Oxyopes salticus Hentz

Santos, Adalberto J., 2017, The jumping lynx spider Oxyopes salticus Hentz, 1845 and its Neotropical relatives (Araneae: Oxyopidae), Zootaxa 4216 (5), pp. 457-481 : 459-465

Oxyopes salticus Hentz

Figs 1–5 , 10 A

Oxyopes salticus Hentz, 1845: 196 –197, pl. 16 fig. 10 (Female syntypes from North Carolina and Alabama, USA, lost). Simon 1897: 889; Banks 1901: 224; 1902: 274; Petrunkevitch 1911: 585; 1929: 102, figs 82–83; Chamberlin 1916: 293; Mello- Leitão 1929: 496 –498, pl. 1 figs 1, 12; Bryant 1923: 15; Roewer 1955: 333; Bonnet 1958: 3240 –3241; Brady 1964: 478 – 484, figs 80–86, 91–96, 104–105; 1975: 233–239, figs 11–12, 23–24, 73–75, 98–99; Sierwald 1988: 10.

Sphasus luteus Blackwall, 1862: 350 –351 (female holotype from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, J. Gray & H. Clark leg., deposited in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, UK, not examined). Petrunkevitch 1911: 585 (= O. salticus ).

Oxyopes varians Taczanowski, 1874: 95 –98 (male and female syntypes from Cayenne and Saint Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana; and Uassá, Brazil, deposited in Polska Academia Nauk, Warsaw, Poland, not examined). Boeris 1889: 134; Keyserling 1891: 271 (= O. luteus ); Petrunkevitch 1911: 585 (= O. salticus ).

Oxyopes gracilis Keyserling, 1877: 698 –700, pl. 2 figs 63–64 (male and female syntypes from “Neu Granada” [currently Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Panama and parts of northern Brazil and Peru—see Levi 1964], deposited in the BMNH, not examined). Keyserling 1891: 271 (= O. luteus ); F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1902: 342 –343, pl. 32 figs 14–15; Banks 1901: 224 (= O. salticus ); Tullgren 1905: 69, pl. 8 fig. 34; Brady 1964: 479, figs 102–103.

Oxyopes luteus ; Keyserling 1891: 271; Moenkhaus 1898: 79.

Oxyopes m-fasciatus Piza, 1938: 47 , fig. 1 (male holotype from Piracicaba [22.7253o S, 47.6492o W], São Paulo, Brazil, J.R. Almeida leg., originally deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Escola Superior Agrícola “Luiz de Queiróz”, Piracicaba (MZLQ A0036), currently in IBSP 138211, examined) New synonymy.

Oxyopes nigrolineatus Mello-Leitão, 1941: 140 , pl. 1 fig. 4, pl. 7 fig. 29 (subadult female holotype from Clavillo [probably Cuesta del Clavillo, 27.3345o S, 65.9754o W], Tucumán, Argentina, deposited in MLP 14738, examined) New synonymy.

Remarks. Although the type material of this species is lost, it has been repeatedly cited and illustrated in the literature (see references in Brady 1964), so there is no doubt of its identity. Additionally, although I have not examined the type material of Oxyopes luteus , O. varians and O. gracilis , the illustrations and descriptions available in the literature, together with information on their distribution, indicate they can be confirmed as junior synonyms of O. salticus . The holotype of Oxyopes nigrolineatus is a subadult, but its synonymy with O. salticus is based on the characteristic colour pattern, which I have not seen on any other South American oxyopid besides the species treated herein. Additionally, the shape of the pre-epigynum ( Fig. 3 F), which I could see on several O. salticus subadult specimens collected together with adults, is also characteristic.

Diagnosis. Oxyopes salticus is probably close to O. crewi and O. incantatus sp. nov. based on the characteristic shape of male and female genitalia. Males of the three species share the embolus positioned apically in the tegulum and the ventral tibial apophysis is wide, occupying more than half the anterior width of the tibia ( Figs 4 B–D, 7A–C, 9A–C). Females of the three species are characteristic for having relatively simple and stout, non-curled copulatory ducts ( Figs 5 C, 7F, 9E). Oxyopes salticus can be distinguished from the remaining two species by the presence of a wisp of retrolateral pseudoserrate setae on the apex of pedipalpal patella ( Fig. 4 A), the cymbial protrusion, which is wider at the apex, and the smaller basal embolic apophysis ( Figs 3 A, B, 4D). Females differ from other species by the median process of epigynum, which is strongly bent anteriorly, with a long, flattened anterior portion in contact with the epigynal tegument ( Figs 3 D, 5A, B).

Description. Male (Belo Horizonte, Brazil, UFMG 19554). Carapace creamy white, with two pairs of paramedian longitudinal dusky brown bands; the inner one from the ocular area to the fovea, the outer one from the clypeus to the posterior margin. Sides creamy white, margins black. Ocular area dusky brown, covered with white cuticular scales. Clypeus and chelicerae dusky brown. Labium and endites black, sternum dusky brown, with a median, longitudinal creamy white band. Pedipalpus homogeneously black. Legs creamy white, femora I–III with a ventral, longitudinal black stripe, femur IV with basal and apical dark grey spots on venter. Dorsum and sides of the opisthosoma dusky brown, suffused with creamy white spots. Cardiac mark black, surrounded anteriorly by a pair of creamy white lateral bands. Tegument moderately shiny, covered with smooth cuticular scales. Venter black, spinnerets brown, dusky brown apically. Total length 4.53. Carapace 2.21 long, 1.73 wide. Tibia I length 2.21, II 1.96, III 1.49, IV 1.77. Opisthosoma 2.31 long, 1.35 wide. Ventral tibial apophysis with a rounded keel, projected retrolaterally ( Fig. 4 D). Retrobasal tibial apophysis subtriangular ( Fig. 3 B). Basal embolic apophysis gently projected retrolaterally ( Fig. 4 D).

Female (Belo Horizonte, Brazil, UFMG 19554). Carapace creamy white, with a pair of paramedian, longitudinal stripes of brown cuticular scales, both from the ocular area to the posterior margin. Ocular area dusky brown, covered by white cuticular scales. Lateral margins black, sides of clypeus with two dusky brown spots, both covered by brown cuticular scales. Clypeus creamy white, with a pair of longitudinal black stripes from the anterior median eyes to the border, and continuing through the anterior face of the chelicerae, terminating at the apex of the paturon. Pedipalpus and legs creamy white, leg femora I–III with a ventral, longitudinal black stripe. Femur IV with a few ventral black spots. Opisthosoma dorsally and laterally white, densely covered by white cuticular scales. Dorsum with a paramedian, longitudinal band of faint brown cuticular scales. Cardiac mark faint brown, posteriorly delimited by brown cuticular scales. Sides covered by dark brown cuticular scales, interrupted by diagonal stripes of white scales. Venter creamy white, with a median dark grey stripe from epigastric sulcus to the spinnerets. Spinnerets red brown, posterior lateral ones dusky brown ectally. Total length 5.72. Carapace 2.78 long, 2.09 wide. Tibia I length 2.83, II 2.58, III 1.88, IV 2.26. Opisthosoma 2.94 long, 1.74 wide. Median process of epigynum subtriangular, with gently sinuous borders ( Fig. 3 C). Posterior border of the median process bulging ventrally ( Fig. 3 D). Lateral processes small, touching the lateral border of the median process ( Fig. 5 A). Copulatory ducts trajectory sinuous, oriented dorso-ventrally. Spermathecae rounded, with anterior small gland pores and an ectal Bennet’s gland pore ( Fig. 5 C, D). Fertilization ducts wide and sclerotised at the base, oriented posteriorly ( Figs 3 E, 5C).

Variation. Colour pattern can be remarkably variable throughout the species’ distribution range. Male and female carapace and opisthosoma can vary from relatively pale, with the characteristic banded pattern described above ( Figs 1 , 2 AB), to completely black ( Fig. 2 C, D). Although the specimens illustrated in Figure 2 came from different localities, the large number of specimens examined in this study shows that individuals with both colour patterns, as well as intermediates, can be found within the same population. The male copulatory apparatus varies from lightly to strongly sclerotised and the basal embolic apophysis, in particular, can be as sclerotised as the embolus base itself, or remarkably dark and strongly sclerotised. The female epigynum also shows marked variability in the median process, which can be particularly projected anteriorly from the point of dorsal inflexion ( Fig. 3 C, D). The size of this anterior projection is nevertheless variable, and several specimens show no anterior projection at all ( Fig. 5 A, B). As mentioned for the colour variation, variants of this trait can be found within the same population. Subadult females have a characteristic pre-epigynum with a median field delimited by a pair of lateral grooves ( Fig. 3 F). Measurements: males (N=27), total length 3.58–4.91, carapace width 1.42–1.86. Females (N=35), total length 3.86–6.28, carapace width 1.37–1.98.

