Scopula ornata (Scopoli, 1763)

Wanke, Dominic, Hausmann, Axel, Lee, Kyung Min, Murillo-Ramos, Leidys, Sihvonen, Pasi & Rajaei, Hossein, 2023, Systematics and integrative taxonomic revision of the tribe Scopulini Duponchel, 1845 in Iran (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae), Zootaxa 5359 (1), pp. 1-96 : 20-21

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5359.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:11CC5175-7CCE-453F-88EB-3490E82F4972
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scientific name	Scopula ornata (Scopoli, 1763)
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Scopula ornata (Scopoli, 1763) View in CoL

( Plate 5, Figs 8–9; Plate 14 View PLATE 14 , Fig. 1; Plate 23 View PLATE 23 , Fig. 1; Map 4)

Phalaena ornata Scopoli, 1763 : Entomologica Carniolica exhibens insecta Carnioliae indigena et distributa in ordines, genera, species, varietates methodo Linnaeana 9: 219. Syntype (s) lost (north-western Slovenja, Carniolia ‘Mts.’).

Acidalia ornata subornata Prout, 1913 . In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Grossschmetterlinge der Erde 4: 79. Syntype (s) ( Japan: Oiwake , Yokohama) (NHMUK). Valid at subspecific rank.

Scopula ornata enzela Prout, 1935 . In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Grossschmetterlinge der Erde 4 (Supplememt): 46. Syntype (s) ( Iran, Enzeli ) (NHMUK, examined). Valid at subspecific rank.

Synonymies (for more details on nomenclature see Scoble 1999 and Hausmann 2004): Phalaena instilata Hufnagel, 1767 ( Germany: Berlin); Phalaena Geometra paludata Linnaeus, 1767 ( Portugal); Phalaena nivearia Fabricius, 1775 ( England); Phalaena institata Rottemburg, 1777 (Europe); Phalaena Geometra interrupta Goeze , 178 ( France: Paris); Phalaena intersecta Fourcroy, 1785 ( France: Paris); Geometra ornataria Hübner, 1799 (according to Hausmann (2004: 275): incorrect subsequent spelling); Pyralis paludalis Schrank, 1802 (according to Hausmann (2004: 275): emendation of paludata ); Scopula cinis Inoue, 1946 ( Japan: Nagano Prefecture, Yunomata).

For the list of unavailable names, see Hausmann (2004).

Type material examined. Scopula ornata enzela Type 1 ♁, N.W. Persia [ Iran], Enzeli, sea level, NHMUK 014173555 View Materials , g. prep. 12265; in NHMUK .

Additional material examined: 20 ♁/ ♀ (see appendix).

Diagnosis. Wingspan ♁ ♀ 20–27 mm. In Iran, Scopula ornata can externally be confused with, S. orientalis , S. decorata , S. subtilata and in rare cases maybe S. transcaspica , therefore characters are compared against these species only. Ground colour ( Plate 5, Figs 8–9) white (similar in S. orientalis ; creamy white in S. decorata and S. subtilata ; variable in S. transcaspica ). Forewing apex white (similar in S. orientalis ; spotted in S. decorata , S. subtilata and S. transcaspica ). Dotted lines of the terminal area greyish-blue (similar in S. subtilata and S. transcaspica ; grayish-brown in S. orientalis ; dark grayish-brown in S. decorata ). Double spots along postmedial line brown (similar in S. decorata and S. subtilata ; grayish-brown in S. orientalis ; absent in S. transcaspica ) (see Plate 5, Figs 8–15; Plate 6, Figs 1–6).

In the male genitalia socii slender (broad, rounded in S. orientalis ; long, crossed in S. decorata ; crossed in S. subtilata ; broad in S. transcaspica ). Vesica without cornutus (similar in S. orientalis ; with one small cornutus in S. decorata ; with one straight cornutus in S. subtilata ; with one cornutus in S. transcaspica ). 8th sternite longish, posteriorly broad, both cerata long and thin (sternite stout, both cerata broad, stout and strongly curved in S. orientalis ; sternite laterally concave, right ceras long and curved, left ceras short in S. decorata ; sternite laterally concave, both cerata medium sized in S. subtilata ; sternite laterally concave, both cerata long, left sometimes shortened in S. transcaspica ) (see Plate 14 View PLATE 14 , Figs 1–3; Plate 15 View PLATE 15 , Figs 1–3).

In the female genitalia lamella antevaginalis, anterior margin smooth, central fold V-shaped (unspectacular sclerotized in S. orientalis ; as flat rectangular sclerite, slightly longer than wide in S. decorata ; as flat rectangular sclerite, laterally concave in the basal half in S. subtilata ; as flat sclerite, shape variable, rather wider than long in S. transcaspica ). Signum elongated and narrow, consisting of small spinules (as long sclerite in S. orientalis ; absent in S. decorata , S. subtilata and S. transcaspica ) (see Plate 23 View PLATE 23 , Figs 1–6; Plate 24 View PLATE 24 , Fig. 1).

Phenology. Depending on the conditions, bi- or trivoltine species (Hausmann 2004). First generation from early May to early July, second generation from mid-July to late August or mid-September (Hausmann 2004). Investigated specimens in Iran were collected from May to September.

Biology. Larva polyphagous feeding on a wide range of plant species from different families (see Hausmann 2004; Beljaev 2016; Makhov 2023).

Habitat. In Europe found at altitudes from 0 m to 1600 m, while in Morocco, Turkey and the central Asian mountains to 2000 m (Hausmann 2004). Investigated specimens from Iran were collected at altitudes from 0 m to 2800 m.

Distribution. Widely distributed from northern Africa to the Urals, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, as well as in northwestern China, Korea and Japan (Hausmann 2004; Sihvonen 2005b; Choi & Kim 2016; Makhov 2023). Also distributed In Turkey, the Caucasus, Transcaucasus and Central Asia and Iran ( Viidalepp 1996; Hausmann 2004). In Iran this species is represented by the subspecies S. ornata enzela and distributed in the northern parts of Iran and along the Zagros in the western parts to southern Iran (Map 4). Reported in the literature also for the provinces Azerbaijan-e Shaghi, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Khorasan-e Razavi, Mazandaran and Sistan-o Balouchistan ( Bienert 1869; Christoph 1873; Prout 1921; Brandt 1939; Sutton 1963; Barou 1967; Viidalepp 1996; Hausmann 2004, Lehmann & Zahiri 2011).

DNA-barcoding. Nearest species: S. transcaspica with 9.2 % (see Supplementary Table S1).