Polynoncus gemmingeri ( Harold, 1872 )

Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Strümpher, Werner P., Thyssen, Patricia J. & Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., 2024, Taxonomic revision of the South American genus Polynoncus Burmeister, 1876 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Trogidae), Journal of Natural History 58 (1 - 4), pp. 14-166 : 88-90

Polynoncus gemmingeri ( Harold, 1872)

( Figures 5b , 36–37 )

Trox gemmingeri Harold, 1872: 134 , 190 (original description); Preudhomme de Borre 1886: 72 (checklist); Luederwaldt 1911: 420 (list of necrophagous beetles from São Paulo); Arrow 1912: 56 (catalogue); Blackwelder 1944: 218 (checklist); Vaurie 1962: 128 (redescription)

Trox (Polynoncus) gemmingeri : Scholtz 1982: 16 (catalogue)

Polynoncus gemmingeri : Scholtz 1986a: 362 (systematics); Scholtz 1990: 1440 (redescription); Gómez 2008: 517 (key to Argentinean species); Zidek 2013: 7 (catalogue); Ratcliffe et al. 2015: 189 (checklist from Peru); Zidek 2017: 98 (catalogue); Costa-Silva and Diéguez 2020: 272 (records from Argentina); Correa et al. 2022: 3 (list of Scarabaeoidea from Brazilian caves)

Type specimen examined. LECTOTYPE HERE DESIGNATED. ( MNHN – Figure 36 ) First label [green]: ‘goyaz’ [handwitten]. Second label [light brown with black border]: ‘Ex-Musӕo / 1892/ 1892’ [vertically]. Third label [blue, handwritten]: ‘gemingeri / Harold’. Fourth label [white, typeset]: ‘MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / coll. R. OBERTHÜR’. Fifth label [red, typeset]: ‘SYNTYPE’. Sixth label [white, typeset]: ‘ SYNTYPE / Polynoncus / gemmingeri ( Harold 1872) ’. Seventh label [white, typeset]: ‘MNHN / EC9641’. Eighth label [red with black border, printed]: “ LECTOTYPE / Trox gemmingeri / Harold, 1872 / des. V. Costa-Silva, 2022” ( Figure 36c ). Type locality: ‘Goyaz’ [Goiás], Brazil. Probably in the east, near the territorial limit between Goiás and Minas Gerais. The type series was collected by the German naturalist Johann Baptist Ritter von Spix (1781– 1826) during his travels to South America between 1817 and 1820 ( Papavero 1971; also see von Spix and von Martius 1823, 1828, 1831).

Differential diagnosis. This species is most similar to P. brasiliensis ,but the two can be easily separated by the following characteristics:absence of subhumeral carina,which is present in P. brasiliensis ( Figure 14b ); tubercles on the odd-numbered costae rounded and punctate, while they are elongate in P. brasiliensis ; the pronotal ridges not fused with the basal tubercle in P. gemmingeri and fused in P. brasiliensis ; the meso- and metatarsus with claws longer than first respective tarsomere in P. gemmingeri and of the same length or less in P. brasiliensis . The male genitalia of the two species are also distinctive. For details of description, see Vaurie (1962, p. 128) and Scholtz (1990, p. 1440).

Geographic distribution. This species is widely distributed in the southern half of South America. It is recorded from Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina ( Figure 37 ). The geographical distribution of P. gemmingeri in those countries matches with the earlier revisions of the group conducted by Vaurie (1962) and Scholtz (1990). However, this study expands the geographical distribution of this species based on more than 450 examined specimens.

Ratcliffe (2002) cited this species from Panama, but without further information on the specific locality or the repository where the specimen is housed. To date we have not seen or studied specimens of P. gemmingeri occurring north of 10°S. We thus treat this record from Panama as dubious.