Natural history. The species can be found in an impressive variety of habitats, including humid forests and dry vegetation formations, like the Brazilian savannas (the Cerrado) and seasonally dry forests (the Caatinga). It can also be extremely common in disturbed habitats, domestic gardens ( Fig. 1 ) and agroecosystems, including pastures and fields of alfalfa ( Armendano & González 2010), bananas, common bean, cotton ( Nyffeler et al. 1992), rice ( Rodrigues et al. 2009), soy ( Young & Lockley 1985), watermelon, wheat ( Armendano & González 2011), among others (see Young & Lockley 1985). Specimens are generally found associated with the foliage of herbaceous and understory vegetation ( Brady 1964), although the recurrent capture of numerous specimens in pitfall traps indicates this species frequently wanders on the ground. As observed for other members of the family, O. salticus is an active hunter, capturing a variety of insect prey using only the chelicerae and their legs ( Fig. 1 C). The specific epithet is a reference to the jumping habits of this species, which use this move both to capture prey and flee from danger ( Brady 1964, personal observation). Regarding its natural enemies, this species was reported as a prey of the hunting wasp Trypoxylon texense Saussure, 1867 (Crabronidae) in Florida ( Kurczewski 1963). As far as I know, there is no information on courtship and mating behaviour, but maternal care is easily seen in the field. Egg sacs are fixed over leaves or twigs and guarded by the female, who remains over or near it all the time ( Fig. 1 D; see also Brady 1964: 481–482).

Distribution. This is probably the most widely distributed oxyopid species, which is recorded throughout USA ( Brady 1964), Central America ( Brady 1975), South America and most of the Caribbean islands. Records in South America span from the northernmost portion of Venezuela and Colombia to northern Argentina ( Fig. 10 A). Detailed records from Chile are restricted to the extreme north, near the border with Peru. The material examined for this study included a sample labelled just as “ Chile ”. The sample was collected by the Brazilian entomologist José C.M. Carvalho, who collected spiders in Santiago and Arica ( Mello-Leitão 1943). The sample is most probably from Arica, from which I have seen another specimen, and which is also the sole place in the country with a record of another oxyopid ( Peucetia rubrolineata Keyserling, 1877 , Santos & Brescovit 2003). In the Caribbean, O. salticus occurs in the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico ( Fig. 10 A). It has also been repeatedly recorded from the Bermuda Island ( Banks 1902, Sierwald 1988).

