Nesodiprion orientalis Hara & Smith

Hara, Hideho & Smith, David R., 2012, Nesodiprion orientalis sp. nov., N. japonicus, and N. biremis, with a key to species of Nesodiprion (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae), Zootaxa 3503, pp. 1-24 : 15-21

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.209562
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6178613
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D26C4539-FFB1-FFBB-7AEE-5D38FAE74D8F
treatment provided by	Plazi (2016-04-13 09:12:23, last updated 2024-11-27 18:56:44)
scientific name	Nesodiprion orientalis Hara & Smith
status	sp. nov.

Treatment

Nesodiprion orientalis Hara & Smith , sp. nov.

Figs. 2G–L View FIGURES 2 A – L ; 3I –L; 4I –L; 5G–I; 6E; 7E, F; 8M–R; 9D; 12A–I; 13J–M; 14H–J

Nesodiprion biremis: Smith (1974: 215) , Beaver & Laosunthorn (1974: 199), Beaver & Laosunthorn (1975: 117), Xiao et al. (1984: 370) (nec Konow 1899: 43).

Female. Length 6.5–7.0 mm. Black, shiny without metallic reflection, faintly violet on abdomen ( Figs. 2G, H View FIGURES 2 A – L ). Clypeus and labrum slightly brownish. Mandible apically reddish. Antenna slightly brownish on basal two antennomeres or not. Palpi yellow. Pronotum narrowly whitish or brownish on posterior corner. Postspiracular sclerite not pale. Mesoscutellum black entirely or centrally brownish. Legs white to yellow on apices of coxae to trochanters except for fore trochanter widely brownish, apices of femora, fore and middle tibiae, wide basal part of hind tibia and tarsi; trochantelli widely brown; hind tibia dark brown to black on apical fourth, but narrowly brown at apex; apical tarsomeres each apically slightly brownish; spurs brown. Wings hyaline, apically faintly blackish; veins brown to black; in fore wing, vein C except for apical part yellow, vein R1 basal to stigma partly yellowish, and stigma pale apically. Seventh and eighth abdominal terga each laterally with yellow or brown spot. Cercus black. Setae largely whitish.

Head and thorax moderately shiny, with punctures largely dense and distinct; dorsum of head ( Fig. 3J View FIGURES 3 A – L ) with punctures somewhat small, somewhat vague on postocellar area, and interspaces largely narrower than punctures; mesoscutum ( Fig. 4I View FIGURES 4 A – L ) with punctures on posterior part of median lobe not so small, rather vague or inconspicuous on center of posterior part of lobe, predominantly contiguous and larger than those on lateral lobe, and interspaces on median lobe except for widely impunctate area if present, predominantly narrower than punctures; interspaces on mesoscutellum mostly not linear-shaped; on mesepisternum ( Fig. 4J View FIGURES 4 A – L ), punctures predominantly contiguous, but largely not linear-shaped. Clypeus with wide ventromedial part nearly smooth. Labrum smooth. Abdomen shiny ( Fig. 2G View FIGURES 2 A – L ); first tergum punctured on medial half ( Figs. 5G, H View FIGURES 5 A – I ); second to fifth terga dorsally nearly smooth; sixth tergum to apex faintly punctured; ventral surface somewhat dull and weakly punctured.

Postocellar area weakly convex ( Figs. 3I, J View FIGURES 3 A – L ); lateral furrow distinct or weak, present on anterior third; anterior furrow rather sharp, medially narrowly inconspicuous; weak median furrow present. Distances between eye and hind ocellus, between hind ocelli, and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 1.0: 1.0: 1.0–1.1; distances between eye and hind ocellus and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 1.0–1.1: 1.0. Distance between torulus and eye 1.5–1.7 × distance between toruli. Width of malar space 0.5–0.6 × width of front ocellus, 0.6–0.8 × length of second antennomere. Clypeus with ventral margin roundly concave. Antenna ( Fig. 6E View FIGURES 6 A – E ) with 20 antennomeres; length of second antennomere 0.7–0.8 × width of front ocellus; length of ramus of third antennomere 1.7–1.9 × length of third antennomere. Mesoscutellum dorsally slightly roundly convex ( Fig. 4I View FIGURES 4 A – L ). On hind leg ( Fig. 7E View FIGURES 7 A – F ), length of inner tibial spur 1.0–1.2 × length of first tarsomere (exclusive of pulvillar pad), 1.3–1.5 × breadth of tibia; length of first tarsomere 1.2–1.3 × breadth of tibia; second and third tarsomeres combined 1.0 × first tarsomere in length.