Examined non-type material (508 specimens). ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, Almirante Brown, Burzaco, 12 March 1939, no collector (1 CVMD); Almirante Brown , Burzaco , 8 February 1940, no collector (1 CVMD); Balcarce , Sierra La Barrosa , September 1983, A . Roig leg . (1 IADIZA); Buenos Aires, Isla Martín Garcia , April 1935, Daguerre leg . (2 MACN); Buenos Aires, Isla Martín Garcia, no date or collector (1 MACN); Buenos Aires , Merlo , Pontevedra , January 1947, no collector (1 MACN); Buenos Aires, no date or collector (1 MACN); Buenos Aires , no date, A . Beyer leg . (2 MACN); Buenos Aires, San Nicolas de los Arroyos , October 2003, D . Carpintero, Ciechino and J .E. Barriga leg . (1 CJEB); Buenos Aires, San Nicolas de los Arroyos , December 2002, D . Carpintero leg . (1 CVMD); Centro Agrícola El Pato , March 2003, D . Carpintero, Kahler and J .E. Barriga leg . (1 CJEB); La Plata , 10–30 November 1982, Sergio Roig leg . (1 IADIZA); La Plata , M .B. Gonnet , 7 May 1957, Frotta leg . (1 MLPA); La Plata , no date, A .R . Bezzi leg . (1 MLPA); La Plata, Río Santiago , 15 December 1907, Bruch leg . (1 MACN); Mar del Plata , 11 January 2000, D . Rojas Lanus leg . (1♂ CVMD); Martinez, no date or collector (2 MLPA); Miramar , January 1977, Sergio Roig leg . (1 IADIZA); Miramar, March 1970, no collector (3 MACN); Olavarría , April 1947, F . Monros leg . (1 SAMC); Puan, no date or collector (1 SAMC); Reserva Ecológica Costanera Sur, canal Viamonte , 4 January 2009, D .J . Carpintero leg . (1 CJEB); Rosário de Santa Fé , no date, A . Stevenin leg . (3 MACN); San Isidro, March 1954, no collector (1 MLPA); San Isidro, May 1955, no collector (1 MLPA); Tandil , December 2002, pitfall trap, D . Carpintero leg .(3♂ and 1 unsexed CVMD); Tigre , January 1946,M . Viana leg .(1♂ and 1 unsexed CVMD); without specific locality or date, G . Pellegrano leg . (1 MACN); without specific locality, 1909, C . Grant leg . (1♂ BMNH); without specific locality, 2 November 1908, J .B. leg. (1 MACN); without specific locality, 20 February 1919, J.B. leg. (1 MACN); without specific locality, 30 June 1908, J.B. leg. (1 MACN); without specific locality, 6 March 1908, J.B. leg. (1 MACN); without specific locality,date or collector (1 MNHN);without specific locality, January 1977,no collector (2 CVMD); without specific locality,date or collector (1 MACN); without specific locality or date, Schimpf S .K . leg . (1♂ MFNB) . Chaco, Charata , December 1995, S . Bolle leg . (1♂ 1 unsexed BMNH) . Córdoba, 25 km S de la Alta Gracia, 18 November 1975, L . Stange leg . (1 IFML); Alpa Corral , 10 km W, 895 m, 32.645°S, 64.761°W, 4 February 2009, UV light, F .C . Ocampo and K . Sheldon leg . (1 IADIZA); Alpa Corral , 32.686°S, 64.713°W, 2 February 2009, F .C . Ocampo leg . (1 IADIZA); Bialet Massé , 11 January–3 February 1976, A . Willink leg . (1 IFML); Calamuchita, Los Reartes , October 1972, M . Viana leg . (1♂ and 1♀ CVMD); Casa Bamba, El Diquecito , December 1964,A . Martinez leg . (1 MZSP); Fauna Nature Reserve Laguna La Felipa , 14 January 2003, Puma faeces,R . Gomez leg . (1 MNHN); Jesús María , 4 June 1940, Maldonado leg . (1 MLPA); Laguna La Helvecia [Fishing Club], 14 January 2003, R . Gomez leg . (2♂ CVMD); Río Cuarto , 20 November 2002, pig carcass, R . Gómez leg . (2 IADIZA); Río Cuarto , UNRC [National University of Río Cuarto], 13 February 2002, R . Gomez leg . (1 MNHN); Río Cuarto , UNRC, 20 November 2002, R . Gomez leg . (1 IADIZA); Río Cuarto , UNRC, 20 November 2002, pig carcass, R . Gomez leg . (2 IFML); Río Cuarto, UNRC, 4 May 2002, no collector (1 