Additional material examined. NICARAGUA. Leon : La Paz Centro (12.34o N 86.6753o W), J.M. Maes leg., 21/XII/1988, 1 ♂ ( MCZ 19741) . BERMUDA. Saint George: Whalebone Bay (32.3652o N 64.7128o W), P. Sierwald leg., VII/1983, 1 ♂ ( USNM) ; Smith: Spittall Pond Park (32.3119o N 64.7254o W, meadow, sweep net), 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( USNM). PUERTO RICO . Culebra Island (18.303o N 65.301o W), A . Busck leg., II/1899, 3 ♀ 1 juv. ( USNM); Cayey , Cayey Mountains (18.1119o N 66.166o W), A. Bliss leg., III/1968, 5 ♀ ( MCZ) ; Guayama, Punta Pozuelo (17.9376o N 66.20234o W), V.D. & B. Roth leg., 25/XII/1985, 1 ♀ ( CAS) ; Dorado (18.4588o N 66.2677o W), A.S. Mills leg., 15/VII/1932, 1 ♀ ( AMNH) ; Palominitos Island (18.3387o N 65.5673o W) , Island Project staff, University of Puerto Rico leg. , 16/VI/1965, 2 ♂ 4 ♀ ( AMNH). VIRGIN ISLANDS. Little Camanoe : (18.4582o N 64.5429o W) , Island Project staff of University of Puerto Rico leg. , 2/VII/1965, 1 ♀ ( AMNH); Virgin Gorda: (18.4846o N 64.4007o W), A.M. Chickering leg. , VIII/1966, 3 ♂ 2 ♀ 9 juv. ( MCZ). U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS . Saint Croix: Frederikstedt, near Frederikstedt (17.7125o N 64.8815o W), A.M. Chickering leg., 22/III/1964, 2 ♂ 2 ♀ 5 juv. ( MCZ) ; 13/III/1964, 1 ♀ 4 juv. ( MCZ); Saint John: Centerline Road, 4 mi Cruz Bay (18.3451o N 64.7457o W) , 4/III/ 1964, 1 ♀ ( MCZ); Saint Thomas: (18.3406o N 64.9017o W) , 14/VII/1966, 1 ♂ ( MCZ). ANTIGUA & BARBUDA . Antigua: (17.0758o N 61.7877o W) , VI/1918, 2 ♂ 18 ♀ 14 juv. ( USNM); Saint John: Crosbies (17.1667o N 61.8167o W) , 21/VIII/1967, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( MCZ); Saint Mary: Shekerly Mts, Boggy Peak (currently Mount Obama ) (17.0419o N 61.8511o W, 365 m), J.F.G. Clarke leg. , 2/V/1956, 1 ♀ ( USNM); Saint Philip: Hill W of Half Moon Bay (17.0463o N 61.6889o W, 60 m), E .N. Kjellesvig-Waering leg., 7/X/1963, 1 ♀ (AMNH). DOMINICA. Saint Andrew: Marigot, Hatton Gardens (15.5167o N 61.2833o W), B . Malkin leg., 30/I/1968, 5 ♂ 8 ♀ 6 juv. ( AMNH); Saint David: Ridge above Belle Fille River , 4 mi SW Castle Bruce (15.4014o N 61.3072o W), R . T. Bell leg., 1/I/1965, 1 ♀ 1 juv. ( MCZ); Bataka (15.5o N 61.2667o W), B . Malkin leg., 30/I/1968, 1 ♂ ( AMNH); Saint George: Wooten Waven (15.3197o N 61.339o W), P . Spangler leg., 7/X/1964, 1 ♀ ( USNM); Roseau (15.3o N 61.4o W), N .L.H. Krauss leg., XI/ 1967, 1 ♀ ( USNM); Saint Paul: Springfield Plantation Guesthouse (15.3462o N 61.3666o W) , 2 ♀ ( USNM). MARTINIQUE. (14.6660o N 60.9896o W), A. Sánchez leg., 8–21/VI/2013 , 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (IBSP 165031); 2 ♀ ( IBSP 165035 ). SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES . Saint Vincent: (13.25o N 61.2o W), 2 ♂ 2 ♀ ( MNHN 18956 ); A.M. Chickering leg., 15–24/VIII/1966 , 2 ♀ 1 juv. (MCZ). BARBADOS. Saint Michael: no further data (13.1216o N 59.5948o W), 1 ♂ ( USNM) ; Bridgetown (13.0967o N 59.6139o W) , V/1918, 1 ♂ 3 ♀ 2 juv. ( USNM). GRENADA. Saint George : Saint George (12.0561o N 61.7517o W), N.L.H. Krauss leg., X/1967, 2 ♀ ( AMNH) . TRINIDAD & TOBAGO. Couva / Tabaquite / Talparo : Saint Andrew, near Valencia (10.4225o N 61.4786o W), G.F. & J.F. Hevel leg., 23/III/1985, 2 ♀ ( USNM) ; San Juan / Laventille: Maracas Bay Village (10.7569o N 61.4342o W), 2/ III/1985, 1 ♀ ( USNM) ; 23/III/1985, 2 ♀ ( USNM); Tobago: Crown Point airport area (11.1480o N 60.8374o W) , 25/ III/1985, 1 ♀ ( USNM); Tunapuna / Piarco: Caroni , Chaguanas (10.6057o N 61.3817o W) , 22/III/1985, 1 ♀ ( USNM); Arima, 4 mi N Arima (10.6736o N 61.2750o W), R . West leg., 10/V/1981, 3 ♂ (MCZ). COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Medellín, San Antonio del Prado (6.1802o N 75.6551o W), P. Schneble leg., X/1973 , 1 ♀ ( MCZ); Valle de Medellín (6.2369o N 75.5775o W), A . B. Schneble leg., 1973, 7 ♂ 7 ♀ ( MCZ); Atlantico: Juan de Acosta, Finca Bella Lucila (10.8297o N 75.0334o W), Y . Ow & D. Cuentas leg., 8/X–12/XII/2000, 3 ♂ 6 ♀ ( ICN 1314 ); Boyacá: Pajarito, Vereda Corinto (5.4242o N 72.7441o W, 1500 m), I . de Arevalo leg., IX/1981, 2 ♂ 1 ♀ ( ICN 1094 ); Cesar: La Luz , 30 km N Costilla (9.1848o N 73.7169o W) , 30/VI/1970, 1 ♂ ( CAS); San Sebastian de Rábago (currently Nabusímake ), Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (10.5667o N 73.6o W, 2000 m, banana plantation), B . Malkin leg., 11– 14/IV/1968, 1 ♂ ( AMNH); Valledupar (10.4697o N 73.254o W) , 15/VII/1968, 2 ♀ ( AMNH); Cundinamarca : Medina (4.5101o N 73.3498o W, 520 m), VIII/1986, 1 ♂ ( ICN 1046 ) ; Meta: Carimagua (4.5833o N 71.3333o W), W.G. Eberhard leg., X/1973 , 2 ♀ ( MCZ); Puerto Gaitán, Hacienda Yamato (4.3133o N 72.0816o W) , IX/1997, 1 ♀ ( ICN 976 ); Villavicencio, Pozo Azul (4.142o N 73.6266o W, 500 m) , X/1990, 2 ♀ ( ICN 1098 ); Puerto Lleras, Lomalinda (3.3o N 73.3667o W), B.T. Carroll leg. , V/1987, 1 ♀ ( CAS); Santander: Charalá, Virolín (6.1072o N 73.1978o W, 1740 m), I. de Arevalo leg. , III/1981, 2 ♀ ( ICN 1097 ); Valle del Cauca: near Cali (3.4372o N 76.5225o W) , 1 ♀ ( MCZ); Vaupés: Mitú (1.2564o N 70.2354o W), P.A. Schneble leg. , II/1975, 1 ♀ (MCZ 19746); L.E. Peña leg., 9–15/VII/ 1990, 2 ♂ 2 ♀ 1 juv. ( AMNH). VENEZUELA. Aragua : Rancho Grande (10.3667o N 67.6833o W), Wm. Beebe leg., 1 ♂ ( AMNH) ; Bolivar: Upata , 19 km SE Upata (7.9116o N 62.2625o W), G.F. & J.F. Hevel leg., 20/III/1982, 3 ♂ 3 juv. ( USNM) ; Santa Elena de Uairén, Parque Nacional Canaima, Monte Roraima (5.9113o N 61.4785o W), M.O. Gonzaga leg., 15/XI/2001, 1 ♂ ( IBSP 68879 ) ; Parupa, Gran Sabana (5.4747o N 63.6182o W, malaise trap), S. & J. Peck leg., 27/VI–10/VII/1987, 1 ♂ ( AMNH); Carabobo: Puerto Cabello , Bahia Patanemo (10.4597o N 67.9302o W), Cesari leg., 19/IX/1975, 1 ♀ 1 juv. ( MACN) ; Distrito Capital: Caracas, El Valle (10.4675o N 66.9102o W), G.V. Berthier leg., 16/III/1 939, 4 ♂ 3 ♀ ( MNRJ 946 ) ; Guárico: Hato Masaguarai (8.34o N 67.35o W), J. Carpenter leg., 3– 29/V/1985 , 3 ♂ 3 ♀ 1 juv. ( MCZ); Parque Nacional Aguaro-Guariquitu (8.2833o N 66.7o W), R. Candia leg., 14/IX/ 1987 , 3 ♂ (MCN 21265); 4 ♂ 1 ♀ (MCN 21267); 4 ♂ 2 ♀ (MCN 21273); 5 ♂ 5 ♀ (MCN 21321); 2 ♂ ( MCN 21344); Miranda: Parque Nacional Guatopo, Macanilla , 50 km N Alta Gracia (10.4474o N 66.3692o W), S. & J. Peck leg., 7/VI/1987 , 1 ♂ (AMNH). GUYANA. Demerara-Mahaica: Georgetown (6.8o N 58.15o W), VII/1987, 6 ♀ 7 juv. ( AMNH) . SURINAME. Sipaliwini: Benzdorp, Lawa River (3.6833o N 54.0833o W), B. Malkin leg., 6/XI/ 1963, 1 ♀ ( AMNH) . FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne: Cayenne (4.9333o N 52.3333o W), S. Marshall leg., XII/1981, 2 ♂ 2 ♀ ( AMNH) ; St. Laurent-du-Maroni: St. Laurent-du-Maroni (5.501o N 54.0294o W), XI/1981, 2 ♂ 5 ♀ ( AMNH) . ECUADOR. El Oro: Arenillas (3.554o S 80.0668o W), R. Walls leg., 28/10/1942, 1 ♀ ( CAS) ; Guayas: Guayaquil (2.2058o S 79.9079o W), H.E.F. Landes leg., 22/III/1942, 2 ♂ 1 ♀ ( CAS) ; Pastaza: 12 km W Puyo (1.5075o S 78.0408o W), P. Spangler et al. leg., 5/II/1976, 1 ♂ ( USNM) ; Pichincha: Calderón (0.1013o S 78.4239o W), W.P. Maddison leg., 17/V/1994, 1 ♀ ( MECN 7 ) . PERU. Cajamarca: Quebrada Nanchoc (6.57o S 79.15o W), J. Carpenter leg., 21/XII/1984 – 17/I/1985, 9 ♂ 2 ♀ 3 juv. ( MCZ); Jaén, Sur de Jaén (5.7091o S 78.8075o W), S. Risco & A . F. Archer leg., 16–18/V/1967, 2 ♂ 1 ♀ ( AMNH); Cusco: Koribeni (12.6833o S 72.9667o W), O . Ochoa leg., 1 ♂ ( MUSM); road up to Machu-Pichu (13.1633o S 72.5390o W), H . W. Levi leg., 20/II/1965, 1 ♂ 1 juv. ( MCZ); Quillabamba (12.8647o S 72.6928o W), J . C. Pallister leg., 11/III/1947, 1 ♀ ( AMNH); Huanuco: Acomayo (9.8011o S 76.0719o W), F . Woytkowski leg., VII/1946, 1 ♀ (AMNH); La Libertad: Guadalupe, Puesto Guadalupe (7.2442o S 79.4707o W), Ross & Michelbacher leg., 17/III/1951, 1 ♀ ( CAS 9059110 ) ; Lima : Lima, Pantanos de Villa (12.2136o S 76.9889o W, pitfall trap), J. Duárez & S . Córdova leg., 13/XI/1994, 7 ♂ 7 ♀ 2 juv. ( MUSM); 47 km E Lima (12.0340o S 76.6073o W, pasture, under stones), H . W. Levi leg., 8/II/1965, 1 ♂ ( MCZ); Santa Enriqueta, Cañete, Valle de Mala (12.6814o S 76.6221o W), M . Benamu Pino leg., 8/XI/1997, 1 ♂ ( IBSP 14953 ); Madre de Dios: Puerto Maldonado, 15 km E Puerto Maldonado (12.5935o S 69.0612o W), G . Hunter leg., 4/VI/1983, 1 ♀ ( CAS); Piura: Mallares, N. Mallares, Chira River (4.8635o S 80.7741o W), D. & H . Frizzel leg., 31/XII/1941, 1 ♀ ( CAS); San Martín: Uchiza, Palmas del Espino S.A. (8.3189o S 76.4422o W), L. Liceras et al. leg. , 19/VIII/1986, 2 ♂ 1 ♀ ( MUSM); Tumbes : Tumbes, Universidad Nacional Tumbes (3.5837o S 80.4436o W), P. Vinces leg., 1992– 1993, 4 ♂ ( MUSM) ; Ucayali: Pucallpa (8.3855o S 74.5391o W), J.C. Pallister leg., 7–16/XI/1946, 1 ♂ ( AMNH) . BOLIVIA. Beni: Estación Biológica del Beni (14.6942o S 66.3844o W), A.D. Brescovit leg., 31/VII/1993, 1 ♂ ( MCN 23813) ; Santa Cruz: Buena Vista (17.4567o S 63.6589o W), II/1951, 1 ♀ ( MLP 7 ). CHILE: no further data, J . C. Carvalho leg., 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 4 juv. ( MNRJ 14215 ); Arica y Parinacota: Rio Lluta (18.4445o S 70.0904o W, 500 m), L . E. Peña leg., 11–13/XI/1955, 1 ♀ 1 juv. ( IRSN). ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires: Berisso, Los Talas (34.9223o S 58.5197o W), M . I. Barrios leg., 31/III–25/V/2001, 3 ♀ 5 juv. ( IBSP 57021 ); Lomas de Zamora (34.7609o S 58.4063o W) , 5/I–14/IV/2000, 9 ♂ 6 ♀ ( IBSP 57026 ); Jujuy: La Mendieta (24.3119o S 64.9639o W), M . Birabén leg., 1/XII/1950, 1 ♀ 4 juv. ( MLP 2 ); Parque Nacional Calilegua (23.4722o S 64.8380o W), M.J. Ramírez et al. leg. , 23– 24/IX/1995, 1 ♂ (MACN); Misiones: Puerto Aguirre (currently Puerto Iguazu) (25.6058o S 54.5767o W) 1–10/III/ 1994, 1 ♀ ( MLP) ; Arroyo Chimiray (27.58o S 55.31o W) , 3/I/1989, 1 ♀ (MCTP 655); San Javier, Arroyo Guerrero (27.8008o S 55.1469o W), 22/XI/1988, 1 ♀ ( MCTP 661 ) ; 11/IV/1989, 2 ♀ ( MCTP 660 ); Eldorado (26.28o S 54.43o W), A . Kovacs leg., 1/IX–15/XI/1964, 2 ♂ (AMNH); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( AMNH); Salta: Pocitos (22.05o S 63.6914o W), M. Birabén leg., 22/XI/1954 , 1 ♂ ( MLP 6 ); Salta, NE Salta (24.7858o S 65.4117o W), L . E. Peña leg., 10/X/1968, 6 ♂ 5 ♀ ( MCZ); Parque Nacional El Rey, Rio La Sala (24.7185o S 64.6369o W; malaise trap), S & J . Peck leg., 5–10/XII/1987, 1 ♂ ( AMNH); Santiago del Estero : Santiago del Estero , Vivero San Martín (27.795o S 64.2614o W), Haurylenko leg., 5/X/1963, 2 ♂ 1 juv. ( MACN) ; Tucumán: El Cadillal (26.635o S 65.1936o W), L.E. Peña leg., 6–8/XI/1991, 3 ♂ ( AMNH) . PARAGUAY: Alto Paraná: Naranjal, SE Naranjal (25.9667o S 55.1833o W), L.E. Peña leg., 18–22/VIII/1988, 2 ♂ 1 juv. ( AMNH) ; Paraguari: Sapucay (25.6667o S 56.9167o W), 7 ♀ ( USNM) . BRASIL. Acre: Rio Branco , Campus Embrapa Acre (10.0252o S 67.6933o W, pan trap), L.M.S. Costa leg., I/2012, 1 ♂ ( UFMG 12367 ) ; III/2012, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (UFMG 12376); X/2012, 1 ♀ (UFMG 12423); XII/2012, 1 ♀ (UFMG 14154); no date, 1 ♂ ( UFMG 19588 ); Alagoas: Maceió, Serra da Saudinha, Ipióca (9.3667o S 35.7167o W), G.Q. Correia & R.C. Aquino leg., 23/X/2004 , 1 ♂ (IBSP 63781); (9.6525o S 35.7225o W), S.D. Bella leg., V– X/2002, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (IBSP 41072); 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (IBSP 41112); 1 ♂ 6 ♀ (IBSP 41082); 1 ♀ (IBSP 41091); 1 ♀ ( IBSP 41080 ); Amapá: Macapá (0.0389o N 81.0664o W) , 3/IV/1980, 2♂ 1♀ 4 juv. ( MNRJ 6901 ); Amazonas: São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Comunidade Maturacá (0.1303o S 67.0892o W), A .A. Lise leg., 12/X/1990, 16 ♂ 21 ♀ (MCTP 1258); 14/X/1990, 2 ♂ 3 ♀ 5 juv. (INPA); 3 ♂ 5 ♀ 4 juv. ( MCTP 1452 ); Novo Airão, Parque Nacional do Jaú, Cachoeira , Sítio Velho , right margin of Rio Jaú (1.8361o S 61.6747o W, 38 m), D . M. Takiya leg., 27/VI/2003, 3 ♀ ( INPA); Parque Nacional do Jaú, Patauá ( Jefferson ), left margin of Rio Jaú (1.8833o S 61.7333o W) , 1 ♂ ( INPA 2373 ); Parque Nacional do Jaú, Seringalzinho ( Vista Alegre ) (1.8292o S 61.5956o W, 33 m, sweep net) , 5/VII/2003, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( INPA 2370 ); Rio Preto da Eva, Fazenda Esteio (2.4167o S 59.8333o W), S . Fáveri leg., 26/XI/1998, 1 ♀ (INPA 67553); 1 ♀ ( INPA 2371 ); Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke (2.9572o S 59.9290o W, sweep net), J. Vidal leg., 3/IV/1990 , 1 ♀ (INPA 2374); 3 ♂ 10 ♀ ( INPA); Bahia: Caravelas , Parque Nacional Marinho dos Abrolhos, Siriba Island (17.971o S 38.7094o W), G .F. Dutra leg., 4/VIII/1994, 10 ♂ 17 ♀ 10 juv. (UFMG 13140); Santa Bárbara Island (17.9625o S 38.6983o W), 9 ♂ 13 ♀ 6 juv. ( UFMG 13141 ) ; Sueste Island (17.9808o S 38.6991o W), 3 ♀ ( UFMG 13142 ) ; 3/IV/ 1996, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( IBSP 68873 ); Porto Seguro (16.2869o S 39.8277o W, 263 m, pitfall trap), L .D. Audino leg., 2/VI/ 2012, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ 1 juv. (UFMG 16769); (16.141o S 39.1565o W, 91 m, pitfall trap), 24–29/V/2012, 2 ♂ 1 ♀ 6 juv. (UFMG 16770); (16.1324o S 39.5894o W, 210 m, pitfall trap), 30/V/2012, 2 ♂ 4 ♀ 5 juv. (UFMG 16771); (16.3047o S 39.5024o W, 164 m, pitfall trap), 28/V/2012, 1 ♀ (UFMG 16772); (16.1009o S 39.346o W, 120 m, pitfall trap), 1/VI/2012, 1 ♀ 1 juv. (UFMG 16773); (16.3892o S 39.1671o W, 126 m, pitfall trap), 16/V/2012, 9 ♂ 16 ♀ 15 juv. (UFMG 16774); (16.3536o S 39.303o W, 117 m, pitfall trap), 30/V/2012, 1 ♂ (UFMG 16775); (16.373o S 39.2010o W, 81 m, pitfall trap), 18/V/2012, 1 ♀ (UFMG 16776); (16.1015o S 39.2541o W, 102 m, pitfall trap), 1/VI/ 2012, 16 ♂ 17 ♀ 9 juv. (UFMG 16777); (16.399o S 39.1581o W, 113 m, pitfall trap), 16/V/2012, 2 ♂ 2 ♀ (UFMG 16778); (16.3759o S 39.1483o W, 94 m), 2 ♂ 1 juv. (UFMG 16779); (16.3930o S 39.1625o W, 74 m, pitfall trap), 15/V/ 2012, 1 ♂ 4 ♀ 1 juv. (UFMG 16780); (16.3998o S 39.126o W, 71 m, pitfall trap), 16/V/2012, 2 ♂ (UFMG 16781); (16.3970o S 39.1391o W, 71 m, pitfall trap), 34 ♂ 28 ♀ 4 juv. ( UFMG 16782 ); Iguassú (currently Itaeté , 12.9833o S 40.9667o W), Roman leg. , 5 ♂ 2 ♀ ( NHRM); Itamaraju , Fazenda Pau Brasil (17.0394o S 39.5308o W) , 22/XII/1969, 1 ♀ ( MNRJ 14211 ); Brejões (13.1028o S 39.7933o W), N . Silveira leg., 1/II/1996, 1 ♂ ( MCTP 11878 ); Itacaré (14.2811o S 38.9953o W, malaise trap), T . Aguzzoli & A. Carvalho leg., 12/I/2003, 1 ♀ ( MCN 35035); Brumado (14.2075o S 41.6717o W) , 17/IV/1997, 1 ♀ (IBSP 10397); E. Correa leg., 1 ♀ ( IBSP 13809 ); Ilhéus , CEPLAC (14.773o S 39.2205o W), A .D. Brescovit leg., 7/IV/1998, 1 ♂ (IBSP 19325); Lençois (12.5619o S 41.3886o W) 29–30/ IV/1999, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ 4 juv. (IBSP 167678); Catu (12.3530o S 38.3789o W), M.F. Dias leg., 10/X/1998, 1 ♂ ( IBSP 40661 ) ; Santa Teresinha, Serra da Jibóia, Estrada Pioneira (12.8708o S 39.4811o W, 800 m), L.S. Carvalho et al. leg. , 