Protoperidinium divergens (Ehrenberg) Balech 1974

Krakhmalnyi, Aleksandr F., Krakhmalnyi, Maxim A., Terenko, Galyna V. & Goncharenko, Igor V., 2023, Dominant Species Of The Genus Protoperidinium Bergh (Peridiniales: Protoperidiniaceae) In The Black Sea, Zootaxa 5339 (5), pp. 427-448 : 434-436

Protoperidinium divergens (Ehrenberg) Balech 1974 . Rev. Mus. Argent. Cienc. Nat. “ B. Rivadavia ”, Hydrobiologia 4 (1): 60. ( Figs. 23–31 ) .

References: Lebour 1925: 127, Pl. XXVI, Fig. 2 a–e ; Schiller 1937: 226, Fig. 222 a–e; Kiselew 1950: 194, Figs. 324 a–v, 329 a–v; Wood 1968: 102, Fig. 298; Taylor 1976: 148, Fig. 4 a, b , Pl. 31: Figs. 319–320, 324, Pl. 46: 530 (as Peridinium divergens ); Dodge 1982: 193, Fig. 22 D ; Dodge 1985: 52; Okolodkov 2008: 134, Pl. 12, 4–7; Krakhmalnyi 2011: 196, Table 80, 9–15; Konovalova & Selina 2010: 147, Table XIX, 5; Al-Yamani & Saburova 2019: 309, Pl. 170.

Basionym: Peridinium divergens Ehrenberg 1840 . Ber. Verh. Berlin. Akad. Wiss.: 201.

Synonyms: Glenodinium divergens (Ehrenberg) Dangeard 1938 .

Description: Cells pentagonal. The lateral sides usually concave. The apical pore structure of Bʹ– type ( Toriumi & Dodge 1993). The epithecal plate pattern comprises seven precingular plates (7ʹʹ), four apical plates (4ʹ), three anterior intercalary plates (3a), and “meta”–”quadra” combination of the 1ʹ and 2a plates. The thecal surface coarsely reticulated, with spines and scattered pores. The cingulum median, deeply excavated, slightly ascending, bears lists. The sulcus broadens towards the antapex; left sulcal list is more developed. The hypotheca transitions into two divergent antapical horns ending in strong spines. The cytoplasm heavily granulated, pale yellow to pink in color. Dimensions: 66.2–109.8 μm long and 53.0–77.0 μm wide.

Distribution: Temperate to tropical waters; cosmopolitan ( Steidinger & Tangen 1997). Data on the distribution of P. divergens are given from the GBIF.org (2022) ( Fig. 85 ).

Figures

FIGURES 23–34. Protoperidinium of the Black Sea. 23–31—P. divergens; 32—P. conicum; 33—P. knipowitschii; 34—P. granii. Designations: 1ʹ—first apical plate, 2a—second intercalary plate. 24, 34—DIC; 25–28—epifluorescence; 29–31—FE- SEM; 23, 32–33—transmitted light. Scale bars: 20 µm.

FIGURES 1–10. Protoperidinium of the Black Sea. 1–2—P. achromaticum; 3–4, 7—P. brevipes; 5, 10—P. quadrioblongum; 6, 8–9—P. excentricum. Designations: 1ʹ—first apical plate, 2a—second intercalary plate. 4, 6–9—epifluorescence; 5, 10— transmitted light. Scale bars: 10 µm.

FIGURES 11–22. Protoperidinium of the Black Sea. 11–12—P. bipes; 14–15—P. brochii; 13, 16—P. crassipes; 17–19—P. claudicans; 20–22—P. depressum. Designations: 1ʹ—first apical plate, 2a—second intercalary plate. 11, 13, 15–16—DIC; 12, 14, 18–19, 22—epifluorescence; 17, 20–21—transmitted light. Scale bars: 11–12, 14–15 = 10 µm; 13, 16–22 = 20 µm.

FIGURES 77–85. Global distribution maps of some Protoperidinium species. 77—Protoperidinium achromaticum; 78—P. bipes; 79—P. brevipes; 80—P. brochii; 81—P. claudicans; 82—P. conicum; 83—P. crassipes; 84—P. depressum; 85—P. divergens.