IFML); Río Cuarto, Vicuña Mackenna , November 1965, M . Viana leg . (1♀ CVMD); San Bartolomé , 842 m, 3 February 2009, B . Maldonado leg . (4 IADIZA); San Bartolomé , 842 m, 32.748°S, 64.727°W, 3–7 February 2009, K . Sheldon and F .C. Ocampo leg . (1 IADIZA); San Javiar , 14 January 1982, Willink leg . (2♂ and 3 unsexed IFML); Santa Rosa de Calamuchita, Hotel El Sauce , October 1975, M . Viana leg . (1♀ CVMD); Santa Rosa de Calamuchita, Hotel El Sauce , November 1968, M . Viana leg . (1♂ and 1 unsexed CVMD); Santa Rosa de Calamuchita, December 1941, no collector (1 DZUP); Unquillo, 1 March 1926, no collector (1 MLPA); Unquillo , 13 February 1926, no collector (1 MLPA); Unquillo , 22 January 1926, no collector (1 MLPA); Unquillo , 25 December 1925, no collector (1 MLPA); Unquillo , 28 January 1926, no collector (1 MLPA); Unquillo , 9 January 1926, [Bruch’s collection] (1 MACN); Unquillo , 9 February 1926, no collector (1 MLPA); Villa Yacanto , February 1972, M . Viana leg . (1♂ CVMD); Villa Yacanto , no date, A . Stevenin leg . (1 MACN); without specific locality, April 1967,L .E . Peña leg .(2♂ CVMD);without specific locality or date,J . Frenzel S. leg. (2 MFNB). Corrientes, Ituzaigó , February 1978, M . Viana leg . (3 CVMD); Mburucuyá, Manantiales , September 1974, M . Viana leg . (2 CVMD); Mburucuyá, Manantiales , November 1947, M . Viana leg . (1 CVMD); Mburucuyá, Manantiales , December 1976, M . Viana leg . (1 CVMD); Santo Tomé , January 1927, G . Pellegrano leg . (2 MACN); Santo Tomé , January 1928, G . Pellegrano leg . (4 MACN); Santo Tomé , January 1929, G . Pellegrano leg . (1 MACN); Santo Tomé , September 1923, G . Pellegrano leg . (1 MACN); Santo Tomé , September 1923, G . Pellegrano leg . (1 MACN); Santo Tomé , September 1928, G . Pellegrano leg . (3 MACN); Santo Tomé, no date or collector (2 MACN); Santo Tomé , May 1926, G . Pellegrano leg . (3 MACN); Santo Tomé , October 1926, G . Pellegrano leg . (2 MACN); Santo Tomé , November 1923, G . Pellegrano leg . (1 MACN); Santo Tomé , November 1926, G . Pellegrano leg . (3 MACN); Santo Tomé , December 1925, G . Pellegrano leg . (2 MACN); Santo Tomé , December 1926, G . Pellegrano leg . (5 MACN); Santo Tomé , December 1928, G . Pellegrano leg . (1 MACN). Entre Rios, Colón , 16 February 1987, O . Mitre leg . (5 SAMC); Colón, El Palmar National Park , November 1974, M . Viana leg . (1 CVMD); Colón, El Palmar National Park , November 1974, M . Viana leg . (1 CVMD); Concordia , February 1974, M . Viana leg . (1 CVMD); Concordia , February 1978, M . Viana leg . (2 CVMD); La Paz , 15 February 1959, Bolly leg . (1 SAMC); La Paz , January 1974,M . Viana leg . (5 CVMD); Pronunciamiento , 22 January 1987,O . Mitre leg .(3 SAMC); Pueblo Liebig , 10 January 2001, S . Bolle leg . (1♂ 1 unsexed JZPC); Pueblo Liebig , 14 January 1987, O . Mitre leg . (6 SAMC); Pueblo Liebig , February 1996, Mateo Zelich leg . (2♂, 1♀ and 7 unsexed CVMD); Rincón de Nogoyá, 20 km S de Victoria , 27–28 February 1982, Sergio Roig leg . (1 IADIZA); Villa Paranacito , February 1947, M . Viana leg . (1♂ CVMD); Villa Paranacito, no date or collector (1 MACN); Villa Paranacito , November 1947, M . Viana leg . (1 CVMD). Jujuy, San Salvador de Jujuy , December 1947, A .F . Proson leg. (1 SAMC). La Pampa, Anguil , 22 November 1997, Bárbara Corró Molas leg . (1 IADIZA); Anguil , 27 January 2003, Bárbara Corró Molas leg . (1 IADIZA); Santa Rosa, Bajo Giuliani , 21 February 1999, Gouts Rastelli leg . (1♀ and 2 unsexed IADIZA); Santa Rosa, Bajo Giuliani , 4 July 1999, Gouts and Rastelli leg .