8/XI/2010, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (CHNUFPI 992); Serra da Jibóia, Reserva da Gamba (12.8492o S 39.4756o W, 700 m) , 7/XI/ 2010, 2 ♀ (CHNUFPI 999); Encruzilhada (15.5333o S 40.9094o W), M . Alvarenga leg., XI/1975, 2 ♀ ( AMNH); Distrito Federal: Brasília, Lago Norte (15.7276o S 43.8878o W, 1030 m), C .F. Cardoso leg., 6/IV/2012, 1 ♀ (UFMG 11303); Reserva Ecológica do IBGE (15.9469o S 47.8664o W), M. Milhomem leg., 1/XI/1999 , 1 ♂ ( DZUB 962 ); Espírito Santo: Linhares, Reserva Natural Vale (19.1060o S 39.9613o W), A.D. Brescovit et al. leg., 5–12/I/1998 , 1 ♀ (IBSP 16567); 19/VII/1997, 1 ♀ 1 juv. (IBSP 12896); 5–12/I/1998, 1 ♀ (IBSP 16651); 1 ♀ (IBSP 16807); (19.1218o S 39.8827o W, pitfall trap), A.J. Santos leg., VII/1997, 1 ♂ ( IBSP 68876 ); Goiás: Catalão (18.1658o S 47.9464o W, Cerrado), F.S.P. Godoi leg. , 22/X/2001, 1 ♀ ( DZUB 2438 ); Catalão, Barragem para Aproveitamento Hidrelétrico Serra do Facão (17.7230o S 47.5894o W, 921 m, pitfall trap), R.B. Martines & R.M.C. Silveira leg. , I/ 2010, 1 ♂ (UFMG 4381); (18.0444o S 47.6328o W, 831 m, pitfall trap), 1 ♀ (UFMG 4382); (18.0019o S 47.7080o W, 800 m, pitfall trap), 2 ♂ (UFMG 4383); (17.8611o S 47.6272o W, 762 m, pitfall trap), 2 ♀ (UFMG 4384); (17.5025o S 47.5589o W, 754 m, pitfall trap), 2 ♀ (UFMG 4385); (18.0444o S 47.6328o W, 831 m), 1 ♀ (UFMG 4386); (17.5928o S 47.6211o W, 835 m, pitfall trap), 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (UFMG 4387); (18.0188o S 47.683o W, 767 m, swamp, pitfall trap), 2 ♀ (UFMG 4547); (18.0556o S 47.6321o W, 824 m, transition forest, pitfall trap), 1 ♀ ( UFMG 4548 ); Davinópolis, Barragem para Aproveitamento Hidrelétrico Serra do Facão (17.9134o S 47.7073o W, 744 m, Cerrado, pitfall trap) , VII/2010, 1 ♀ ( UFMG 4546 ); Campinaçu, Serra da Mesa (13.8667o S 48.3833o W), Silvestre et al. leg., 18.II–2/III/1996 , 1 ♀ ( MZSP 15668 ); Colinas do Sul (14.0167o S 48.2o W), 2–15/XII/1995 , 5 ♂ ( MZSP 15716 ); Mato Grosso: Canarana, confluence of Culuene and Xingu rivers (12.9280o S 52.8277o W), J .C. Carvalho leg., 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MNRJ 14214); 2 ♂ 7 ♀ 4 juv. (MNRJ 14243); Nova Xavantina (14.6616o S 52.3560o W) 1 ♂ 2 ♀ 1 juv. ( MNRJ 14237 ) ; Ribeirão Cascalheira, Xavantina-Cachimbo Expedition base camp, 260 km N Nova Xavantina (12.8167o S 51.7667o W, Cerrado), Xavantina-Cachimbo Expedition leg., II– IV/1969, 1 ♂ ( MCZ 19783) ; Santa Terezinha, Barra do Tapirapés (10.645o S 50.6141o W), B. Malkin leg., 5–19/XI/1964, 2 ♂ ( AMNH) ; Mato Grosso do Sul: Brasilândia, Horto Rio Verde (20.8333o S 51.6667o W), M. Uehara-Prado leg., 15/VIII/2007 , 1 ♀ ( UFMG 5 086); Três Lagoas, Horto Barra do Moeda (20.95o S 51.7833o W) , XI/2007, 1 ♂ (UFMG 5087); XI/2008, 1 ♂ ( UFMG 5088 ); Corumbá, Fazenda Leque, Embrapa (19.2333o S 57.05o W), S . Harris leg., 10–13/II/1987, 1 ♂ 2 juv. (MNRJ 14226); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( MNRJ 14241 ); Dourados (22.2211o S 54.8056o W) , 9/III/1982, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MCN 18941); 1/III/1982, 1 ♂ (MCN 18948); 7/VII/1982, 1 ♂ ( MCN 18949); Corumbá, Passo do Lontra , (19.5769o S 57.0117o W, Brachiaria pasture), J . Raizer leg., IV/1999, 1 ♂ (IBSP 33139); 1 ♂ (IBSP 33143); 2 ♂ ( IBSP 33134 ); Paranaíba (19.6772o S 51.1908o W), R.R. da Silva leg. , 17/VI/1983, 3 ♀ ( IBSP 14088 ); Aquidauana (20.4711o S 55.7872o W, Brachiaria pasture), V . B. Roddrigues leg., 1/X/2010, 1 ♂ ( DZUB 6100 ); Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte (19.8667o S 43.9667o W), E.S.S. Álvares et al. leg. , 1999–2000, 2 ♀ ( IBSP 26189 ); Bairro Santa Terezinha (19.8694o S 44.0014o W, domestic garden), M.D. Miranda & U . Oliveira leg., 11/III/2 0 16, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ (UFMG 19554); Belo Horizonte, Estação Ecológica da UFMG (19.8772o S 43.9711o W, 845 m), E.S.S. Álvares & C.S. Azevedo leg., 25/ XI/1999 , 1 ♂ 3 ♀ (UFMG 93); P. Corgosinho leg., 7/V/1997, 1 ♀ (UFMG 98); E.S.S Álvares et al., III/2000, 1 ♀ (UFMG 392); 18/IV/2000, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (UFMG 5933); XI/2000, 1 ♀ (UFMG 5934); P.R. Silva et al. leg., 9–24/IV/ 2014, 1 ♀ (UFMG 16154); (19.8736o S 43.9724o W), J. C.R. Fontenelle leg., 9–16/XI/1999, 1 ♂ ( IBSP 41120 ); Belo Horizonte , Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras (19.9442o S 43.9003o W, Cerrado, pitfall trap), H.H. Santos et al. leg. , 5–12/XII/2008, 1 ♂ (UFMG 7903); (19.9541o S 43.9053o W, rupestrian field, pitfall trap), 1 ♂ (UFMG 7960); 1 ♂ ( UFMG 8492 ); Coimbra (20.8622o S 42.8028o W), F . Marquini leg., 5/II/1999, 6 ♀ 4 juv. (IBSP 23856); 1 ♀ (IBSP 23857); 10 ♂ ( IBSP 23850 ); Prudente de Morais, Fazenda do Sapé , Road MG 424 (19.4684o S 44.2416o W, 850 m, Cerrado), E.S.S. Álvares leg. , 20/II/2000, 1 ♀ (UFMG 376); (Cerrado, beating tray), 3–4/II/2001, 10 ♂ 7 ♀ ( UFMG 380 ); Santana do Riacho , Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó (19.3492o S 43.6195o W, 822 m, rupestrian field), E.S.S. Álvares & E .O. Machado leg., 20–23/XII/2000, 1 ♀ (UFMG 521); (sweep net), B. T. Faleiro leg., 20/ IX/2009, 2 ♂ ( UFMG 3368 ); Travessão (19.3261o S 43.5058o W, 1215 m, rupestrian field) , 10–14/II/2001, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (UFMG 522); (gallery forest), 29/IV/2001, 1 ♀ (UFMG 954); Santa Bárbara, RPPN Santuário do Caraça, Pico do Sol (20.0689o S 43.5048o W, 1222 m, gallery forest and rupestrian field, Moericke trap), L.N. Perillo leg., 7/XI/ 2009 , 1 ♀ (UFMG 6703); (20.106o S 43.4639o W, 1616 m), 16/I/2010, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( UFMG 6732 ); Itaobim (16.5687o S 41.4809o W, 327 m), I.L.F. Magalhães et al. leg. , 27/XI/2011, 1 ♂ (UFMG 10153); margins of road BR111 (16.5061o S 41.5089o W, 271 m), L.S. Carvalho et al. leg., 9/IV/2015, 1 ♀ ( UFMG 18751 ); Marliéria, Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (19.7163o S 42.7338o W, 597 m), T. Rodrigues et al. leg. , 5/IX/2003, 1 ♂ ( UFMG 11496 ); Contagem, Bairro Nossa Senhora de Fátima (19.9107o S 44.0856o W, 904 m), P . H. Martins leg., 8/XI/2012, 1 ♂ ( UFMG 12759 ); São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo, Estação de Preservação e Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Peti (19.8833o S 43.3667o W), G.H.F. Azevedo et al. leg. , 8–9/XII/2012, 1 ♂ ( UFMG 13130 ); Diamantina (18.2339o S 43.6043o W, 1177 m), U. Oliveira et al. leg. , 14/X/2012, 1 ♂ ( UFMG 13931 ); Manga, Parque Estadual da Mata Seca (14.8494o S 44.0078o W, pitfall trap), R.N.S.L. Garro et al. leg. , IX/2010, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (UFMG 14773); II/2011, 1 ♂ ( UFMG 14774 ); Muriaé, Pirapanema (21.0742o S 42.4922o W, 664 m), P.P.G. Taucce & B . Lisboa leg., 1/XII/ 2014, 1 ♀ ( UFMG 16547 ); Santo Antônio do Itambé , Parque Estadual do Pico de Itambé (18.4661o S 43.3075o W, 757 m), P . H. Martins leg., 16–17/II/2013, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( UFMG 19552 ); São Domingos do Prata, Sítio Farrancho (19.8269o S 42.9664o W), M .D.F. Magalhães leg., 26/III/2016, 1 ♀ ( UFMG 19569 ); Viçosa, Campo Experimental Diogo Alves Melo (20.7702o S 42.8688o W, common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) field), R .R. Pereira leg., 25/II/2015, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (UFMG 19689); Inconfidentes, Bairro Monjolinho , Fazenda Santa Luzia (22.3336o S 46.2974o W, semideciduous