102.0 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Campinápolis, rio Culuene, at future area of PCH Paranatinga 2 , 13°51’01”S 53°15’33”W, 21 Aug 2006, J. L. Birindelli et al. MZUSP 94099 , 2 , 96.1 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Paranatinga, rio Culuene , 13°30’53”S 53°05’40”W, J. L. Birindelli et al. MZUSP 94868 , 7 , 69.9- 127.9 mm SL, collected with holotype . MZUSP 98149 , 3 , 116.4 - 117.5 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Campinápolis, rio Culuene at Cachoeira do Adelino , 13°47’50”S 53°14’46”W, F. C. T. Lima et al. MZUSP 98111 , 2 , 130.5 - 133.3 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Campinápolis, rio Culuene , 13°51’01”S 53°15’33”W, F. C. T. Lima et al. MZUSP 105865 , 1, 113.6 mm SL, Pará, Altamira , rio Iriri , tributary of rio Xingu , 03°48’49”S 52°38’6”W, UFPA. MZUSP 107527 , 1, 132.5 mm SL, Pará, Altamira, rio Xingu at Caitucá , 03°33’48”S 51°51’49”W, UFPA. OS 20074 , 2 , 98.4-109.8 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Campinápolis, rio Culuene, tributary of rio Xingu , at cofferdam of PCH Paranatinga 2 , 13°51’01”S 53°15’33”W, 2 Jul 2007, L. M. Sousa & A. Netto-Ferreira. OS 20075 , 2 , 75.1-124.2 mm SL, collected with holotype .

Non-type specimens. All from Brazil (Tapajós basin). MZUEL 7916 , 1, 109.5 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Brasnorte, tributary of rio Norato, tributary of rio do Sangue , a tributary of rio Juruena , 12°11’13”S 57°59’33”W, 31 Aug 2013 , J. L. O. Birindelli et al. MZUSP 63050 , 1, 117.6 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Paranatinga, rio Teles Pires , 14°27’34”S 54°37’15”W , F. Machado & R. Calegari . MZUSP 95857 , 81.7-101.5 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Itaúba, rio Teles Pires , 10°58’30”S 55°44’3”W, 1 Oct 2007 , J. L. Birindelli & P. Hollanda Carvalho. MZUSP 96609 , 1 , 88.4 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Peixoto deAzevedo, rio Peixoto deAzevedo, tributary of rio Teles Pires , 10°13’14”S 54°58’02”W , J. L. Birindelli et al. MZUSP 98671 , 1 , 79.7 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Paranaíta, rio Teles Pires , 09°19’28”S 56°46’42”S , M. V. Loeb & A. de Castro . MZUSP 100071 , 5 , 19.5-28.7mm SL, Mato Grosso, Paranaíta, Rio Teles Pires , 9°24’5”S 56°33’49”W, 16 Jun 2008 , L.M. Sousa & A.L. Netto-Ferreira.

Diagnosis. Leporinus villasboasorum can be separated from all other members of Leporinus except L. desmotes , L. jatuncochi , and L. enyae by possession of laterally compressed, elongate (more than twice as long as the second dentary tooth) tusk-like symphyseal dentary teeth ( Fig. 1b), versus the more truncate conical or incisiform teeth (less than twice as long as the second dentary tooth) typical of other members of Leporinus ( Fig. 1c), and from all other members of Leporinus except Leporinus bleheri , L. desmotes , L. enyae , L. jatuncochi , and L. yophorus by a color pattern on the head and trunk consisting of nine dark bars, some of which fork dorsally or ventrally, the fifth of which continues onto the dorsal and pelvic fins, versus various other color patterns in the approximately 90 other described species of Leporinus . It separates most easily from Leporinus jatuncochi and some specimens of L. desmotes by the possession of 16, versus 14 circumpeduncular scales. It separates from Leporinus enyae by having the dark bar anterior to the dorsal fin well-divided dorsally, versus having that bar undivided or barely divided dorsally. It is most similar in meristics and coloration to specimens of Leporinus desmotes with 16 circumpeduncular scales, but can be separated from those specimens morphometrically. Of the numerous morphometrics that differ in mean values between Leporinus villaboasorum and Leporinus desmotes , the most diagnostic are the shallower body depth in the former (23.0- 24.9% SL versus 25.1-28.9% SL) and the shorter distance from the pelvic-fin origin to adipose-fin origin (36.3-38.6% SL versus 38.5-43.4% SL) with the regression lines differing greatly between the species ( Fig. 8).

Description. Holotype and paratype meristic values in Tab. 3, and morphometric values in Tab. 6. Body fusiform, elongate, slender, slightly compressed, deepest and widest at dorsal origin. Slight keel anterior of dorsal insertion and posterior to supraoccipital crest, all other margins of body gently rounded. Caudal peduncle compressed and equally long as deep. Head conical, compressed slightly dorsally and more so ventrally. Dorsal surface of head straight and inclined in lateral profile. Anterior profile of head forms a rounded point. Head widest at back of opercle. Eye rounded and laterally placed. Anterior nostril tubular, flared at distal end, positioned just anterior of second black transverse bar on head and overhanging the upper lip. Posterior nostril in form of sharply upturned slit positioned slightly posterior to anterior nostril at angle paralleling angle of lateral profile of head. Mouth small and subterminal. Lips fleshy, thick with fleshy, deeply-cleft lamellae. Upper lip with two series of lamellae, outer series longer than inner. Bottom lip with three or more series of lamellae much shorter than those of top lip and irregular in pattern, with outer series terminating on either side with a deep-cleft narrow fleshy lobe. Upper teeth three on each premaxilla, broader than the lower teeth and slightly spoon shaped, vaguely tricuspid and curving faintly posteriorly, with lateral teeth on smaller than those more medial. Lower teeth three on each dentary in number with lateral teeth much smaller than symphyseal. Symphyseal teeth long, pointed, laterally compressed and upward curving. Gill openings restricted. Opercle and preopercle smooth, with opercular flap pronounced and extending posteriorly from operculum. Four branchiostegal rays on each side.

