Mangifera sumatrana Miq. first published in Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 630 (1859)

Fitmawati, Fitmawati, Juliantari, Erwina & Silvia, Mega, 2022, Systematic reinstatement of the Sumatra endemic species Mangifera sumatrana Miq. (Anacardiaceae), PhytoKeys 199, pp. 129-140 : 129

Mangifera sumatrana Miq. first published in Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 630 (1859)

Fig. 1

Type.

Indonesia. Sumatra, Riau, Pekanbaru , tropical lowland, alt. 32 m, 3 October 2016, Fitmawati 152 (holotype HR20130073!) .

Diagnosis.

Mangifera sumatrana has been considered as a synonym of Mangifera laurina Bl. The distinctive characteristics of the M. sumatrana are panicles pyramidal and not dense, large and flat fruit, prominent fruit beak type, a quantity of fibre in pulp and high stone. M. laurina panicles are conical and dense, with small and thick fruit, round in shape and fruit break type is perceptible (Figs 1 , 2 ).

Description.

Tree up to 40 m tall and 100-140 cm in diam., growth habit spreading, bark brownish-white with cream sap, the shoot brownish-yellow and crown semi-circular. Leaves dark green, scattered, semi-drooping on branch, chartaceous, oblong-ovate, apex acuminate, base acute, both surfaces smooth, 14.9-15.4 × 4.51-5 cm, thickness 0.12-0.2 cm, mid-rib 13.7-14.2 cm in length, above and below mid-rib prominent, nerves 21-23 pairs, areola reticulation dense, slightly prominent, two branches. Petiole 2.8-3 cm in length, 0.19-0.22 cm in diameter. Panicles terminal, semi-erect, yellowish-cream, pyramidal, 9.5-12 cm long, 14.30-15.55 g, non-glomerulate, low flower density. Flowers pale yellow with light yellow tinge, 5-merous, after anthesis, pale yellow with orangish-yellow tinge, 0.1-0.2 g, 6-6.5 × 5.5-6.2 cm. Bract yellowish-green, 5, 2.6-3.1 × 1.4-1.6 mm, broadly triangular acuminate, even and hairy, both dorsal and ventral smooth. Sepals light green, 5, 3-3.5 × 1.7-2 mm, broad ovate, acute and hairy and smooth. Petals pale yellow, 5, 5-5.4 × 2-2.3 mm, curved-reflexed outwards, elliptic, apex blunt, not hairy, ridges 5. Disc swollen, broader than ovary. Stamen fertile 1, 2.5-2.8 mm long, staminodes 4-5, filaments adnate to the base, 0.7-0.78 × 0.4-0.5 mm. Ovary rather round, lateral-frontal. Stylus slightly to the side and curved, 2-2.5 mm long. Fruits pale yellow, roundish flattened, thickness 0.2-0.3 cm, apex round, 160.41-182 g, 10.8-11.6 × 4.51-5.4 cm, 5.44-6 cm, skin surface texture smooth, non-waxy, density of lenticels on fruit skin sparse, beak pointed, sinus shallow, slope of fruit central shoulder rising and then rounded, fruit stalk insertion oblique, neck prominence absent. Pulp yellow, texture soft, adherence intermediate, quantity of fibre low, 6.13-6.4 cm long, juicy and sweet. 15.5° Brix. Stones oblong, 23.51-25 g, 8.7-9 × 4.22-4.5 cm, 1.14-1.3 cm thickness, fibre texture rough, adherence of fibre to stone weak, veins on stone depressed and pattern of stone venation forked. Polyembryony, 2.22-3 g. Leaf anatomy Anomocytic stomata type. Simple epidermis. Simple palisade mesophyll. Upper mid-rib of M. sumatrana has convex and lower mid-rib has concave shape.

Distribution and habitat.

M. sumatrana is an endemic species only found in lowland areas in Sumatra (less than 100 m a.s.l.), collected in southern Sumatra and central Sumatra, but is more commonly found in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia.

Chemotaxonomy.

In addition, several compounds from the alkaloid, alkane, amino acids, benzene, benzoic acid and fatty acyl groups are only found in M. sumatrana Miq. Conversely, several compounds from the phenolic group (gallic acid), amino acids, benzene and benzoic acid are only found in M. laurina Bl ( Fitmawati et al. 2021). Therefore, it can be reported that M. sumatrana Miq. is not a synonym of M. laurina Bl and contradicts the morphological classification of Kostermans and Bompard (1993).

Notes.

Geographically, the distribution of M. sumatrana and M. laurina is also different. M. sumatrana is found in lowland areas of Sumatra (less than 100 m a.s.l.), while M. laurina is a cosmopolitan species and is not only found in Sumatra, but also in the Maleisiana area, especially in the highlands (altitude up to 2000 m a.s.l.) ( Fitmawati et al. 2013).

Figures

Figure 1. Mangifera sumatrana A habit B adaxial and abaxial surface of leaf C pyramidal panicles D flowers E flowers after anthesis; F ovary with swollen disc G roundish fruit H flattened fruit I pulp.

Figure 2. Mangifera laurina A conical panicles B flowers C roundish thick fruit.