(1 IADIZA); Santa Rosa, Faculdad de Agronomia , 23 August 1996, Bárbara Corró Molas leg . (12 IADIZA). La Rioja, without specific locality, date or collector (1 MACN) . Misiones, Apóstoles , 4–27 February 1981, R . Golbach leg . (1 IFML); Candelaria, Bonpland , no date, Jörgensen leg . (1 MLPA); Concepcion, Colonia Santa María , October 1960, M .J . Viana leg . (1♀ CVMD); Concepcion, Colonia Santa María , November 1958,M .J . Viana leg .(1♂ CVMD);Dos de Mayo, October 1994,S . Bolle leg .(1♂ 1 unsexed JZPC); Loreto, March 1936, no collector (1 MLPA); Loreto, May 1956, no collector (1 MLPA); Posadas , March 1986, H . Martinez leg .(1 SAMC); Posadas, Itaembo Mini, February 1986, no collector (1 SAMC); San Ignacio , no date or collector (1 MACN); without specific locality, January 1979, Carpintero leg . (1 CVMD);without specific locality or date,A . Beyer leg . (3 MACN); without specific locality or date, A . Stevenin leg . (1 MACN); without specific locality or date, C . Bruch leg . (1 MACN); without specific locality, December 1950, Leandro N .A leg . (4 MZSP). Salta, Corralito , October 1986, M . Viana leg . (2 CVMD). San Luis, La Punilla, 25 January 1995, F . C . Ocampo leg . (1 IADIZA); Villa Elena , November 1976, M . Viana leg . (1♂ CVMD) . Santa Fé, Garay, Colonia Mascías , November 1942, Viana leg . (2 MACN); Sancti Spiritu , February 1958, Denier leg . (1 MLPA); Villa Ocampo , December 1968, M . Viana leg . (1♀ and 1 unsexed CVMD) . Santiago del Estero, Girardet , 9 December 1939, Biraben-Bezzi leg . (1 MLPA); Sumampa , no date, Proson-Coleq leg . (2 SAMC). Tucumán, Monteros, Quebrada de Los Sosa , 1100 m, 2 November 1963, W . Wayrauch leg . (1♂ IFML); Sierra de San Javier , 26.798°S, 65.333°W, 11 December 2012, Maldonado leg . (3♂ IADIZA); without specific locality, November–December 1944, R . Golbach leg . (1 IFML); Yerba Buena, Horco Molle Flora and Fauna Experimental Reserve , 1 January 1966, no collector (1 IFML); Yerba Buena , Horco Molle Flora and Fauna Experimental Reserve , 700 m, 25 September 1975, L . Stange leg . (1 IFML); Yerba Buena, Horco Molle Flora and Fauna Experimental Reserve , November 1960,M . Viana leg .(2 CVMD). Without specific locality,no date or collector (2 CVMD) . BOLIVIA: Chuquisaca, San Antonio,no date or collector (1 MNHN) . Cochabamba, without specific locality, 1889, P . Germain leg . (1♂, 1♀ and 1 unsexed MNHN) . La Paz, Chaco [in Yungas region], 3000 m, no date, G . Garlepp leg . (1♂, 1♀ and 3 unsexed MNHN); Chicani, no date or collector (1♀ MNHN); Chulumani , December 1998, S . Pokorrý leg . (1♂ JZPC); Nor Iungas, Coroico , December 1949, A . Martinez leg . (1 MZSP); without specific locality, date or collector (1♂ and 1♀ MFNB; 1 MZSP) . Without specific locality, no date or collector (1♂ 1 unsexed MNHN); Chaco , no date or collector (4 MNHN) . BRAZIL: Bahia, Macugê, Chapada Diamantina , 27 February 2010, T . Vasconcelos leg . (1 total, ♂, 1♀ CEMT); Senhor do Bonfim , 1908, E . Garbe leg . (1 MZSP). Goiás, without specific locality, 1890, no collector (1♂ MNHN) . Minas Gerais, Andrelândia, Tora do João Japonês I, 21.773°S, 44.366°W, 22 March 2014, L .F .M. Iniesta leg . (1♂ and 8 unsexed CEMT); Barbacena , 8 January 1974, L .R . Fontes leg . (1 SAMC;4 MZSP); Catas Altas, Serra do CaraÇa , 1380 m, November 1961, no collector (1 MZSP); Diamantina,no date, Abbé Torgue leg .(1♀ MNHN); Diamantina ,no date, P .E . Gounelle leg . (1♀ MNHN); Diamantina, Riacho Fundo Farm , December 1902, E . Gounelle leg . (2 MZSP); Horizonte, Sabara, Rio das Velhão , no date, A .G .N. Chalmers leg . (1♀ BMNH); Lavras, no date or collector (3 CEMT); Lavras , 03 June 1983, L . Araujo Junior leg . (1 CEMT); Lavras , 1 August 1986,M .A .Simões Pires leg .