Sawsheath in dorsal view very narrow, slightly tapering apically, with inner margin nearly straight and apex about as wide as cercus (Figs. 8M, P), in lateral view slightly roundly convex apically (Figs. 8N, Q), in posterior view with scopa very narrow (Figs. 8O, R). Lance in lateral view with dorsal margin very slightly concave at middle ( Fig. 9D View FIGURES 9 A – D ); apices of lances asymmetrical as in Fig. 9A View FIGURES 9 A – D , either left or right one longer than the other. Lancet ( Figs. 12A–I View FIGURES 12 A – I ) with 10–11 annuli, widest at second annulus, and length from apex to ventral end of basal row of spines 2.3–2.5 × maximum width; spines of basal rows relatively short; border of second and third annuli ventrally slightly convex; serrula of second annulus apically nearly truncate or broadly rounded, with anterior slope shorter than posterior slope; serrula of third annulus with anterior slope nearly straight.

Male [condition of holotype in brackets]. Length 6.0 mm. Coloration as in female, but mesoscutellum and abdomen entirely black ( Figs. 2I, J View FIGURES 2 A – L ), and all or fore and middle [all] trochanters and all trochantelli largely brown to dark brown ( Fig. 2K View FIGURES 2 A – L ), and apical dark area of hind tibia basally black and apically widely brown. [Basal two antennomeres not pale. Pronotum narrowly yellowish on posterior corner.]

Structure as in female except for sexual differences. Posterior part of median mesoscutal lobe with punctures distinct ( Fig. 4K View FIGURES 4 A – L ). Distances between eye and hind ocellus, between hind ocelli, and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 0.9–1.0: 1.0: 0.7–0.8 [1.0: 1.0: 0.7]; distances between eye and hind ocellus and between hind ocellus and posterior margin of head 1.2–1.3: 1.0 [1.3: 1.0]. Distance between torulus and eye 1.5 × distance between toruli. Width of malar space 0.5–0.6 [0.6] × width of front ocellus, 0.8 × length of second antennomere. Antenna with 21 antennomeres, about 1.0 × head width; length of second antennomere 0.6–0.7 [0.7] × width of front ocellus; ramus of third antennomere very long ( Figs. 2I, J View FIGURES 2 A – L ). Hind tarsus somewhat narrower ( Fig. 7F View FIGURES 7 A – F ); length of inner tibial spur 1.2–1.3 [1.3] × length of first tarsomere (exclusive of pulvillar pad), 1.5–1.6 [1.5] × breadth of tibia; length of first tarsomere 1.3–1.4 [1.3] × breadth of tibia; second and third tarsomeres combined 1.0–1.1 [1.1] × first in length.

Genitalia with valviceps in dorsal view laterally angularly convex on apical half and dorsally with sharp ridge basally curved laterally ( Figs. 13J–M View FIGURES 13 A – M ), in lateral view distinctly widened apically, with acute dorsal convexity and apex somewhat angulated ventrally ( Figs. 14H–J View FIGURES 14 A – J ).

Cocoon. Length 6.5–7 mm. Light brown ( Fig.2L View FIGURES 2 A – L ).

Material examined. Holotype: 3, labeled “Pine Res. Proj., 98°17ʹE 18°07ʹS [sic, error for N, see Beaver & Laosunthorn 1974, 1975], 0 243 R. A. B” and “on Pinus kesiya / merkusii ” ( USNM). Paratypes: 1Ƥ, “Bo Luang 1100m, THAILAND 0 227, 18°09ʹN 98°21ʹE, reared from larva on Pinus sp., Em. 29. V. 72 ” ( USNM); 2Ƥ, “Bo Luang 1100m, THAILAND 0 351, 18°09ʹN 98°21ʹE”, “ 22. XI. 72, R. A. Beaver” and “cocoon on Pinus kesiya ” ( USNM, NSMT); 13, labeled “98°17ʹE 18°07ʹS [sic, error for N], 0 241, T-D. Pine Res. C., Em. 23. iii. 72, R. B” and “La coll. 3. iii. 72, on Pinus merkusii / kesiya ” ( USNM). Other material― CHINA: 1 pair of penis valves, “ X88 -008 3, Nesodiprion biremis (Konow) , Anning, Yunnan, 1988. VI. 10., 1850 M, [Xu Zhenghui]” and “Host: Pinus yunnanensis, Anning Co., Hot springs, 24.9°N, 102.4°E ” ( USNM); 1 pair of lancets, do., but “Ƥ” ( USNM); 1 pair of penis valve, “ Nesodiprion biremis (Konow) , Luchun Co., 23.0°N, 102.4°E, Yunnan Prov., Host: Pinus yunnanensis ” and “1700M, 1988. XI. 1. Adult, Xu Zhenghui” ( USNM); 1 pair of lancets, “ Nesodiprion biremis (Konow) , Luchun Co. 1700M, 23.0°N, 102°E, Yunnan Prov., 1988. XI. 1. Xu Zhenghui” and “1700M, 1988. XI. 1. Adult, Xu Zhenghui” ( USNM).

