Cyliosoma larvalis ( Butler, 1878 ) Butler, 1878

Wesener, Thomas, 2014, The identity of Australia's northern-most giant pill-millipedes (Diplopoda, Sphaerotheriida), Zootaxa 3861 (4), pp. 363-368 : 364-366

Cyliosoma larvalis ( Butler, 1878) , new combination

Zephronia larvalis Butler, 1878: 301 (first description)

Zephronia larvalis :—Preudhomme de Borre 1884: 24 (list)

Zephronia larvalis :— Attems 1914: 146 (list)

Zephronia (?) larvalis :— Chamberlin 1920: 91 (list)

' Zephronia larvalis':— Jeekel 1981: 24 (list)

Zephronia larvalis :— Jeekel 1986: 39 (list).

Zephronia Albertisii Silvestri, 1895: 620 (first description), new synonym Cyliosoma (Epicyliosoma) albertisii :— Silvestri 1917: 62 (new combination, redescription) Cyliosoma (Epicyliosoma) albertisi :-- Chamberlin 1920: 88 (list) Zephronia albertisii :— Jeekel 1971: 24 (list, designated type of Epicyliosoma ) Cyliosoma albertisii :— Jeekel 1981: 23 (list)

Epicyliosoma (Epicyliosoma) albertisii :— Jeekel 1986: 36 (list, new combination) Cyliosoma albertisii :— Wesener 2014: 199 (list).

Comments. Zephronia albertisii Silvestri, 1895 , is the type species (subsequent designation by Jeekel 1971: 24) of the genus name Epicyliosoma Silvestri, 1917 , a synonym of Cyliosoma ( Wesener 2014) .

Material examined. C. larvalis : F lectotype (designated herewith), NHML 77-29, Torres Strait, 77–29, leg. P. M, Johns VII 1867. Additional label: McFarlane.

C. albertisii : M lectotype (designated herewith), MCSN, fragmented. Labelled 'COTIPO'. Australia, Capo York, Somerset, 1874–75, leg. LM. D'Albertis. Additional label (old ink): Cyliosoma Albertisii Silv. M Cotypus ! Australia, Somerset, D'Albertis legit.

Fragments (no single segment or leg whole) of at least 1 M, 2 F paralectotypes, MCSN, same data as lectotype, but label stating 'TIPO'.

New diagnosis. Only known Cyliosoma with 25 or more apical cones. Posterior telopod with large, wide immovable finger reaching length of movable finger ( Fig. 1 E). Female operculum strongly elongated into very slender process ( Fig. 1 D). Anal shield with single long locking carina.

Redescription. Measurements: ca. 17.2 long (broken), 7.5 (2nd) wide, 5.1 (2nd) height. Brittleness did not allow further measurements.

Colouration strongly faded because of long preservation in ethanol. Tergites faded brown. Antennae, tibia and tarsus of legs green, head with traces of green.

Head: eyes small, with 35–40 ocelli. Antennae long, extending back to coxa 7. Antennomeres 1–5, of similar size, with few longer setae, 6 more densely pubescent and slightly larger. All antennomeres cylindrical (but see male characters below). Disc with 25/28 (female) or 29 (male) apical cones. Mouthparts not dissected. Palpi of gnathochilarium damaged.

Collum glabrous except for marginal setae.

Thoracic shield glabrous except shallow grooves. Grooves without any ledges

Tergites 3–12 like thoracic shield, glabrous, shiny and smooth, except for paratergite depressions. Paratergite tips of midbody tergites weakly projecting posteriorly.

Anal shield massive, well-rounded, glabrous. Underside with single long locking carina, located at midpoint between margin and pleurite.

Endotergum damaged ( Fig. 2 A). Apparently with 2 or 3 dense rows of marginal bristles, but only insertion points barely visible. With single dense row of cuticular patterns, which correspond to row of sclerotized knobs on the limbus ( Fig. 2 B). Inner area devoid of any setae or spines ( Fig. 2 A).

First stigma-carrying plate with a well-rounded projecting apex. Stigmatic plates ( Fig. 1 A), especially posterior plates, lacking a spine-like process ( Fig. 1 B). Stigma located close to coxa.

Pleurites 1 and 2 not elongated, well-rounded.

Leg 1 with 6, leg 2 with 5 or 6, leg 3 with 8–10 ventral spines. Leg pairs 4–21 with 8–10 ventral spines. Legs 3–21 with single apical spine. Coxa process weakly developed and well-rounded ( Fig. 1 C), absent from leg pair 1 and 2. Femur 1.7, tarsus 4.9 times longer than wide. Inner margin of femur irregular, with protuberances ( Fig. 1 C). Femur with ridge of medium-length.

Female subanal plate small, inconspicuous and hard to see. Female vulva with immature characteristics ( Fig. 1 D). Operculum strongly elongated into a slender, well-rounded central process, protruding up to basal third of prefemur ( Fig. 1 D).

Male characters from fragmented lectotype of C. albertisii :

Male antennae with antennomeres 4 & 5 partially fused with one another (See Wesener 2014: fig. 7). Male antennomere 6 not cylindrical, but laterally flattened.

Male gonopore and anterior telopod not found. According to first description, anterior telopods show 'typical Cyliosoma ' shape.

Posterior telopod ( Figs 1 E, F): only chela remains. Immovable finger at podomere 2 massive, 1.6 times longer than wide, apically only slightly tapering. Podomere 3 very weakly curved and only slightly longer than podomere 3. Hollowed-out inner margin without a visible membranous ledge or spines, with ca. 17 crenulated teeth ( Fig. 1 F). Podomere 1 and 2 completely covered with setae, only process of podomere 2 in posterior view glabrous ( Fig. 1 F). Podomere 2 covered by setae in posterior view, in anterior view only with few setae at basal part of immovable finger ( Fig. 1 E). Podomere 3 glabrous.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Cyliosoma larvalis (Butler, 1878), new combination: A, C & D = lectotype Z. larvalis (NHML); B, E & F = lectotype C. albertisii (MCSN) new synonym. A = left stigmatic plate 3; B = midbody stigmatic plate; C = left leg 9, posterior view; D = coxae and prefemora 2, with vulvae, posterior view; E = last two podomeres of posterior telopod, anterior view; F = same as ' E', posterior view. Abbreviations: Cx = coxa; EP = external, lateral plate; IP = inner, mesal plate; O = operculum; Pre = prefemur; Sp = spiracle. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 2. Cyliosoma larvalis (Butler, 1878, lectotype (NHML )), multi-layer photographs, tergite 7, A: endotergum; B: limbus. (1) = setal insertion points; (2) = cuticular patterns; (3) inner area. Not to scale.