(1 CEMT); Lavras, 10 February 1986,no collector (1 CEMT); Lavras , 25 February 1999, C May A . Fiorini leg . (1 CEMT); Lavras, Campus da UFLA [Universidade Federal de Lavras], November–December 2001, Light trap,F .Z . Vaz-de-Mello leg . (2♂ CEMT); Lavras, near to PoÇo Bonito , October 2001, P . Grossi and F .Z Vaz-de-Mello leg . (1♂ CEMT); Lavras, near to PoÇo Bonito , December 2001, F .Z . Vaz-de-Mello leg . (1 CEMT); Mariana, Serra do CaraÇa , June–December 1884, P . Germain leg .(4 MNHN); PoÇos de Caldas, 21 October 1963,J . Becker, O . Roppa and O . Leoncini leg . (1 CEMT);without specific locality or date, Steph . leg . (1 ZSM). Paraná, Campo do Tenente , 21 January 1974, Becker and Mielke leg . (3 DZUP); Campo do Tenente , 5 October 1973, Zundir Buzzi leg . (1 DZUP); Castro , 1912, E .D . Jones leg . (1♀ BMNH); Castro,no date or collector (1 MFNB); Curitiba , 14 December 1970, Marinoni leg . (1 DZUP); Curitiba , 7 November 1965, P .J .S. Moure leg . (1 DZUP); Curitiba , 900 m, 10 September 1966, Depto . Zoo .leg .(1 DZUP); Curitiba , 900 m, 19 December 1965, Depto . Zoo . leg . (2 DZUP); Curitiba , 900 m, 21 December 1966, Depto . Zoo . leg . (1 DZUP); Curitiba , 900 m, 22 January 1966, Depto . Zoo . leg . (1 DZUP); Curitiba , 900 m, 6 November 1969, Depto . Zoo . leg . (2 DZUP); Curitiba , January 1959, R . Lange leg . (2 DZUP); Curitiba , March 1957, R . Lange leg . (3 DZUP); Francisco Beltrão , 2 February 1981, R . Diaz leg . (1 CVMD); Guarapuava, 26 July 1987, no collector (1 DZUP); Guarapuava, Estância de Águas Santa Clara , 15 February 1988, light trap, PROFAUPAR leg. (1 DZUP) ; Guarapuava, Estância de Águas Santa Clara , 18 January 1988, light trap, PROFAUPAR leg. (1 DZUP) ; Guarapuava , no date, Hypolito Scheneider leg . (1 MZSP); Jaguariaíva , 24–29 December 1970,F . Giacomel leg . (1 DZUP); Morretes , 14 April 1968, Scucata leg . (1 DZUP); Ponta Grossa, February 1952, no collector (1 DZUP); Ponta Grossa , March 1937, Pinheiro Machado leg . (1 MZSP); Ponta Grossa , no date, Justus leg . (1 DZUP); Ponta Grossa, Reserva Iapar Br 376 [Agronomic Institute of Parana], 19 February 1988, light trap, no collector (2 DZUP); Ponta Grossa, Reserva Iapar Br376 [Agronomic Institute of Parana], 18 January 1988, light trap, no collector (1 DZUP); Ponta Grossa, Reserva Iapar Br376 [Agronomic Institute of Parana], 21 January 1988, light trap, no collector (1 DZUP); Ponta Grossa, Reserva Iapar Br376 [Agronomic Institute of Parana], 2 December 1986, light trap, no collector (1 DZUP); Ponta Grossa , July 1942, F . Justus leg . (1 SAMC); Ponta Grossa, July 1942,no collector (1 DZUP); Ponta Grossa, August 1942, in the wall, no collector (1 DZUP); Ponta Grossa , December 1971, light trap, no collector (1 CEMT); São José dos Pinhais , 12 September 1964, Moure and Laroca leg . (1 DZUP);without specific locality,1890,no collector (2 MNHN);without specific locality, February 1940,R . Lange leg .(1 DZUP);without specific locality or date, J . Isaak , Zawiereie leg .