Physalaemus moreirae (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937)

Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), Zootaxa 4725 (1), pp. 1-106 : 52-54

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583596

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640-FFC2-FFF9-BE8B-F972FC83FC7D

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Physalaemus moreirae (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937)
status

 

Physalaemus moreirae (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937)

We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls A and B are composed of a single harmonic note each. Call A is composed of pulses whereas Call B is not. Moreover, call B has irregular FM segments (vs. absent in call A).

Call A ( Fig. 21 View FIGURE 21 A–J and 13H). We examined three recordings, a total of one minute, with 68 calls from five males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2 View TABLE 2 ). Call duration varies from 0.499 to 0.567 s. In most calls, the limits between call rise, sustain, and fall are not clear (for example in calls with elliptic envelope; Fig. 21E View FIGURE 21 ). When perceptible, the call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape, both with a linear shape, and there is a long sustain. This segment can be regular and flat ( Fig. 21A View FIGURE 21 ) or quite irregular with AM segments within it ( Fig. 21C View FIGURE 21 ). The amplitude peak is usually at around the middle of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic ( Fig. 21E View FIGURE 21 ) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 21C View FIGURE 21 ). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 35 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig 21A, C, E View FIGURE 21 ). The rate of the PAM is ca. 42 Hz, forming ca. 23 pulses throughout the call. Most pulses have an elliptic envelope with the amplitude peak around the middle of the pulse. The very first pulses have rise longer than fall, amplitude peak at the end of pulse and the very last pulses have the opposite shape (amplitude peak at the beginning of the pulse; Fig. 21D, F View FIGURE 21 ). The last pulse is the longest ( Fig. 21 View FIGURE 21 A–J). Short silence intervals are present between the pulses, but can be absent between the first and last pulses (pulses are juxtaposed to neighboring pulses; Fig. 21A, C, D, E, F View FIGURE 21 ). The call has a harmonic series ( Fig. 13H View FIGURE 13 ). The fundamental frequency is ca. 230 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Usually, the wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, the short duration of the pulses (except the last) make the bands broad with narrow intervals. Where two pulses are juxtaposed, the wave periods are less regular, and the harmonics are less clear with deterministic chaos ( Fig. 21B, G, H, I, J View FIGURE 21 ). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 770 to 1250 Hz ( Fig. 21B View FIGURE 21 ). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the eighth, but it is usually the third or fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 700 and 1300 Hz (three harmonics). A few calls have a slight upward general FM ( Fig. 21H, I View FIGURE 21 ). Usually, there is no clear general FM ( Fig. 21B View FIGURE 21 ). Calls have a short downward FM at the end ( Fig. 21H, J View FIGURE 21 ) and PFM throughout the call without clear relationship with the synchronic pulse-PAM ( Fig. 21E, F, I, J View FIGURE 21 ).

Call B ( Fig. 21 View FIGURE 21 K–L and 16E). We examined one recording, a total of one minute, with one call from one male. This call was also measured (see Table 2 View TABLE 2 ). A single call was recorded. Call duration is 0.254 s. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential-shaped). There is a long sustain, which is regular until the amplitude peak at the end of the call, around nine tenths of the call duration. The envelope is triangular (pointed left; Fig. 21K View FIGURE 21 ). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 54 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series ( Fig. 16E View FIGURE 16 ). The fundamental frequency is at ca. 280 Hz and this band is generally absent in the audiospectrogram. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, the wave periods are less regular at the middle of the call, with biphonation regime ( Fig. 21L View FIGURE 21 ). The dominant frequency is ca. 860 Hz ( Fig. 21L View FIGURE 21 ). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the fifth, but it is usually the third or fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 800 and 1400 Hz (often, three harmonics). The long downward FM segment at the beginning makes the general FM of the call downward. There is a slight PFM throughout the call. Additionally, the call has parts with irregular up and downward FM ( Fig. 21L View FIGURE 21 ).

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Class

Amphibia

Order

Anura

Family

Leiuperidae

Genus

Physalaemus

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