seasonal forest), M.M. Souza leg., I– III/2 0 15, 1 ♀ ( UFMG 19759 ) ; Januária, Rio Pandeiros (15.4671o S 44.2826o W, 456 m), F. Leite leg., V/2002, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( UFMG 19789 ) ; Carmo do Rio Claro (20.9719o S 46.1189o W), J . C. Carvalho leg., 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 2 juv. ( MNRJ 14222 ); Lavras (21.2453o S 44.9997o W), W . Don Fronk leg., 25/X/1979, 1 ♀ ( MCZ); Poços de Caldas (21.7878o S 46.5614o W), P .F.L. Duarte leg., 1 ♀ (MCN 24982); Formoso , Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas (15.2615o S 45.8338o W), M.G. Zatz leg., 22/III/2 0 0 1, 1 ♀ ( IBSP 36601 ) ; Jaboticatubas, Serra do Cipó (19.4178o S 43.5517o W), A.J. Santos leg., 29/IV/1994, 1 ♀ ( IBSP 68871 ) ; Uberlândia (18.9186o S 48.2772o W), A.L.T. Souza leg., VIII/1997, 1 ♀ 1 juv. ( IBSP 20507 ) ; Fazenda Experimental do Glória (18.9655o S 48.2137o W), 27/IX/2000, 1 ♀ (IBSP 68867); Diamantina, Mina da Serrinha (18.2797o S 43.5236o W), E. Cohn leg., I– III/1 945, 1 ♂ ( AMNH); Barbacena (21.2258o S 43.7736o W), M . Alvarenga leg., II/1962, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( AMNH); Berizal, Serra do Anastácio, Fazenda do Jorge (15.743o S 41.7612o W), A . J. Santos leg., 15/IV/2002, 1 ♂ ( IBSP 40973 ); Pará: Marabá, Mina do Sossego, Serra Norte , Carajás (6.4361o S 50.0786o W), E . Wanzeler leg., 3/ III/2004, 4 ♀ (MPEG 3993); (6.4361o S 50.0786o W), A. Marreco-Pedroso leg., 3/III/2004, 1 ♂ (MPEG 4045); (6.4361o S 50.0786o W), 3/III/2004, 1 ♀ (MPEG 4054); (6.4411o S 50.0814o W), 23/II–6/III/2004, 1 ♀ (MPEG 3 996); (6.4467o S 50.085o W), E. Wanzeler leg., 1 ♀ (MPEG 4042); (6.4467o S 50.085o W), 1 ♂ (MPEG 4047); (6.4503o S 50.0919o W), 1 ♀ (MPEG 4050); (6.4467o S 50.085o W), 1 ♀ (MPEG 4051); E. Wanzeler leg., 1 ♀ (MPEG 4052); A. Marreco-Pedroso leg., 1 ♀ (MPEG 4053); (6.4467o S 50.085o W), 3 ♀ (MPEG 4055); (6.4425o S 50.9158o W), E. Wanzeler leg., 5/III/2004, 2 ♀ (MPEG 4046); (6.4425o S 50.9158o W), 1 ♂ (MPEG 4048); (6.4453o S 50.0844o W), D.R. Santos-Souza leg., 28/II/2004, 1 ♀ ( MPEG 4229 ); Altamira , Castelo dos Sonhos (6.2533o S 54.9958o W) , 13/ XI/2005, 1 ♂ ( MPEG 4429 ); Belém (1.4558o S 48.5044o W), R . Paiva leg., 3/ VIII/1 986, 1 ♂ ( MPEG); Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (1.4508o S 48.4445o W), L . T. Miglio leg., 29/VIII/2006, 1 ♂ ( MPEG 5322 ); Reserva Mocambo (1.4413o S 48.4128o W), R . Paiva leg., 31/VIII/1986, 1 ♂ (MPEG 10007); (1.4675o S 48.4803o W), 31/ VIII/1986, 1 ♂ ( MPEG); Juruti, Sítio Barros (2.4616o S 56.0032o W), D .F. Candiani leg., 11/VIII/2004, 1 ♀ (MPEG 8833); 1 ♀ (MPEG 8834); 12/VII/2002, 1 ♂ ( MPEG 8835 ); Bragança, Mata do Lobão (1.0398o S 46.7655o W), Equipe Bragança leg. , 25/VI/2005, 3 ♀ (MPEG 11371); 1 ♂ ( MPEG 11373 ); Itaituba (4.2761o S 55.9836o W), 1991 , 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( MCN 23682); Paragominas, Rio Gurupiuna , 50 km E. Canindé (2.55o S 46.5o W), B . Malkin leg., 2–30/V/ 1963, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( AMNH); Conceição do Araguaia (8.2578o S 49.2647o W), M . Alvarenga leg., VII/1959, 3 ♂ 5 ♀ 9 juv. ( AMNH); Paraiba: Guarabira , Independencia (6.8145o S 35.4591o W), W.M. Mann leg., 1911 , 16 ♂ 17 ♀ ( MCZ); Patos, BR 230, Km 353 towards Malta (6.93627o S 37.4109o W) , 23/V/1978, 2 ♀ ( UFPB 175 ); Areias, Parque Estadual Mata do Pau Ferro (6.9774o S 35.7069o W), F.S. Silva & A . S. Medeiros leg., 26/IX/2011, 4 ♀ (CHNUFPI 1006); Cabaceiras (7.4889o S 36.2872o W), J .B.R. Alencar leg., 18/IX/2011, 1 ♀ (CHNUFPI 1005); 28/ VIII/2011, 1 ♀ (CHNUFPI 1008); 18/IX/2011, 1 ♂ (CHNUFPI 1009); Paraná: Curitiba (25.4278o S 49.2731o W), E . Rosa leg., IX/1966, 1 ♂ ( MHNCI 4448 ); Morretes (25.4769o S 48.8344o W) , 27/II/1968, 1 ♀ 1 juv. ( MHNCI 4406 ); São José dos Pinhais, Aeroporto Afonso Pena (25.5241o S 49.1726o W) , 7/X/1967, 1 ♀ 1 juv. ( MHNCI 4421 ); Morretes, Serra da Graciosa (25.3884o S 48.8637o W) , 9/I/1995, 1 ♂ ( MCTP 7198 ); Londrina , Parque Estadual Mata dos Godoy (23.3103o S 51.1628o W) , 19/III/1999, 1 ♀ (MCTP 11833); (23.4529o S 51.2771o W), J. Lopes & I.M. Madri leg., 17/II/1999, 1 ♂ (MCTP 11813); J. Lopes leg., 1/XII/1999, 1 ♂ (IBSP 38222); Capitão Leônidas Marques, Salto Caxias, Rio Iguaçu (25.536o S 53.5045o W), A.B. Bonaldo leg., 20–28/III/1993, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 juv. ( MCN 23438) ; Pernambuco: Parnamirim, Lajedo Tom Feio (8.1358o S 39.5978o W, 420 m, Caatinga), M.P. Portugal leg., IV/2010, 1 ♂ 2 juv. ( UFMG 5635 ) ; Recife, Horto Dois Irmãos (8.0037o S 34.9469o W), P.F.L. Duarte leg., 1♂ ( IBSP 28003 ) ; Santa Cruz do Capibaribe, Serra do Pará (7.8748o S 36.4028o W, arboreal Caatinga, Moericke trap), F.M.G. Las-Casas leg., 23–25/XI/2011 , 1 ♂ ( UFMG 13533 ); Moreno, Tapera railway station (8.1095o S 35.1863o W) , 3 ♂ ( MNRJ 224 ); Olinda (8.0089o S 34.8553o W), A.G. Coelho leg., 1964 , 1 ♀ ( MCN 24949); Brejão, Vila Santa Rita, Fazenda Santa Rita (9.0098o S 36.4925o W), S.D. Bella leg., V – X/2002, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (IBSP 41057); 1 ♀ ( IBSP 41048 ); Piauí: Piracuruca, Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades (4.1139o S 41.7146o W, rupestrian Cerrado), N.F. Lo-Man-Hung leg. , 8/XII/2006, 1 ♀ (MPEG 31795); (4.0959o S 41.7322o W), 10/XII/ 2006, 1 ♀ (MPEG 31796); L.S. Carvalho leg., 2 ♀ (MPEG 31797); (4.0944o S 41.7315o W), 26/I/2007, 1 ♂ (MPEG 31798); (4.099o S 41.099o W), D.F. Candiani leg., 12/XII/2006, 1 ♂ (MPEG 31799); (4.0959o S 41.7322o W), L.S. Carvalho leg., 1/VI/2007, 1 ♀ 38 juv. (MPEG 31800); (4.099o S 41.099o W), D.F. Candiani leg., 11/XII/2006, 1 ♂ (MPEG 31801); (4.0959o S 41.7322o W), L.S. Carvalho leg., 1/VI/2007, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MPEG 31802); 1/VII/2007, 1 ♂ (MPEG 31803); (4.099o S 41.099o W), F. M. Oliveira-Neto leg., 28/VI/2007, 1 ♂ (MPEG 31804); (4.0944o S 41.7315o W), L.S. Carvalho leg., 1/IX–1/X/2006, 1 ♂ (MPEG 31805); (4.0989o S 41.7202o W), F. M. Oliveira-Neto leg., 23/VI/2007, 1 ♀ (MPEG 31806); (4.099o S 41.099o W), L.S. Carvalho leg., 28/I/2007, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MPEG 31807); 30/I/2007, 1 ♀ (MPEG 31808); (4.1139o S 41.7146o W), 25/I/2007, 1 ♂ (MPEG 31809); (4.099o S 41.099o W), 12/ XII/2006, 1 ♂ (MPEG 31810); 28/VI/2007, 4 ♂ (MPEG 31811); (4.0959o S 41.7322o W), 1/II/2007, 1 ♀ (MPEG 31812); (4.099o S 41.099o W), 28/VI/2007, 3 ♀ (MPEG 31813); 12/XII/2006, 1 ♂ (MPEG 31814); (4.0538o S 41.7350o W), N.F. Lo-Man-Hung leg., 3/XII/2006, 1 ♀ (MPEG 31815); (4.1139o S 41.7146o W, rupestrian field), L.S. Carvalho leg., 7/XII/2006, 1 ♀ (MPEG 31820); José de Freitas, Fazenda Nazareth (4.7995o S 42.6302o W) 1/I/ 2006, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MPEG 31816); (Babaçu palm forest), L.S. Carvalho leg., 14/IX/2006, 1 ♀ (MPEG 31817); 6/XII/ 2003, 1 ♂ (MPEG 31818); 1/I/2006, 1 ♂ ( MPEG 31819 ); Caracol , Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões (9.2257o S 43.463o W), L.S. Carvalho & F . S. Silva leg., 8–16/XII/2010, 2 ♀ (CHNUFPI 996); Guaribas (9.2211o S 43.4892o W), P.R.R. Silva et al. leg. , 16/III/2007, 1 ♀ (CHNUFPI 991); Parnaíba, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (3.0874o S 41.7844o W, watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) field), M . Vaz leg., 18/X/2011, 1 ♀ (CHNUFPI 993); 1 ♂ (CHNUFPI 997); 1 ♀ (CHNUFPI 998); Rio de Janeiro: Bom Jesus