(1♂ MFNB) . Rio Grande do Sul, Alto Feliz, February 1932, no collector (1 MGAP); Arroio do Sal, São Salvador , 1962, no collector (1 MGAP); Arroio do Sal , São Salvador , 1963, no collector (2 MGAP); Arroio do Sal , São Salvador , April 1958, no collector (1 MGAP); Bagé , Embrapa Pecuária , January 2006, L .D . Audino leg . (1 CEMT); Bagé, Embrapa Pecuária , January 2006, L . D .Audino leg . (1 CVMD); Cachoeira do Sul, Ferreira , 62 m, 30.000°S, 52.955°W, February 2021,V . Costa-Silva leg . (1 CEMT); CanguÇu, Coxilha de Fogo , January 1998, C .N . Duekett leg . (5 MCNZ); Caxias do Sul, Vila Oliva, 25 January 1963, no collector (1 MGAP); Cerro Largo, 20 December 1968, no collector (1 MGAP); Cidreira , 24 January 2003, J . Alvenir leg . (2 MCNZ); Cidreira , 4 October 2003, J . Alvenir leg . (1 MCNZ); Dois irmãos, 18 December 1962, no collector (1 MGAP); Dois irmãos, 2 January 1963,no collector (1 MGAP); Dois irmãos, 8 January 1962, no collector (1 MGAP); Eldorado do Sul , 1 January 1990, M .A . Santos leg . (1 MCNZ); Gravataí, Morungava , January 1975, J . B Feeburg leg . (1 MGAP); Herval , 32.106°S, 56.623°W, 28 November–4 December 2014, L . Garcia leg . (1 CEMT); Herval , 32.106°S, 56.623°W, October 2013, pitfall trap, L . Garcia leg . (1 CEMT); Maquiné , 7–8 April 1995, A . Franceschini leg . (1 MCNZ); Pareci Novo, January 1933, no collector (1 MGAP); Pareci Novo, January 1936, no collector (1 MGAP); Pareci Novo, March 1932, no collector (1 MGAP); Pareci Novo, March 1932, no collector (4 MGAP); Pareci Novo, April 1933, no collector (1 MGAP); Pareci Novo, September 1932, no collector (1 MGAP); Pareci Novo, August 1935, no collector (1 MGAP); Porto Alegre, 10 December 1944, no collector (1 MGAP); Porto Alegre , 13 March 1962, C . Araujo leg . (1 MCNZ); Porto Alegre , 14 February 1969, Stoffel leg . (1 MGAP); Porto Alegre, 14 October 1966, light trap, no collector (1 MGAP); Porto Alegre, 16 September 1940, no collector (11 MGAP); Porto Alegre , 1–6 June 1994, light trap, no collector (1 MCNZ); Porto Alegre , 16–18 March 1980, M .E .L. Souza leg . (1 MCNZ); Porto Alegre, 17–18 May 1994, light trap, no collector (1 MCNZ); Porto Alegre, 21 April 1959, no collector (1 MGAP); Porto Alegre , 21 April 1959, no collector (1 MGAP); Porto Alegre , 22 July 1931, no collector (1 MGAP); Porto Alegre , 27 August 1961, Pedro Braum leg . (1 MCNZ); Porto Alegre, 31 October 1961, no collector (1 MGAP); Porto Alegre , 5 March 1964, Pedro Braum leg . (1 MCNZ); Porto Alegre , 5 March 1965, L . Buckup leg . (1 MCNZ); Porto Alegre, 6 November 1956, no collector (1 MGAP); Porto Alegre, Bairro Belém Novo , January 1959, no collector (1 MGAP); Porto Alegre , January 1938, no collector (1 MGAP); Porto Alegre , April 1955,T . de Lema leg . (1 MCNZ); Porto Alegre, LAMI – Ponta do Cego , 24 March–12 April 2006, R . Moraes leg . (1 MCNZ); Porto Alegre, LAMI – Ponta do Cego , 7–27 July 2006, R . Moraes leg . (1 MCNZ); Porto Alegre, no date or collector (1 MCNZ); Porto Alegre , no date, Chagastelles leg . (1 SAMC); Porto Alegre , no date, T .L. leg. (2 MCNZ); Porto Alegre , October 1956, M . Paloya leg . (1 MCNZ); Rio Grande, no date or collector [Fry’s collection] (1 BMNH); Santa Maria, Botanic Garden , Federal University of Santa Maria , 96 m, 29.717°S, 53.725°W, 12 July 2013, rat carcass, V . Costa-Silva leg . (1 CEMT); Santa Maria, Morro da Caturrita , May 1993, Witeck leg .(1 MCNZ); Santa Maria, Morro do Cerrito , 211 m, 29.701°S, 53.785°W, 1 August 2016, pitfall trap, S . Cassenote leg . (1♀ and 3 unsexed CEMT); Santa Maria, Morro do Cerrito , 211 m, 29.701°S, 53.785°W, 10 September 2016, pitfall trap, S . Cassenote leg . (1 EMAC); Santa Maria, Morro do Cerrito , 211 m, 29.701°S, 53.785°W, 15 April 2017, pitfall trap, S . Cassenote leg . (1 IEXA); Santa Maria, Morro do Cerrito , 211 m, 29.701°S, 53.785°W, 15 April 2017, pitfall trap, S . Cassenote leg . (1♀ and 2 unesexed CEMT); Santa Maria, Morro do Cerrito , 211 m, 29.701°S, 53.785°W, 15 December 2016, pitfall trap, S . Cassenote leg . (1♂ CERPE); Santa Maria, Morro do Cerrito , 211 m, 29.701°S, 53.785°W, 15 December 2016, pitfall trap,S . Cassenote leg .