Scales almost uniformly large with only slightly smaller scales in predorsal and ventral regions. Lateral line well defined, complete and straight with simple well-defined tubes. Pointed sheath scale twice as long as fin base on pelvic, starting at pelvic origin and pointing posteriorly.

Dorsal-fin origin located about halfway between snout tip and adipose origin. Pelvic-fin insertion located at vertical through origin of seventh branched dorsal-fin ray. Adipose-fin origin located at vertical through origin of third branched anal fin ray. Distal end of posterior branched anal-fin ray located at vertical through shallowest point of caudal peduncle. Dorsal- and pectoral-fins sharply falcate, all other fins come to slightly rounded points. First unbranched fin ray about half as long as first branched fin ray, with first branched fin ray being the longest, on both dorsal- and anal-fins. Caudal-fin deeply forked. Vent located anterior of anal origin about onethird the distance between anal origin and pelvic insertion.

Coloration in alcohol. Ground color white to brownish tan, weakly countershaded. Nine well-defined dark black transverse bars encircling head and trunk in specimens larger than 30 mm SL, eight such bars in small juveniles. Head with one dark bar on top of snout, one dark stripe running from tip of lower jaw, through end of maxillary bone, to anterior margin of orbit, conspicuously present in specimens of 30 mm SL or less, and slightly less conspicuous and distinctly arranged in larger specimens (with faint connections to the second dark bar). Head with one dark bar extending from dorsalmost portion of head (between frontals and parietals) to dorsal margin of eye; bar extended below ventral margin of eye only in specimens of 50 mm SL or more. Bars on main body slope slightly toward posterior from dorsal to ventral. Trunk with six dark bars in specimens of 30 mm SL or less and with seven in larger specimens. Variation in bar number stems from division of bar dorsal to pelvic fin over ontogeny. First dark bar of trunk encompasses opercle and much of the isthmus with a slight ventral division in line with gill opening and black resuming in space between pectoral-fins ventrally. Second dark bar of body between head and dorsal-fin; bar wide and undivided in specimens of approximately 20 mm SL, bar wide and only slightly divided into two parallel bars in specimens of around 25 mm SL, bar completely dorsally and ventrally shaped as an “X” in specimens of 60 mm SL or larger. Third and fourth dark bar united into a single bar in specimens of 20 mm SL, divided dorsally and ventrally in specimens of 25 mm SL, and completely divided into two bars in specimens larger than 60 mm SL. Third dark bar extended on base on dorsal-fin rays, forming a dark triangle, with anteriormost rays darker than posteriormost; and extended on pelvic-fin. Pelvic-fin completely dark, except anteriormost tip, in specimens of 25 mm SL or less; pelvicfin dark except for anteriormost tip, first two unbranched rays and posterior margin in larger specimens. Fifth dark bar in front of adipose fin and extended to base of four to six anteriormost rays of anal-fin. Sixth dark bar running from posterior portion of adipose to posterior portion of anal-fin. Adipose-fin dark except for middle portion in specimens of 25 mm SL or less, and dark except for insertion and distal margin in larger specimens. Seventh dark bar covering posterior third of caudal peduncle. Specimens with 25 mm SL or less with a dark semicircular bar extended on base of caudal-fin rays, and a conspicuous dark spot on base of middle caudal-fin rays. Caudal-fin generally dusk with a clear semicircular bar anteriorly in specimens of 25 mm SL or less; and hyaline in larger specimens.

Coloration in life. Body yellow to brownish. Patterns of dark bars otherwise as described for preserved specimens. Dorsal margin of maxilla dark, with coloration extending posteriorly to vertical through posterior margin of outer fleshy lamellae of lower lip. Coloration faintly connecting dorsally to the dark bar through nares with only slight lightening in color of space between. Lips generally yellow with darkening of dorsal edge of upper lip and dark black on both sides of upper lip.

Geographical distribution. Leporinus villasboasorum occurs throughout the middle and upper Xingu drainage, from Volta Grande rapids near Belo Monte, downstream of the city of Altamira in Pará State to the headwaters of the Xingu River in Mato Grosso State. It also occurs in the Teles Pires and Juruena rivers, which are tributaries of the upper Tapajós River, in Mato Grosso State, Brazil ( Fig. 9) .

Neotropical Ichthyology, 15(2): e160166, 2017 M. D. Burns, M. Chatfield, J. L. O. Birindelli & B. L. Sidlauskas

Etymology. Named in honor of Orlando, Cláudio and Leonardo Villas-Bôas, in recognition of their pioneering efforts to conserve and protect the rio Xingu’s marvelous biodiversity, of which Leporinus villasboasorum forms part. A noun in the genitive case.

Conservation status. Leporinus villasboasorum is relatively frequent and abundant in the Xingu (520,300 km 2) and Tapajós (489, 628 km 2) river basins. It is widespread throughout the both basins and the species can be categorized as Least Concern (LC) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria ( IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2016), as the species occurs in several areas of preservation priority, such as indigenous parks.

Remarks. Leporinus villasboasorum occurs in the middle and upper Xingu and in the upper Tapajós basins. Since the Xingu and Tapajós basins are nowadays not connected it is possible that future more detailed studies will recognize the populations of those two basins as not conspecific as considered here. To prevent a polytypic type series in the advent of such a split, only specimens from the Xingu basin were included as paratypes of L. villasboasorum .