do Itabapoana, Usina Hidrelétrica de Rosal (20.9169o S 41.7229o W), I . Knysak leg., XI/1999, 2 ♂ 7 ♀ ( IBSP 26438 ); Macaé , Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba (22.25o S 41.5833o W), T . Gonçalves-Souza leg., 9/X/2010, 1 ♂ ( UFMG 7306 ); Maricá, Restinga de Maricá (22.9608o S 42.8423o W) , 16–19/X/2009, 1 ♀ ( UFMG 7309 ); Mendes (22.5267o S 43.7328o W) , 1 ♀ ( MNRJ 223 ); Nova Iguaçu (22.7592o S 43.4511o W) , 5 ♀ 4 juv. (MNRJ 227); M. Alvarenga leg., 7/IX/1961, 1 ♂ ( AMNH); Rio de Janeiro (22.9028o S 43.2075o W) , 2 ♀ 1 juv. (MNRJ 226); 1 ♀ ( MNRJ 14163 ); Bangu (22.8742o S 43.4685o W), Lucia leg., 1980 , 1 ♀ ( MNRJ 14218 ); Mangaratiba, Muriqui (22.9261o S 43.941o W) , X/1961, 4 ♂ 3 ♀ 5 juv. ( AMNH); São Fidélis (21.6461o S 41.7469o W) , 3/VII/1953, Mattos & A. Carneiro leg., 2♀ ( MNRJ 6900 ); Silva Jardim , Reserva Biológica de Poço das Antas (22.5498o S 42.2767o W, on bushes and flowers), 15/V/1994, A. Sanseverino et al. leg. , 1♀ ( MNRJ 6895 ); Rio Grande do Sul: Marcelino Ramos , Rio Uruguai, BR153 (27.3824o S 51.9899o W) , IX/1988, 3 ♂ ( MCTP 641 ); Marcelino Ramos, Apuaê (or Ligeiro ) River , near road BR126 (27.67o S 51.89o W) , 1/IX/1988, 1 ♀ (MCTP 638); 1/II/1988, 1 ♀ (MCTP 637); 1 ♀ ( MCTP 636 ); Machadinho (27.5669o S 51.6678o W) , II/1989, 1 ♀ (MCTP 643); 1 ♀ ( MCTP 644 ); Inhandava River (27.3400o S 51.4o W) , 1/V/1988, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( MCTP 647 ); Erval Grande, (27.3906o S 52.5706o W) , 17/IV/1992, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( MCTP 2063 ); Pirapó (28.0447o S 55.1989o W), Garabi leg. , 11–21/IV/1989, 1 ♀ (MCTP 651); 3–12/I/1989, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( MCTP 652 ); Ijuí-Mirim River (28.02o S 55.1o W) , 3/I/1989, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ ( MCTP 654 ); São Borja , Uruguai River (28.67o S 56.03o W) , 11/IV/1989, 1 ♀ (MCTP 650); 3/I/1989, 2 ♂ ( MCTP 649 ); Veranópolis (28.9361o S 51.5494o W), A . A. Lise leg., 30/I/1987, 1 ♂ ( MCTP 1269 ); Viamão, Estação de Pesquisa e Produção Agropecuária (30.0365o S 51.0214o W) , 25/VIII/1995, 1 juv. (MCTP 7555); 24/III/1995, 2 ♀ (MCTP 8713); 25/XI/1994, 1 ♀ ( MCTP 5784 ); Cachoeira do Sul (30.0392o S 52.8939o W) , 13/IX/1996, 13 ♂ 3 ♀ 1 juv. ( MCTP 9310 ); Porteira Sete (30.0526o S 52.8089o W) , 12/IX/1992, 1 ♀ 2 juv. ( MCTP 3320 ); Viamão (30.0811o S 51.0233o W), A . A. Lise leg., 2/ XII/1994, 1 ♀ ( MCTP 5884 ); Águas Belas (30.0444o S 51.0001o W), A . A. Lise leg., 13/IX/1984, 1 ♂ 2 juv. ( MCN 12295); Guaíba, Fazenda São Maximiano (30.1139o S 51.325o W) , 29/X/1994, 1 ♂ 4 ♀ 1 juv. (MCTP 5753); 1 ♀ ( MCTP 5724 ); Guaíba, Guaíba Country Club (30.1071o S 51.6497o W), A.B. Bonaldo leg., 24–27/XII/1992 , 1 ♂ 8 ♀ (MCN 22655); 1/I/1993, 1 ♀ ( MCN 22685); Rio Grande, Taim (32.035o S 52.0986o W) , 12/IX/1991, 6 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 juv. ( MCTP 1028 ); Estrela Velha, Barragem de Itaúba (29.2508o S 53.2296o W), A . Franceschini leg., 17–21/I/2000, 1 ♀ ( MCN 32124); Canela , Barragem dos Bugres (29.3433o S 50.6962o W), A . B. Bonaldo leg., 1–4/II/1999, 1 ♂ ( MCN 30858); Triunfo (29.9433o S 51.7181o W), L . A. Moura leg., 13/I/1994, 1 ♂ ( MCN 41675); Parque Copesul (29.8625o S 51.3704o W), A . Franceschini leg., 14–15/I/1997, 1 ♂ (MCN 28246); Salto do Jacuí, Horto CEEE (29.039o S 53.1716o W), A. Silva leg., 19–21/X/1998 , 1 ♂ ( MCN 29618); Itaquí (29.1253o S 56.5531o W), M.C. da Silva leg. , 14/I/1995, 2 ♀ ( MCN 26485); Encantado (29.2361o S 51.8697o W), A . D. Brescovit leg., 21/IX/1985, 1 ♂ ( MCN 14528); Sobradinho (29.4214o S 53.0286o W), A . A. Lise leg., 9/I/1985, 1 ♂ ( MCN 13047); Porto Alegre (30.0331o S 51.23o W), A . Franceschini leg., 17/IX/1997, 1 ♂ ( MCN 28620); Morro Santana (30.0589o S 51.1223o W), A . A. Lise leg., 1/IX/1984, 3 ♂ 1 ♀ 6 juv. ( MCN 12547); Bagé (31.3314o S 54.1069o W), D . Gassen leg., 22/X/1985, 1 ♂ ( MCN 15620); Santo Augusto (27.8508o S 53.7772o W), O . Roppa leg., XII/1975, 3 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 juv. ( AMNH); Rondônia : Porto Velho (8.7619o S 63.9039o W), Equipe IBSP / SMNK leg. , 15/IV/1996, 1 ♀ (IBSP 16182); Roraima: Amajari , Ilha de Maracá (3.3871o N 61.6899o W), S. Harris leg., 27/XI/1987, 1 ♂ ( MNRJ 14238 ) ; E.H. Buckup leg., 30/III/1 987, 1 ♀ ( INPA); Santa Catarina: Itá , Uruguai River (27.2833o S 52.3503o W) , II/1989, 1 ♂ (MCTP 634); Piratuba, Uruguai River, near the bridge of road BR153 (27.25o S 51.46o W), 1/II/1989, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ ( MCTP 640 ) ; 1 ♂ ( MCTP 639 ); Bombinhas, Bombas (27.1463o S 48.5055o W), A.D. Brescovit leg., 14/II/1990 , 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( MCN 19447); Florianópolis, Coqueiros (27.6075o S 48.5800o W) , 27/II/1993, 1 ♀ ( MCN 22847); Governador Celso Ramos , Palmas das Gaivotas (27.3362o S 48.5336o W), L .A. Moura leg., 10–26/II/1993, 11 ♂ 21 ♀ (MCN 22860); 1–24/II/1994, 3 ♂ 2 ♀ ( MCN 25204); Rancho Queimado (27.6725o S 49.0217o W), A . B. Bonaldo leg., 8– 11/X/1994, 1 ♂ ( MCN 25870); Blumenal (26.9194o S 49.0661o W), H . Riem leg., 8–10/IX/1966, 1 ♂ ( IBSP 8193 ); São Paulo: Cananéia , Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso (25.0675o S 47.9187o W), T . Gonçalves-Souza leg., 20– 26/X/2009, 1 ♀ (UFMG 7310); Botucatu , Depto. Zoologia, UNESP (22.8933o S 48.4939o W), I.M.P. Rinaldi leg. , 25/III/1 988, 1 ♂ ( MZSP); Jaboticabal (21.2547o S 48.3222o W), H.F. da Cunha leg. , 4/IX/1986, 2 ♂ (MCN 17808); 1 ♂ ( MCN 17815); Rosana, Usina Hidrelétrica Engenheiro Sérgio Motta , Porto Primavera (22.493o S 52.957o W), Equipe IBSP leg., 16/I–13/II/1999 , 1 ♀ (IBSP 23273); (22.532o S 52.9458o W), II/1999, 2 ♀ ( IBSP 25897 ); São José do Rio Preto , Instituto Penal Agrícola (20.8385o S 49.4372o W), G .Q. Romero leg., 23/IX/1997, 1 ♀ (IBSP 68861); São Paulo, Campus USP (23.5643o S 46.7305o W) , 1 ♂ (IBSP 8403); Instituto de Biociências, A.D. Russo leg., 21/I/ 1970, 1 ♀ ( IBSP 8369 ); Águas de Lindóia (22.4764o S 46.6328o W), M.P. Castro leg., 23–25/I/1999 , 1 ♂ ( IBSP 20643 ); Dois Córregos, Condomínio Portal do Anhembi (22.5988o S 48.3067o W), G .Q. Romero leg., 1 ♂ (IBSP 68863); Sergipe: São Cristóvão, Campus UFSE (10.9263o S 37.1025o W), H.M.P. Araújo leg. , 29/II/1991, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MCN 35517); Alunos Invertebrados II leg., 12/X/1996, 1 ♀ (IBSP 20977); H. Araújo leg., 17/VI/1994, 2 ♂ (IBSP 8452); Alunos da UFSE leg., 1 ♂ 2 ♀ (IBSP 10403); 1 ♂ ( IBSP 10414 ); Tocantins: Gurupi , Estacão Experimental da Universidade Federal do Tocantins (11.7458o S 49.0525o W, capim-colchão ( Digitaria horizontalis ) pasture, pan trap), P.H. Tschoeke leg., 29/VI/2015, 2 ♂ ( UFMG 19064 ) ; 10 ♂ 1 ♀ 8 juv. (UFMG 19065); Lagoa da Confusão , Ilha do Bananal, Aldeia Santa Isabel do Morro (11.5764o S 50.6703o W), M. Alvarenga leg., VI/1961, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 2 juv. ( AMNH).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Oxyopes salticus Hentz, specimens photographed on backyard plants in Belo Horizonte (Brazil). A male, note the carapace colour pattern and the shiny opisthosoma; B female, note the colour pattern, particularly the black stripe on clypeus and chelicerae; C female feeding on a caterpillar, note the dorsal colour pattern; D female inside shelter, guarding the egg sac fixed to the leaf surface. All photos from Marina D. Miranda.