Distribution. China: Yunnan Prov. ( Xiao et al. 1984); Thailand ( Smith 1974); Indonesia: Sumatra ( Nair & Sumardi 2000, “ N. biremis ”) (?). We have not examined specimens from Sumatra. Nair (2007) referred to a pine sawfly in Sumatra as “ Nesodiprion nr. biremis ”. The record from Sumatra requires confirmation.

Host plants. Pinaceae : Pinus caribaea , P. elliottii , P. m e r k u s i i, P. oocarpa , P. patula and P. t a e d a ( Beaver & Laosunthorn 1975), P. kesiya ( Smith 1974; Beaver & Laosunthorn 1975), and P. yunnanensis ( Xiao et al. 1984) .

Immature stages and life history. Beaver & Laosunthorn (1975) briefly described immature stages as follows: Egg milky white when laid; larva greenish in first two instars; larval body becoming yellower, with black dots in later instars; cocoon 7–12 mm long in female, 5–8 mm in male.

According to Beaver & Laosunthorn (1974, 1975), the life history in Thailand is summarized as follows: Larvae are found all year; there are probably five or six generations per year, which broadly overlap; eggs are laid within fairly young or mature needles, singly or in a row; larvae have normally five feeding instars and a sixth nonfeeding instar in both sexes; larvae are generally less gregarious, feeding on needles, leaving central parts in early instars, on the whole needles in third and later instars; in later instars, when disturbed, larvae raise the head and thorax from the needle and regurgitate a drop of resinous fluid; soon after the last molt, larvae search for a suitable site to spin their cocoons; cocoons are made among bases of living needles close to the stem; a life cycle takes at least six weeks at 25–30 °C.

Comparative notes. This species is similar to N. japonicus , N. biremis and N. kagaensis , and probably to N. yananicus , N. zhejiangensis , N. huanglongshanicus and N. degenicus as discussed under Comparative notes of N.

japonicus . The female is characterized by the very narrow sawsheath as stated by Smith (1974). The apical width is about as wide as a cercus in the female of this species (Figs. 8M, P), while much wider than a cercus in those of N. japonicus , N. biremis and N. kagaensis (Figs. 8A, D, G, J). In dorsal view, the inner margin of the sawsheath is nearly straight in this species, while concave in those of N. japonicus , N. biremis and N. kagaensis . This characteristic sawsheath may be also useful to separate the female of this species from those of N. yananicus , N. zhejiangensis , N. huanglongshanicus and N. degenicus , because the authors who described the latter four species ( Xiao et al. 1981, 1984) accepted the concept of “ N. biremis ” (= N. orientalis ) of Smith (1974) and their identification of Yunnan specimens with this species is probably adequate judging from the figures given by Xiao et al. (1985).

The male of this species is well characterized by the valviceps apically weakly convex laterally with a sharp dorsal ridge basally curved laterally in dorsal view ( Figs. 13J–M View FIGURES 13 A – M ) and not sinuate and suddenly widened apically with a relatively acute dorsal convexity in lateral view ( Figs. 14H–J View FIGURES 14 A – J ).

For more comparisons with N. biremis , see under Comparative notes of that species. From each of the remaining six species, N. orientalis is separated also by the following characters.

From N. japonicus and N. kagaensis [characters given in brackets]: On mesoscutum, punctures on posterior part of median lobe relatively large, predominantly contiguous and larger than those on lateral lobe, and interspaces on posterior part of median lobe except for widely impunctate area if present, predominantly narrower than punctures ( Figs. 4I, K View FIGURES 4 A – L ) [punctures fine, mostly separated and about as large as those on lateral lobe, and interspaces mostly wider than punctures ( Figs. 4A, C View FIGURES 4 A – L )]; in female, ramus of third antennomere 1.7–1.9 × length of third antennomere ( Fig. 6E View FIGURES 6 A – E ) [2.3–4.1 × ( Fig. 6A View FIGURES 6 A – E ), 1.9–2.9 × respectively]; in lancet, border of first and second annuli ventrally slightly convex ( Figs. 12A–I View FIGURES 12 A – I ) [distinctly angularly convex ( Figs. 10A–L View FIGURES 10 A – L )].