(1♂ CEMT); Santa Maria, Morro do Cerrito , 211 m, 29.701°S, 53.785°W, 19 April 2017, pitfall trap, S . Cassenote leg . (1♂ CEMT); Santa Maria, Morro do Cerrito , 211 m, 29.701°S, 53.785°W, 19 April 2017, pitfall trap, S . Cassenote leg . (2 CEMT); Santa Maria, Morro do Cerrito , 211 m, 29.701°S, 53.785°W, 28 June 2016, pitfall trap, S . Cassenote leg . (2 CEMT); Santana do Livramento , 26 February 1993, Lasconde, V . leg . (2 MCNZ); Santo Augusto , February 1983, O . Roppa leg . (1 CEMT); Santo Augusto, December 1970, no collector (1♂ CEMT); São Francisco de Paula , February 1956, L . and E . Buckup leg . (1 MCNZ); São Jerônimo , 13–19 August 1982, C .J . Becker leg . (1 MCNZ); São Jerônimo , 16 June 1982 [or 1962], H .A. GastaÇ leg. (1 MCNZ); Sapucaia, 1964, no collector (1 MGAP); Triunfo, COPESUL [Southern Petrochemical Company], 17 October 1993, no collector (2 CEMT); Triunfo, COPESUL [Southern Petrochemical Company], 18 September–18 October 1993, pitfall trap, no collector (6 MCNZ); Triunfo , COPESUL [Southern Petrochemical Company], 4 December 2001 – 3 January 2002, R . Ott leg . (2 MCNZ); Viamão , 1 February 1964, no collector (1 MGAP); without specific locality, date or collector (1♀ MNHN) . Santa Catarina, Bom Jardim da Serra, Mantiqueira , December 2001, C . Arioli leg . (1♂ and 1♀ CEMT); Seara, Nova Teutônia , 300–500 m, 27.183°S, 52.383°W, April 1978, Fritz Plaumann leg .(1 DZUP); Seara, Nova Teutônia , 300–500 m, 27.183°S, 52.383°W, July 1975, Fritz Plaumann leg . (1 DZUP); without specific locality, date or collector (1♀ BMNH) . São Paulo, Amoires , September 1947, no collector (1 SAMC); Quéluz, no date, P . Germain leg .(1 MNHN); São Paulo , March 1947, no collector (1 SAMC);without specific locality, 12 August 1948, W . Maluf leg . (1 SAMC); without specific locality, 2 July 1948, W . Maluf leg . (3 SAMC); without specific locality, 2 August 1948, W . Maluf leg . (1 SAMC); without specific locality, 25 August 1948, R .L . Aravio leg. (3 SAMC); without specific locality, date or collector (1 ZSM). Without specific locality, date or collector (1 MNHN); Campos [sic!], no date or collector (1 MNHN) . PARAGUAY: Boquerón, Loma Plata , 8–29 January 1995, P . Gerlach leg . (3 total, 1♂, 2♀ CVMD) . Guairá, Mbureru near to Villarica , 14 June 1932, Köller leg . (1 MFNB); Villarica , 20 April 1992, Köller leg . (1 MFNB); Villarica , March 1936, F . Schade leg . (1 MFNB); Villarica , April 1934, Köller leg . (2 MFNB); Villarica , no date, H . Richter leg . (1 MLPA); Villarica , October 1936,F . Schade leg . (1 MFNB); without specific locality, 2 July 1946, F .H . Schade leg. (1 SAMC); without specific locality, date or collector (1 MACN). Paraguarí, Sapucay , 6 September 1901,no collector (1♀ MNHN) . PERU: Junín, Chamchamayo,no date or no collector (1 MFNB) . URUGUAY: Canelones, Canelones, 27 January 2002, pitfall trap with dog faeces, no collector (1♀ CEMT); Las Piedras , 12 January 1988, A . Carmenes leg . (5 CVMD). Maldonado, Bella Vista , November 1980, W .D . Rovera leg . (2 HNHM); Punta del Este , January 1961, H .M .S. Owen leg . (1 BMNH); Punta del Este , no date or collector (1 MZSP) . Montevideo, without specific locality, November 1947,no collector (2 CVMD);without specific locality,1912,P . Serre leg . (1♀ MNHN) . Rivera, Bañado de Medina, Piedras Sueltas Farm , 32.305°S, 53.958°W, 13–20 December 2011, pitfall trap with human and pig dung, R .M . Moraes leg . (1♂ CEMT) . Soriano, Dolores , no date, Breuer leg . (2 MFNB). Without specific locality, no date, A . Beyer leg . (1 MACN); without specific locality, date or collector (1 MFNB).