FIGURE 2. Oxyopes salticus Hentz, extremes of variation in male colour pattern. A pale specimen from Gurupi, Brazil (UFMG 19065), dorsal view; B frontal view; C completely dark specimen from Porto Seguro, Brazil (UFMG 16777), dorsal view; D frontal view.

FIGURE 3. Oxyopes salticus Hentz. A male copulatory apparatus, ventral view; B retrolateral view (arrow on retrobasal tibial apophysis); C female epigynum, ventral view; D lateral view; E female internal genitalia, dorsal view; F female pre-epigynum, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B 0.5 mm; C – E 0.2 mm; F 0.05 mm.

FIGURE 4. Oxyopes salticus Hentz. A detail of male pedipalpus in ventral view, showing retrolateral pseudoserrate setae on the patella (arrow); B male copulatory apparatus, ventral view; C detail of the tibia; D detail of apical sclerites. Abbreviations: BEA, basal embolic apophysis; C, conductor; CP, cymbial protusion; E, embolus; MA, median apophysis; RTS, retrolateral tibial scoop; St, subtegulum; T, tegulum; VTA, ventral tibial apophysis.

FIGURE 5. Oxyopes salticus Hentz. A female epigynum, ventrolateral view; B median process of epigynum, apex, dorsal view (tegument of opisthosoma removed); C female internal genitalia, dorsal view; D left spermatheca, apical view, showing the Bennet’s gland pore (arrow). Abbreviations: CD, copulatory duct; FD, fertilization duct; LP, lateral process of epigynum; MP, median process of epigynum; S, spermatheca.

FIGURE 10. Geographic distribution records of Oxyopes salticus Hentz (circles), O. crewi Bryant (blue squares) and O. incantatus sp. nov. (triangles). A distribution records in the Americas (red circles represent records of the O. salticus specimens examined in this study; white circles show records taken from Brady 1964, 1975); B geographic distribution records of Oxyopes incantatus sp. nov. in the Galápagos Islands (orange triangles represent records of the specimens examined in this study; white triangles show records taken from Baert et al. 1989 a, 1989 b— sub Oxyopes gracilis Keyserling).