From N. yananicus: Punctures on mesoscutum relatively large ( Figs. 4I, K View FIGURES 4 A – L ) [small ( Xiao et al. 1981)]; in female, lancet wide, with length from apex to ventral end of basal row of spines 2.3–2.5 × maximum width ( Figs. 12A–D View FIGURES 12 A – I ) [narrow, 3.5–3.7 × ( Xiao et al. 1981: fig. 4; Xiao et al. 1985: fig. 35)].

From N. degenicus : Head and thorax without metallic reflection ( Figs. 2G–J View FIGURES 2 A – L ) [with bluish purple metallic reflection ( Xiao et al. 1984, 1985)]; in female lancet, serrula of third annulus with anterior slope nearly straight ( Figs. 12A–D View FIGURES 12 A – I ) [concave ( Fig. 15A View FIGURES 15 A – C ; Xiao et al. 1985: fig.30)].

From N. zhejiangensis: Punctures on mesoscutum somewhat small and vague ( Figs. 4I, K View FIGURES 4 A – L ) [head and thorax with coarse punctures ( Xiao et al. 1981)]; lancet wider, length from apex to ventral end of basal row of spines 2.3–2.5 × maximum width ( Figs. 12A–D View FIGURES 12 A – I ) [narrower, 2.7–3.3 × ( Xiao et al. 1981: fig. 6; Xiao et al. 1985: fig. 29)].

From N. huanglongshanicus: Lancet wider, length from apex to ventral end of basal row of spines 2.3–2.5 × maximum width ( Figs. 12A–D View FIGURES 12 A – I ) [narrower, 2.7–3.5 × ( Xiao et al. 1981: fig. 5; Xiao et al. 1985: fig. 28)].

References

Xiao, G. - r., Huang, X. - y. & Zhou, S. - z. (1985) The Chinese sawflies of the family Diprionidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) (continuation). Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 21, 30 - 43. (In Chinese, with English abstract.)

Beaver, R. A. & Laosunthorn, D. (1974) Pine sawflies in northern Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 25, 199 - 202.

Beaver, R. A. & Laosunthorn, D. (1975) The biology and control of the pine sawfly, Nesodiprion biremis (Konow) (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae), in northern Thailand. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 65, 117 - 128.

Konow, F. W. (1899) Ueber einige neue Chalastogastra. Wiener entomologische Zeitung, 18 (2 - 3), 41 - 46.

Nair, K. S. S. & Sumardi (2000) Insect pests and diseases of major plantation species. In: Nair, K. S. S. (Ed.), Insect Pests and Diseases in Indonesian Forests: An assessment of the major threats, research efforts and literature. Center for International Research, Bogor, pp. 15 - 38.

Nair, K. S. S. (2007) Tropical Forest Insect Pests: Ecology, Impact, and Management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 404 pp.

Smith, D. R. (1974) Diprionidae in Thailand (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 76, 212 - 216.

Xiao, G. - r., Huang, X. - y. & Zhou, S. - z. (1981) Three new species of Nesodiprion from China (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Diprionidae). Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 17, 247 - 249, pl. 1. (In Chinese, with English abstract.)

Xiao, G. - r., Huang, X. - y. & Zhou, S. - z. (1984) The Chinese sawflies of the family Diprionidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 20, 366 - 371. (In Chinese; English abstract in Xiao et al. 1985.)

Figures

FIGURES 2 A – L. Nesodiprion biremis (A – F) and N. orientalis (G – L). N. biremis: A, B, Female, lectotype, dorsolateral and ventrolateral views; C, D, female, Guizhou Prov., Chishui, dorsal and ventral views; E, F, male, Guangdong Prov., Ruyuan, dorsal and ventral views. N. orientalis: G, H, Female, paratype, Thailand, Bo Luang, dorsal and ventrolateral views; I – L, male, holotype; I, J, dorsolateral and ventrolateral views; K, center of J; L, cocoon.

FIGURES 3 A – L. Head of Nesodiprion japonicus (A – D), N. biremis (E – H) and N. orientalis (I – L). A, E, I, Head, female, dorsal view; C, G, K, do., male; B, F, J, dorsum of head, female, dorsolateral view; D, H, L, do., male. N. japonicus: A, Amami-oshima; B, paralectotype, Honshu, Gifu; C, D, lectotype. N. biremis: E, F, Lectotype; G, H, Guangdong Prov., Ruyuan. N. orientalis: I, J, Paratype, Thailand, Bo Luang; K, L, holotype.