Figures

Figure 5. Differential morphology in Polynoncus spp.:lateral margin of pronotum a, bulbous [P.vazdemelloi] and b, rounded [P.gemmingeri]; pronotal ridges and basal tubercles of pronotum c, fused [P.furcillifer] and d, separated (black line) [P.parafurcatus]; surface of elytra e, with tubercles [P.pedestris] and f, without tubercles [P. diffluens]; g, pronotal ridge and antero-lateral tubercle connected by (white arrow) [P. patagonicus]; h, humeral callus prominent (white arrow) in P. chilensis and i, humeral callus not prominent (white arrow) in P. mirabilis. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 14. Holotype of Trox brasiliensis Vaurie, 1962 (now Polynoncus brasiliensis): habitus in a, dorsal and b, lateral view (white arrows showing the subhumeral edge); c, male genitalia in dorsal view; d, labels. Photos by Rafael Sousa (MZSP). Length of specimen: 11 mm.

Figure 36. Lectotype of Trox gemmingeri Harold, 1872 (now Polynoncus gemmingeri), here designated: habitus in a, dorsal and b, lateral view; c, labels. Photos by Antoine Mantilleri (MNHN).

Figure 37. Distribution map of Polynoncus gemmingeri (red circles), P. gordoni (green triangles), and P. hemisphaericus (blue squares) in South America. The records with a black dot in the centre indicate the type locality of the respective species.