FIGURES 4 A – L. Thorax of Nesodiprion japonicus (A – D), N. biremis (E – H) and N. orientalis (I – L). A, E, I, Posterior part of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum, female, dorsal view; C, G, K, do., male; B, F, J, mesepisternum, female, lateral view; D, H, L, do., male. N. japonicus: A, B, Amami-oshima; C, lectotype; D, Honshu, Fukushima Pref. N. biremis: E, F, Lectotype; G, H, Guangdong prov., Ruyuan. N. orientalis: I, J, Paratype, Thailand, Bo Luang; K, L, holotype.

FIGURES 5 A – I. First abdominal tergum of Nesodiprion japonicus (A – C), N. biremis (D – F) and N. orientalis (G – I). A, D, E, G, H, Female; B, C, F, I, male. A, G, H, I, Reversed images. N. japonicus: A, Honshu, Zu; B, lectotype; C, Korea, Tokchomkogae. N. biremis: D, Lectotype; E, Zhejiang prov., Anji; F, Guangdong Prov., Ruyuan. N. orientalis: G, H, Paratypes, Thailand, Bo Luang; I, holotype.

FIGURES 6 A – E. Antenna of Nesodiprion japonicus (A, B), N. biremis (C, D) and N. orientalis (E). A, C – E, Female; B, male. A, E, Outer lateral view; B – D, inner lateral view. D, E, Reversed images. N. japonicus: A, Amami-oshima; B, lectotype. N. biremis: C, Lectotype; D, Zhejiang Prov., Anji. N. orientalis: E, paratype, Thailand, Bo Luang.

FIGURES 7 A – F. Apex of tibia and basal tarsomeres of hind leg of Nesodiprion japonicus (A, B), N. biremis (C, D) and N. orientalis (E, F), anterior view. A, C, E, Female; B, D, F, male. Small br in B indicates breadth. C, D, Reversed images. N. japonicus: A, Amami-oshima; B, Okinawa-jima. N. biremis: C, Lectotype; D, Guangdong Prov., Ruyuan. N. orientalis: E, Paratype, Thailand, Bo Luang; F, paratype, Thailand, “ Pine. Res. C. ”.

FIGURES 9 A – D. Saw of Nesodiprion japonicus (A, B), N. biremis (C) and N. orientalis (D). A, B, Lance, dorsal and lateral views; C, D, saw, lateral view. B – D, Reversed images. N. japonicus: A, B, Amami-oshima. N. biremis: C, Zhejiang Prov., Anji. N. orientalis: D, Paratype, Thailand, Bo Luang.

FIGURES 12 A – I. Lancet of Nesodiprion orientalis. A – D, Lancet, E – I, serrula of second annulus. Small 2 in A indicates the second annulus. A, C, G, I, Reversed images. A, E, Paratype, Thailand, Bo Luang; B, F, do.; C, G, Yunnan Prov., Luchun; D, H, I, Yunnan Prov., Anning.

FIGURES 13 A – M. Male genitalia of Nesodiprion japonicus (A – E), N. biremis (F – I) and N. orientalis (J – M). A, C – F, H – J, Male genitalia, dorsal view; B, G, K, do., ventral view; L, M, right penis valve, dorsal view. N. japonicus: A, B, Lectotype; C, Amamioshima; D, Korea, Iksan; E, Taiwan. N. biremis: F, G, Guangdong prov., Ruyuan; H, Zhejiang Prov., Anji; I, Shandong Prov., Taian. N. orientalis: J, K, Holotype; L, paratype, Thailand, “ Pine Res. C. ”; M, Yunnan Prov., Anning.

FIGURES 14 A – J. Penis valve of Nesodiprion japonicus (A – D), N. biremis (E – G) and N. orientalis (H – J), lateral view. I, J, Reversed images. N. japonicus: A, Lectotype; B, Amami-oshima; C, Korea, Iksan; D, Taiwan. N. biremis: E, Guangdong prov., Ruyuan; F, Zhejiang Prov., Anji; G, Shandong Prov., Taian. N. orientalis: H, Holotype; I, paratype, Thailand, “ Pine Res. C. ”; J, Yunnan Prov., Anning.

FIGURES 10 A – L. Lancet of Nesodiprion japonicus. A – E, Lancet; F – L, serrula of second annulus. Small 2 in A indicates second annulus. D, I, L, Reversed images. A, F, Hokkaido, Mori; B, G, Honshu, Kyoto; C, H, Amami-oshima; D, I, J, Korea, Chuncheon; E, K, L, Taiwan.

FIGURES 15 A – C. Nesodiprion degenicus. A, Lancet; B, C, penis valve, dorsal view and lateral view (left dorsal). Small 2 in A indicates the second annulus. A, Yunnan Prov., Tengchong; B, C, do.